logbook week 9
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Week 9 Logbook Knowledge Map:
Week 9 E-Learning: Construction detailing Movement joint: Three types of movement joints: • Compressed • As installed • Elongated
(Compressed movement joint) The design of compressed joint is based on compression seal technology, ensures that the side walls of the profile remain vertical and press against the gap walls while the epoxy adhesive sets. (Rubber &
Engineering, 2014) The compressed movement joint is applied in the joint gap, for example, the interspace between two adjacent bricks. Expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-‐induced expansion and contraction of construction materials, to holds parts together.
The above sketches illustrate three different type of movement joint; they are movement joint as installed, compressed movement joint and expansionary
movement joint. Generally, they are pretty useful to stabilize and strengthen the structure, such as the expansion joint for brick walls. Health and safety issues: Health and safety must be taken into account into constructing process, because safe and comfort are the major aspects of construction. Stairs and some relevant facilities can be seen as a good example of this issue. • The edge of stair slab may be turned
up to form solid railing. • Handrail and guardrail requirement
From the above sketch, the slab is very important, not only because of structural consideration, but also safety issues. The importance of slabs will be more obvious in spiral stairs, since occupants may likely to fall down after turning different directions.
Aging gracefully: • Copper • Timber The above two materials are able to last in
a relatively long period, but the types of decay are totally different. Copper is a metal material, as time goes, it might be oxidized without being well cared under negative condition such as place with large abundant of moisture.
When copper is oxidized, it will undergo two processes. First of all, copper will be oxidized into Cu+ ion, and the color will be light brown. After that, it keeps oxidizing and becomes Cu2+ion, and the color will be pale green in a certain period of time. Timber is a natural material, which can be used for structural members or veneer
members. However, special treatment is also required if we expect to use it for longer period of time.
Under rainy condition or exposure of light, several cracks may appear on the surface of timber, it will have serous impact on the strength and stability of timber. to avoid this consequence, the followings are different treatment and solutions: • Water-‐borne preservatives (e.g.
Copper Chrome Arsenate (CCA), Alkaline Copper Quaternary (ACQ), Copper azole) -‐ which are carried into the wood mixed in water.
• Light organic solvent-‐borne preservatives (commonly called LOSPs) -‐ which are carried into the wood mixed in a light organic solvent such as white spirit.
• Envelope treatments. Synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. bifenthrin, permethrin) dissolved in water or oil such as linseed oil and are applied by spraying or dipping to cover the timber in the preservative.
• Oil-‐borne preservatives, which are carried into the wood as oil or mixed in oil. Used primarily for heavy-‐duty construction and in the marine environment including utility poles, rail sleepers and marine piles. (Treated Timber, 2014)
Repairable surface & resistance to damage: Metal edge rim:
Some edge can be made from metal instead of timber, because it is relatively resistant to damage. Metal materials are much stronger than most timber materials, so that low costs are required for repairing those members. Cleanable surface: • Butt cove • Straight base • Top set cove • Cove and cap strips The design of cove skirting for example, is easy for occupants to do the cleaning, while it is difficult for dust to be
accumulated. Maintenance access:
If there is damage occurring in some specific area, the maintenance access should allow the broken members to be easily replaced. For example, in the kitchen area, the tiles could be lifted up and replaced simply instead of replacing the whole part.
Constructability and other consideration: If the construction process is difficult, it may result in higher costs, so three aspects should be considered: • It should be easy to assembled. • Details should be forgiving for some
inaccuracies • Use the construction facilities
efficiently. (Don’t try and design if some are available in the shop.)
Group Site visit: Location: 127-‐129 Murray Street, Caulfield Date: Wednesday 14th May Time: 8 to 9:30am According to the constructing processes and details, the site we visited was designed as an apartment building. It is straightforward to understand the structural principles and material selections by visiting different parts of the building.
Basement (Underground Car Park): The picture shows the entrance of underground garage:
When a construction process was started, it was important to dig a big hole and finish the foundation. After that, basement construction could start after retaining wall was completed.
It is found that piles and holes were present in the retaining wall; they were placed between the wall and soil and covered by sprayed concrete. In order to prevent the soil water from penetrating inside the concrete wall, the waterproof plastics were also placed between concrete walls and soils. Columns in the basement: Columns in the car park are relatively thicker compared with the temporary steel columns on the ground floor, as they are responsible to support all life and dead load and transfer it all the way to the
foundation. Those columns also indicated the correct position of columns above them, because all columns must be on the same vertical line.
Besides, those concrete columns also had reinforced bars in the middle, in order to increase both tension and compression.
The following is the load-‐transferring diagram of the whole structure:
The load will transfer directly to columns all the way to the foundation if no beams exist. Concrete slabs: The structural of this building was special, because it was designed with concrete slab only, without beams.
One advantage of this design is that it increases the height for each floor. However, the span of concrete slab is normally less than 8 meters, otherwise columns would be critical to support the load above them.
Draining point on the ground floor: On the ground floor, we could find several draining points connected with sewage pipes on the surface of the ground. Those draining points indicate the location of bathrooms. The following picture shows two of the draining points:
Windowsills: There is another special design about the
window sills, in this building window sills are all sitting down below the concrete slab, so that the height difference equals to the thickness of window frames, therefore it is a reasonable design from aesthetic perspectives.
It can be clearly explained by the following sketch:
The thickness of windowsill is shown as the shaded area in the above sketch, which is equal to the thickness of concrete slab. Labor costs: Labor costs take up the most spending of expenditure, which accounts for about 70%. That is the reason why we only saw few workers working in the site, unlike cheaper labor force in Asian or African countries.
Glossary: Aluminum sandwich panel: Aluminum sandwich panel is a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a non-‐aluminum core. Bending: Bending characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. Skirting: It is the board covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor. Composite beams: Composite beams are the beams that made up of composite materials. Cornice: Cornice is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building
or furniture element.
Referencing lists: 1. Compression seal. Exterior Floor &
Parking Structure Expansion Joints (2014). Retrieved from: http://sweets.construction.com/Manufacturer/Nystrom-‐Building-‐Products-‐NST1934/products/Exterior-‐Floor-‐-‐-‐Parking-‐Structure-‐Expansion-‐Joints-‐NST57797-‐F
2. Copper Bars beats LiteCoin in per-‐coin value. Cryptocoins news (September 11st, 2013). Retrieved from: http://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/news/copper-‐bars-‐beats-‐litecoin-‐per-‐coin-‐value/2013/09/11
3. Exterior aluminum spiral stairs and balcony rails. Raber Industries (2007). Retrieved from: http://raberindustries.com/spiral_stairs.htm
4. Metal Edge Rim, Metal Tile Edging (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.metaltileedging.com/metal-‐tile-‐edging/metal-‐edge-‐trim/
5. Rubber & Engineering. WIZFLEX Compression Seal Series “WZ” (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.granor.com.au/products/expansion-‐joints-‐small-‐movements/wizflex-‐series-‐wz
6. Treated Timber, the Australian Timber Database (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.timber.net.au/index.php/treated-‐timber.html
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