lecture 6geog3320 – management of wilderness environments1 2. non-recreational use of wilderness...
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Lecture 6 GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments 1
2. Non-recreational use of wilderness and wildland
Lecture outline:
Hunting and fishing Forests and forest products Water resources Minerals, oil and gas Agriculture Renewable energy Workshop: group web poster Q&A
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1. Introduction
Remember… - anthropocentric view- value based on use- most threats to wilderness are from human
use Wilderness use…
- traditionally as the pristine and original resource
- source of materials:• game (food and pelts)• raw materials (timber, minerals, oil and gas)• clean water supply
- source of land
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1. Introduction (cont’d)
Wilderness as a playground- hunting and fishing for sport
- wildlife watching
- eco-tourism
- walking and camping (wilderness trips)
- mountaineering, etc.
- other wilderness dependent sports
Pharmaceuticals Renewable energy
- HEP
- wind
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2. Hunting and fishing
Long history- earliest humans to present day
- survival (hunter-gather) to modern sport• http://www.extreme-wilderness.com/hunting
_pictures.html
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“We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes. I realized then, and have known ever since, that there was something new to me in those eyes - something known only to her and to the mountain. I was young then, and full of trigger-itch; I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer, that no wolves would mean hunters' paradise. But after seeing the green fire die, I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view. “
Aldo Leopold (1949)
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2. Hunting and fishing (cont’d)
Modern wildlife management- E.g US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
- http://www.fws.gov/
- “working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people”
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Question:
To what extent do you support our right to hunt for food or for sport?
and
Is there scope for hunting/fishing as a wilderness dependent activity?
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3. Forestry and forest products
Use of wilderness as a source of timber and related products
Managed vs “unmanaged”- Sustainability?
- E.g. rainforest loss
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3. Forestry and forest products (cont’d)
US Forest Service- http://www.fs.fed.us/
- Est. 1905 to manage public lands in national forests and grasslands
- "to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people in the long run."
- 193 million acres under multiple use model
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4. Water resources
Wilderness as a source of clean water- supply to urban areas
- protected catchments/watersheds• pollution free• often forested (retention capacity)
- USGS http://water.usgs.gov/index.html
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Case study:Mapping historic trends
Methodology- Date tagging of contemporary GIS data layers
by visual comparison1. Visually compare sequence of maps2. Add date attribute field to GIS data layer
describing when features appear
– Map wild land attributes at discrete time intervals:
• Remoteness (distance and time)• Visual intrusion by human artefacts (roads, hill
tracks, reservoirs, power lines and plantation forestry
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Data
Northwest Scotland- Affric-Kintail-Knoydart
area Old and contemporary
Ordnance Survey maps- 1st series 1850’s onwards
available as scanned images (GeoTIFFs)
- Three dates:• 1860’s, 1950’s and 2004
- Now available online via Edina Digimap http://www.edina.ac.uk/digimap/
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Example historic data
1866
2004
1866 –2004 overlay
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Time sequence: human features in database
Visual inspect shows obvious increase in human artefacts
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Time sequence: simple road/track buffer
• Changes in distance from nearest road or hill track
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Time sequence:road/track buffer including barriers
• Changes in distance from nearest road or hill track
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Time sequence:remoteness as walking time
• Changes in remoteness by walking time
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5. Minerals, oil and gas
Wilderness as a source of mineral wealth- Again, a long history
• Man’s fascination with mineral wealth• E.g. Gold Rushes in North America• E.g. Black gold
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Case study:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
BigOil wants to tap the oil potential of the North Slope of Alaska, home to the Porcupine Caribou Herd- http://arctic.fws.gov/
- http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/anwrpreface.html
- http://www.anwr.org/
- http://takeaction.worldwildlife.org/
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6. Agriculture
Agriculture requires land- driving force behind many wilderness
losses• E.g. early forest clearance for agriculture• E.g. rainforest for agricultural land (from
slash-and-burn to Macdonald’s)• E.g. ploughing up prairie
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7. Renewable energy
The single biggest threat to wildland in Britain today- HEP (historic)
- Wind farms
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6. Renewable energy (cont’d)
Huge number of online resources:- http://www.bwea.com/- http://www.yes2wind.com/- http://www.rspb.org.uk/policy/windfarms
/index.asp - http://www.countryguardian.net/- http://www.wilderness-trust.org/Wind%20Farms
%20Action%20Plan.pdf
- http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/polstat/ar-ps01.pdf- http://www.mwtlewis.org.uk/index.htm- http://www.viewsofscotland.org/- http://www.saveourhills.org/- http://www.mountaineering-scotland.org.uk/
windfarms/wf_links.html
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Question
How do we solve the renewables vs wildland conflict?
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Workshop
Group web poster Q&A
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Task
Research and read up on the wind farm conflict facing the British uplands- What are the issues?
- What are the arguments for and against?
- How do wind farms affect wildland?
Use the web links in previous slides as a starting point
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Next week...
7. Wild futures Re-wilding Re-introductions Current threats to wilderness and
wildland Workshop: wind farm consultation
exercise
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