learning. classical conditioning ivan pavlov (respondent behavior)
Post on 18-Dec-2015
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Classical Conditioning
• Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation
• Neutral Stimulus = Tone
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone When paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone
Example
• Father spanks son for swearing.
• Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________? Conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition
• Extinction Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of
elevators
Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)
• Associating behavior with its consequences
• E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.
Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement Give something a person wants Increases behavior
• E.g. Mother picking up a crying baby (Increases crying because of reinforcement)
• Negative reinforcement Remove an unwanted stimulus
• E.g. Sally has a drink after work to relieve (remove) her anxiety
Primary & Secondary reinforcers
• Primary = Innately reinforcing Food & Sex
• Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer)
Associated with a primary reinforcer E.g. Money
Immediate Reinforcement
• Sally is more influenced by the current thrill on having sex, than by the future prospect of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease.
• As opposed to delayed reinforcement A Paycheck at the end of the month.
Reinforcement schedules
• Continuous Every time
• Partial (Intermittent) Fixed ratio
• $15 for every 3 pages you write Fixed Interval
• $15 for every hour you work Variable ratio
• $15 after varying # of pages • (You do not know how many pages you will need to do before you
get paid again) Variable interval
• $15 given at various times during the day
Punishment
• Positive punishment Get something you don’t want ( a spanking)
• Negative punishment What you do want is taken away ( Television time)
• Problem with punishment Creates anger, fear, resistance Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable
behavior.
Motivation
• Internal (intrinsic) Motivation Hobby - You like doing it
• External (outside) motivation Job - You get money for doing it
Cognitive process
• Behavior is not automatically produced by a reward.
• We think about it, and ask: How much of the reward do I get? What are the chances of getting the reward? Is the reward worth it?
Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura
• E.g. Child turning the key to start the car (without explicit training)
• Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad
• Modeling
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