lecture 6 chapter part 2 +3 using commas commas -, a comma is a punctuation mark it tells us to take...

Lecture 6

• Chapter

• Part 2 +3

Using Commas

Commas - ,• A comma is a punctuation mark• It tells us to take a brief pause

when we are reading – not as long as a full stop.

• It is the most common punctuation mark but has to be used carefully.

CommasCommasCommasCommas

How to use themHow to use them

When to Use a Comma

• There are several places we should use a comma in second grade.

1. Use a comma to separate words in a series.

2. Use a comma to separate a city and a state.

3. Use a comma to separate the day and year in a date.

4. Use a comma after the greeting and closing in a friendly letter.

Commas in a Series

• When you have three or more words in a series, use a comma to separate the items. These can be nouns, verbs, or adjectives.

I need milk, bread, and butter from the store.

Those cookies are delicious, delightful, and delectable.

Will you help me wash the dishes, dust the furniture, and vacuum the living room.

Changing meaning 2• The old lady collected all sorts of things:

silver, paper, hats, clocks and tablecloths.• The old lady collected all sorts of things:

silver paper, hats, clocks and tablecloths.• The old lady collected all sorts of things:

silver, paper hats, clocks and tablecloths.

Cities and States

• Use a comma to separate the city and the state.

• Medina, Tennessee

• Orlando, Florida

• Honolulu, Hawaii

• Los Angeles, California

Commas in a Date

• Use a comma to separate the day and the year in a date.

• February 19, 2002

• August 9, 1999

• November 11, 1971

Commas in a Friendly Letter

• A comma should follow the greeting.

Dear Mr. Hays,

• End the closing of a letter with a comma.

Your friend,

Love,

After a time expression

Yesterday morning ,

First ,

After that ,

• Then ( do not use comma )

• Commas are used to break up longer sentences into smaller parts to make more sense.– He walked all the way home, and he

shut the door.– She called as loudly as she could, but

no-one could hear her.

"He hit the ball well, but he ran toward third base."

Adding information• Paul Mann, our star player, broke

his leg in the match on Saturday.• Paul Mann broke his leg in the

match on Saturday.• The man, who was wearing a blue

hat, slid silently into the room.• The man slid silently into the room.

Other Uses• To break up groups of numbers

into thousands.– 1,999,999

• When writing a date.– February 14th, 1990

• Inside speech marks.– “We are leaving tomorrow,” said Fred.

Summary - Commas• Show a brief pause within a sentence• Separate items in a list• Separate additional information• Break up longer sentences into

smaller parts• Break up numbers into thousands• Inside speech marks.

Usage 1 .Use the Past Simple to express an action that started

and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes,

the speaker may not actually mention the specific

time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples: I saw a movie yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car two hours ago.

2 .We use the Simple Past to list a series of

completed actions in the past. These actions happen

1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to

swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at

9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

3.The Simple Past can be used with a duration which

starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer

action often indicated by expressions such as: for

two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples: I lived in Brazil for two years.

Ruti studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

They did not stay at the party the entire time.

We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

4.The Simple Past can also be used to describe a

habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same

meaning as “used to.” To make it clear that we are

talking about a habit, we often add expressions such

as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child,

when I was younger, etc .

Examples: I studied French when I was a child.

She worked at the movie theater after school.

5. The Simple Past can also be used to describe past

facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As

in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite

similar to the expression “used to."

Examples: She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

He didn't like tomatoes before.

Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

Time Expressions

Form: Verb “to be”

Negative Form: Verb ‘to be’

Questions with Verb “to be”

Yes / No Question

Wh – Non- Subject Question

Wh- Subject Question

Was

Were

I, she, he, itwe, you,

they

Rest of the sentence?

Rest of the sentence?

Who/What was Rest of the sentence?

Wh - word was

were

I, she, he, itwe, you,

they

Rest of the sentence?

The past simple tense of the most The past simple tense of the most English verbs is formed by adding "English verbs is formed by adding "-ed-ed“ “ to their base form. to their base form.

REGULAR VERBSREGULAR VERBS

AffirmativeAffirmativeI played    You played He played She played It played

We played You played

They played

AffirmativeAffirmativeI played    You played He played She played It played

We played You played

They played

NegativeNegativeI did not play / I didn ’t play   You did not play / you didn ’t

play  He did not play / he didn ’t play 

She did not play / she didn ’t play 

It did not play / it didn ’t play We did not play / we didn ’t play You did not play / you didn ’t play

They did not play / they didn ’t play

NegativeNegativeI did not play / I didn ’t play   You did not play / you didn ’t

play  He did not play / he didn ’t play 

She did not play / she didn ’t play 

It did not play / it didn ’t play We did not play / we didn ’t play You did not play / you didn ’t play

They did not play / they didn ’t play

InterrogativInterrogativee

Did I play    Did you

play Did he playDid she playDid it play Did we playDid you play

Did they play

Past Simple: Regular Verbs

The Past Simple tense of the most English

verbs (regular verbs) is formed by adding "-

ed"/"-d" to their base form. (If the verb ends

in "-e", we add "-d" to form the past simple)

Examples:

We arrived at 9:00 o'clock.

My brother lived in London four years ago.

When she was young, she danced beautifully.

Spelling RulesVerbs ending in –e: We only add a –d. LIVE- LIVED..

If a regular verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -ed:  carry - carried,    study - studied,    fry - fried,    try - tried

If a one syllable regular verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant double the final consonant and add -ed -- > stop - stopped,  plan - planned,   rob - robbed,   beg - begged

Irregular Verbs There are also some verbs called irregular verbs that

have special past tense forms.

See list of irregular verbs

We went (go) to school yesterday.

The children read (read) that story last year.

Tamar wrote (write) the letter to her friend on Sunday.

The students forgot (forget) to do the homework.

Negative Form Negatives in the Simple Past are formed by

adding didn't (informal) or did not (formal) before

the simple form of the verb.

The girl didn’t come to school yesterday.

The parents didn’t work on Sunday.

The baby didn’t drink milk in the morning.

Subject did not V1Rest of the sentence

Questions Yes / No Question

Did Nevo see his grandparents yesterday?Wh – Non – Subject Question

Where did you spend your holidays?Wh – Subject Question

Who wrote this beautiful poem?

Did

Who / What

Wh - word

Rest of the sentenceV1Subject ?

Subject V1Rest of the sentence ?

V2Rest of the sentence ?

did

REST OF IRREGULAR VERBS:REST OF IRREGULAR VERBS:

IRREGULAR VERBSIRREGULAR VERBS

All 3 forms are similarAll 3 forms are similarinfinitivinfinitiv

eesimple simple pastpast

past past participleparticiple

costcost costcost costcostcutcut cutcut cutcuthithit hithit hithit

hurthurt hurthurt hurthurtletlet letlet letletputput putput putputreadread readread readread

All 3 forms are differentAll 3 forms are differentinfinitivinfinitiv

eesimple simple pastpast

past past participleparticiple

beginbegin beganbegan begunbegundodo diddid donedoneeateat ateate eateneaten

knowknow knewknew knownknown

IRREGULAR VERBSIRREGULAR VERBSInfinitive and past participle are Infinitive and past participle are

similarsimilarinfinitivinfinitiv

eesimple simple pastpast past participlepast participle

comecome camecame comecomerunrun ranran runrun

becomebecome becamebecame becomebecomeSimple past and past participle are similarSimple past and past participle are similar

infinitiveinfinitive simple pastsimple past past participlepast participlebringbring broughtbrought broughtbroughtbuildbuild builtbuilt builtbuiltbuybuy boughtbought boughtbought

catchcatch caughtcaught caughtcaughtfindfind foundfound foundfoundgetget gotgot gotgot

makemake mademade mademade

The difference between the paragraph and the essay

Essay Topics

1-who was the most influential person in your life? How did this person make you want to become better ?

2-Modern technology .

3-learning a new language

You have to write an assay

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 10 sentences for the body )

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 3 sentences for the introduction)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 3 sentences for the conclusion)