learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience helps us …

Learning relatively permanent change in an

organism’s behavior due to experience

Helps us …

Association

We learn by association

Associative Learning

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/

neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive

secretions

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Neutral Stimulus

Then the conditioning is applied:

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Conditioned Response (CR)

Classical Conditioning

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS Unconditioned Responewill

elicit a

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

NEUTRAL STIMULUS

Unconditioned Responsewillelicit a

CONDITIONED STIMULUSCONDITIONED STIMULUSwill

elicit aCONDITIONED

RESPONSE

NEUTRAL STIMULUSwill

elicit NO REACTION

Classical Conditioning

Acquisition

Classical Conditioning

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

Classical Conditioning

Strengthof CR

Pause

Acquisition(CS+UCS)

Extinction(CS alone)

Extinction(CS alone)

Spontaneousrecovery ofCR

Classical Conditioning

Generalization tendency for stimuli similar to CS to

elicit similar responses Can be adatptive

Ex.

Ex.

Classical Conditioning

Discrimination

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning = biologically adaptiveHelps organism prepare for good and bad eventsHelps an animal survive and reproduce

Why is Pavlov’s work important?1.

2.

Applications of Classical Conditioning

• In drug treatment =

• Systematic Desensitization =

• Aversion Treatment =

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Law of Effect

Operant Conditioning

Operant Behavior

Respondent Behavior

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

developed behavioral technology

Operant Chamber

Skinner Box chamber with a bar

or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer

contains devices to record response rates

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcer

Shaping

Successive Approximation

Ways to increase behavior.

• Positive reinforcement Strengthens a response by presenting...

•Negative reinforcement Strengthens a response…

Principles of Reinforcement

Primary Reinforcer

Conditioned Reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Ratio (VR)

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Interval (FI)

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Interval (VI)

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Interval

Number of responses

1000

750

500

250

010 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time (minutes)

Fixed Ratio

Variable Ratio

Fixed Interval

Steady responding

Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement

80

Punishment

Punishment aversive event that decreases the

behavior that it follows powerful controller of unwanted

behavior ( ) Administering a ______________

consequence or withdrawing a __________________ one.

Cognition and Operant Conditioning

Cognitive Map

Latent Learning

Cognition and Operant Conditioning

Intrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic Motivation

Observational Learning

Modeling

Observational Learning

Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire when

performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

May…

Observational Learning

Alfred Bandura Pioneering researcher in

observational learning we look and we learn Thinking is affected by

observations and direct consequences are not necessary

Observational Learning

This 14-month-old boy is imitating behavior he has seen on TV

Knowledge of the mere possibility of reinforcement or punishment may be enough to promote or suppress behavior.

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

CLASSICAL• Stimulus precedes the

response and elicits it• Elicited responses• Learning as a result of

association• Pavlov

OPERANT• Stimulus follows the

response and strengthens it

• Emitted responses• Learning as a result of

consequences• Skinner