lecture 24 - ashipunov.meashipunov.me/shipunov/school/biol_310/lec_310_24.pdfpharmacognosy plant...

Ethnobotany

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

Lecture 24

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Outline

1 PharmacognosyPlant remedies for respiratory systemPlant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for respiratory system

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

Ipecac, Cephaelis (Psychotria) spp., Rubiaceae,Central America

Ipecacuanhae radixIoquinoline alkaloids as emetineHas both mucolytic and emetic effects (frequently used asanti-toxic)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

Ipecac

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

Emetine

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

Cough

Normally a symptom of other diseasesSuppression of brain nervous centers will reduce the cough

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae,Asia

Contain alkaloids codeine and morphineCodeine is toxic in large doses because of respiratory depressioneffectMorphine causes strong addiction and painful withdrawalsyndromeOpioids mimic endogenous opioids: endorphins, enkephalins,dynorphins neurotransmitters

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

Codeine and morphine

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for nervous system;

stimulants

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Stimulants and narcotics

Most of them substitute natural synaptic neurotransmittersWithdrawal syndrome is due to flexibility of our biosynthesis

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

From Nutt et al. (2007) in ”Lancet”

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cannabis, Cannabis sativa, Cannabaceae, South Asia

Annual or perennial herbLeaves contain unique family of terpeno-phenolic compoundscalled cannabinoids (some psychoactive like THC,tetrahydrocannabinol; some are not like CBD, cannabidiols)THC is known to activate protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors land 2 (CB1, CB2)Cannabinoids mimic endocannabinoids which acts asretro-neurotransmitters which go backward in synapse andterminate release of “normal” neurotransmitters

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cannabis

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

CBD, cannabidiol

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Coca, Erythroxylon coca, Erythroxylaceae, SouthAmerica

Andean evergreen shrubContains cocaine, anesthetic andstrong stimulant narcoticCocaine blocks the dopaminetransporter protein

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Coca

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cocaine

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii, Cactaceae,Mexico

Cactus plant containing mescaline, LSD/psilocybin grouphallucinogen narcoticAgonist of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Lophophora

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Mescaline

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cola, Cola acuminata, Malvaceae, West Africa

Colae semenTropical tree, seeds contain caffeine and kolaninsCaffeine is antagonist of adenosine inhibitory receptors andnatural insecticide

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cola

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Caffeinated spiders make wrong webs

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Tea, Camellia sinensis, Theaceae, East Asia

Small evergreen shrubNative to China, cultivated there from 2500 BC

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Tea

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Tea facts

Young leaves and buds are mostly usedThere are fermented (black, pu-ehr, up to 3% of caffeine!) andnon-fermented (green) teasAll contain caffeine and small amounts of theobromine andtheophylline

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Coffee, Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae, East Africa

Small evergreen tree with regular growthNative to Ethiopia, was a local Yemen culture until XVIII century

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Coffee

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Coffee facts

Seeds contain up to 2.5% of caffeineMost of aromatic compounds (caffeol) are activated when frying

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae, South America

Evergreen small tree with caulifloryCocoa beans are large fruits which go to cocoa, chocolate and oilproduction

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cocoa

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cocoa facts

Fermented and fried seeds contain 2% of theobrominePhosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP43% of world cocoa come from Côte d’Ivoire

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Theobromine

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, SouthAmerica

Evergreen shrub from semi-deserts of South AmericaLeaves contain up to 2% of caffeineAnti-cancer and cancer effects were both stated

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Mate

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Yerba mate

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Guarana, Paullinia cupana, Sapindaceae, SouthAmerica

Tropical shrub with pinnate leaves; seed powder is used as a drinkExtremely high in caffeine (up to 6%), actually caffeine old namewas “guaranine”

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Guarana

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Khat, Catha edulis, Celastraceae, East Africa

Evergreen shrub ecologically similar to coffeeLeaves contain cathine (pseudonorephedrine), agonist ofnoardrenaline receptors, which mild psychoactive effects

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Khat

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cathine

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Areca nut, Areca catechu, Palmae, Southeast Asia

Nuts are chewed with betle pepper (Piper betle, Piperaceae)leaves and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)Chemical reaction will free arecoline alkaloid (similar to nicotine),agonist of acetylcholine receptors

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Areca nut vendor (Hainan, China)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Arecoline

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Summary

Most of stimulants / narcotics are analogs of neurotransmitters

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

Heinrich et al. 2012 (or 2004).Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf

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