late night eating and weight gain
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LATE NIGHT EATING AND ENERGY BALANCE: Is a Calorie Really a Calorie?
Andrew Schwartz
Kinesiology 540Myths and Legends PresentationDecember 10th, 2012
http://nutrihealth.in/food/late-night-eating-equal-to-weight-gain/
INTRODUCTION: What is the Myth?
“Don’t eat before bed!”
Altered metabolism: Lower metabolic rate causes slower digestion and
metabolism of ingested calories Use less “consumed energy” and experience a
disproportionate energy storage Circadian rhythms
Energy Balance:
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OBJECTIVE
1. Data in support of the mythi. Discuss possible physiologic
mechanisms/theories
2. Data in contradiction of the myth
3. Conclusions
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CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS:Does a disruption lead to weight gain?
Circadian “clock” for energy regulation
Study Design: 6-weeks;12 mice; high-fat ad libitum diet (60% kcal from fat) Light-fed (i.e. 12 hr. light phase; “wrong” time) Dark-fed (i.e. 12 hr. dark phase; “right” time)
Arble et. al, Obesity. 17 (2100-2102). 2009
CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS:Does a disruption lead to weight gain?
Circadian “clock” for energy regulation
Study Design: 6-weeks;12 mice; high-fat ad libitum diet (60% kcal from fat) Light-fed (i.e. 12 hr. light phase; “wrong” time) Dark-fed (i.e. 12 hr. dark phase; “right” time)
Arble et. al, Obesity. 17 (2100-2102). 2009
CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS:Does a disruption lead to weight gain?
Circadian variation of diet-induced thermogenesis
Study Design: 9 healthy men; three randomly assigned meals of 20% usual daily energy intake (544 ± 37 kcal) Morning (0900) Afternoon (1700) Night (0100)
Romon et. al, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57 (476-480). 1993
WHY THE WEIGHT GAIN?Possible physiologic explanations
Circadian regulation of postprandial metabolism Suggested that both sleep and circadian rhythm modulate glucose
regulation Decreased glucose tolerance in the afternoon/evening when
compared to morning — (Cauter et. al, Journal of Clinical Investigation. 88(934-942). 1991)
Evidence suggests decreased thermic effect of glucose is due to insulin resistance; decreased uptake/storage — (Ravussin et. al, Journal of Clinical Investigation. 76(1268-1273). 1985)
Gastric emptying into duodenum One large bolus induces greater diet-induced thermogenesis than an
isocaloric load of multiple smaller meals — (Tai et. al, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54(783-787). 1991)
Suggested to be slower in evening and during sleep — (Coupe et. al, Journal of Controlled Release. 20(155-162). 1992)
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MEAL TIMING:Does it matter?
Weight-loss trial
Study Design: 12 obese subjects (BMI > 40 kg/m2); randomly assigned 64-day hospitalization trial
Nonino-Borges et. al, Nutrition. 23 (385–39). 2007
MEAL TIMING:Does it matter?
Weight-loss trial
Study Design: 12 obese subjects (BMI > 40 kg/m2); 64-day trial
Nonino-Borges et. al, Nutrition. 23 (385–39). 2007
MEAL TIMING:Does it matter?
Weight-gain trial
Study Design: Sixteen female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta); 9-months; ovariectomized and high-fat diet
Sullivan et. al, Obesity Research. 13 (2072-2080). 2005
r = 0.07, p = 0.79
CONCLUSION:Does late night eating lead to weight gain?
Energy balance:
Calorie for calorie, late night eating appears not to cause weight gain or induce any significant changes in energy balance
Questions?
CONCLUSION:Does late night eating lead to weight gain?
Environmental and social confounders Later sleep times may increase nighttime eating and caloric intake —
(Baron et. al, Obesity. 19 (1374-1381). 2011) Type/frequency of night workers’ meals are influenced by habit and
time availability as opposed to appetite — (Waterhouse et. al, Chronobiology International. 20(1075-1092). 2003)
Caloric restriction at night prevents excess calories at night
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