laboratory study oflaboratory study of figure 12.8 a 2 central sulcus convolutions: sulcus or...

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Laboratory Study ofLaboratory Study of

2Figure 12.8 a

Central sulcus

Convolutions:Sulcus or fissure = a groove;

Gyrus = a raised area.

Convolutions:Sulcus or fissure = a groove;

Gyrus = a raised area.

Lateral sulcus

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

Temporal lobeOccipital lobe

Parieto-occipital fissure

The Cerebral CortexPre-central

gyrus Post-central gyrus

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Lateral View of Brain

Cerebellum

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

Occipital lobeParietal lobe

Lateral sulcus

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Cerebrum, Superior View

Central sulcus

Precentral gyrus

Postcentral gyrus

Longitudinal fissure

Pia mater – follows all convolutions, contains blood

vessels.

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Arachnoid Granulations

Falx cerebri

The white arachnoidgranulations are where cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed.

6Figure 13.4

Olfactory bulb

Optic nerve optic chiasma optic tract

Oculomotor n.

Trochlear n.

Trigeminal n.

Abducens n.

Facial n.

Vestibulocochlear n.

Glossopharyngeal n.

Vagus n.

Spinal Accessory n.

Hypoglossal n.

Ventral View of Brain w/

Cranial Nerves

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Ventral View of Brain

Vertebral arteryBasilar artery

Olfactory lobe

Optic chiasmaOculomotor N.

PonsMedulla

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Ventral Brain, Posterior View

Hypoglossal (12th) Nerve

Spinal Accessory (11th) Nerve

Pons

Medulla

Abducens n.

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Ventral view of Brain with Cranial Nerves

Olfactory bulb

Optic n.

Optic chiasma

Oculomotor n.

Trochlear n.

Trigeminal n.

Abducens n.

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Brain, Ventral View

1)Inferior Frontal Lobe, 2)Temporal Lobe, 3)Pons, 4)Medulla Oblongata, 5)Left CerebellarHemisphere, 6)Right CerebellarHemisphere

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Sagittal Section of Brain

Figure 12.12

Corpus callosumFornix

Septum pellucidum

Intermediate mass of thalamus

Hypothalamus

Pons

Medulla

Choroid plexus

Pineal body

Corpora quadrigemina

Third ventricleCerebellum

Arbor vitae

Cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle

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Sagittal Brain Section

Central sulcusPrecentral gyrus

Postcentral gyrus

Body of Corpus callosum

Septum pellucidum

Corpus callosumIntermediate mass of thalamus

Pineal body

Colliculi of midbrainCerebral aqueduct

Occipital lobe

Interventricular foramen

Mamillary bodyFourth ventricle

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

Pons

Fornix

Optic chiasmaHypothalamus

Oculomotor n.infundibulum

uncusTemporal lobe

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Sagittal Section of Human Brain

1) Cerebellum, 2) Pons, 3) Medulla, 4) Midbrain, 5) Mammillarybody, 6) Optic chiasma, 7) corpus callosum, 8) Septum pellucidum, 9) Cingulate gyrus, 10) Fornix, 11) Thalamus, 12) Hypothalamus.

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87

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3

46

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Sagittal Section of Midbrain and Diencephalon

Corpus callosumSeptum pellucidumChoroid plexus

Fornix

Corpora quadrigemina

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Cerebral aqueduct

4th

ventriclePons

IM

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Ventricles of the Brain

Lateral ventricleCaudate nucleus

Thalamus

Choroid plexus

Cerebellum

Third ventriclePineal body

Colliculi of midbrain

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Sheep Brain Dissection

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Layers of the Cerebellum

At low power, the cerebellum is distinguished by its three visible layers. The inner layer (blue arrow) is white matter on the inside compared to its "outer" spinal cord position. The outer layers are gray matter: granular layer (red arrow), molecular layer (green arrow), and Purkinje cell layer between those two layers.

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Gray Matter of the Cerebellum

The gray matter of the cerebellum has three layers: granular layer (top arrow),monolayer of Purkinje cells (middle arrow), and the molecular layer (bottom arrow). The Purkinje cells send axons to other parts of the CNS.

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Cerebellar Purkinje Cells

Interneuron cell bodies

Dendrites Axon to cerebellar outflow

Purkinje cells are the largest and most distinguishing cells of the cerebellum. They have numerous dendrites and an axon which is the beginning of cerebellar outflow.

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Alzheimer’s Tangle

This is aneurofibrillary "tangle" of Alzheimer's disease. The tangle appears as long pink filaments in the cytoplasm. They are composed of cytoskeletalintermediate filaments.

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Alzheimer’s Tangle, Silver Stain

The characteristic microscopic findings of Alzheimer's disease include "senile plaques" which are collections of degenerativepresynaptic endings along with astrocytes and microglia. These plaques are best seen with a silver stain, as seen here in a case with many plaques of varying size.

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Lab Protocol

I. Anatomy of the Brain: Exercise 19

A. Materials:

1. Cadaver dissections: excised brain specimens

2. sheep brains for student dissection

3. brain models

4. brain sections preserved in lucite

B. Procedures:

1. Identify indicated parts in models and specimens and relate structures to their functions.

2. Dissect sheep brain and relate to human brain.

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II. Cranial Nerves

A. Materials:

1. dissection/preparation of cranial nerves in cadaver

2. other view of cranial nerves, e.g., skull preparation, manual, etc.

B. Procedures:

1. Discuss nomenclature (On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fin And German Viewed Some Hops), location, origin and course of cranial nerves.

2. Discuss functions of cranial nerves.