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H. Safa
LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT APPLICATIONS
OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
IMPACT ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Henri Safa
International Institute of Nuclear Energy, I2EN, France
&
Nuclear Energy Division, CEA, France
1INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
OUTLINE
2
1. Nuclear & Climate Change
2. Nuclear Power Plant for Cogeneration
3. District Heating
4. Low Temperature Applications
5. Conclusions
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
ENERGY & CLIMATE CHANGE
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Pri
ma
ry E
ne
rgy
(in
Gto
e)
A: Business as usual
B: Medium or Moderate
C: Ecological
Actual
Scenario A
Scenario B
Scenario C
We are here
H. Safa
CO2 EMISSIONSDUE TO ELECTRICITY GENERATION
4
Thanks to nuclear energy, France is emitting 6 time less
GHG than average EU countries for electricity generation
GHG emissions per Capita in 2012
for Electricity and Heat Production
Country GHG emissions
(t CO2/Capita)
Austria 1.76
Belgium 1.75
Czech Republic 5.67
Denmark 2.63
Estonia 9.18
Finland 3.78
France 0.71
Germany 4.08
Greece 3.77
Hungary 1.46
Iceland 0.01
Ireland 2.72
Italy 2.09
Luxembourg 2.10
Netherlands 3.19
Norway 0.46
Poland 4.01
Portugal 1.70
Slovak Republic 1.51
Slovenia 2.87
Spain 1.94
Sweden 0.78
Switzerland 0.36
Turkey 1.51
United Kingdom 2.81
Source: IEA, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2014, www.iea.org
H. Safa
CO2 EMISSIONS BY ENERGY SOURCE
5
950
750
400
50
150
100
70
18
7
2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000
Coal
Oil
Gas
Photovoltaic
Wind
Hydraulic
Nuclear
Electricity Generation: CO2 emissions (in g/kWhe)
Direct Emissions
Indirect Emissions
Not accounting for fugitive emissions
H. Safa
37%
14% 7%
21%
3%
5%
4%
9%
GHG emissions due to energy use in France (2015)
Transport Residential
Business Industry
Agriculture Waste
Other energies Electricity & Heat Production
6INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
CO2 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
Thanks to nuclear energy, electricity generation is almost fully decarbonized in France.
Main GHG emitters are transport and heat production (residential, commercial and industry)
H. Safa
THE ENERGY TRANSITION
7ECOCLIM – le 13 juin 2018, Orsay
We need to decarbonize the non-electric uses of energy :
1. Transportation (electric cars)
2. Heat in Residential and Commercial sectors
3. Industry
H. Safa 8
ENERGY AND HEAT
In 2017, the total world energy production
amounted to 15 000 Mtoe = 15 Gtoe
Heat has always been an issue for mankind.
The primary use of energy is for heating purposes
Potential space heating and cooling demand > 20 000 TWh
Actual world District Heating and Cooling delivery 2500 TWh
Over 38% of it (5 700 Mtoe) is ultimately used as heat.
50% of this heat is feeding residential homes,
commercial businesses and public services (hospitals, schools, universities, offices, etc)
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 9
ENERGY AND HEAT IN THE WORLD
Wasted Heat ≈ 4.2 Gtoe
Image from IEA website http://www.iea.org/Sankey/
Produced
Energy
14.7 Gtoe
Final Energy
+ Own use
10.5 Gtoe
2016
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 10
Losses
≈ 4.5 Gtoe
▪ Liquid Fuels▪ Gaseous Fuels▪ Solid Fuels▪ Electricity▪ Heat
▪ Oil▪ Gas▪ Coal▪ Nuclear▪ Hydro▪ Renewables
Final Use in Industry, Residential, Commercial, Transportation,
Agriculture
SOURCES ENERGETIC PRODUCTS
Energy sector
≈ 1 Gtoe
Heat Use
≈ 4.5 Gtoe
≈ 15 Gtoe
≈ 10.5 Gtoe
≈ 9.5 Gtoe
Heat
Recovery ?
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
ENERGY AND HEAT
H. Safa
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
An
nu
al H
eat C
on
sum
pti
on
(PJ)
Heat Use in Europe> 400°C
<400°C
<120°C
13000 PJ
SPACE HEATING IN EUROPE
11
Data from Euroheatcool, 2006
= 3600 TWh
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
HEAT IN FRANCE
12
One third of the primary energy is dedicated to heat
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
33%
41%
21%
5%
Primary energy use in France (2016)
Heat
Electricity(excluding heaters)
Transport
Non-energetic
Total = 250 Mtoe
H. Safa
HEAT IN FRANCE
13
In France, heat represents
➢ 80% of all energy consumption in the residential and
service sectors
➢ 40% of all industrial energy needs
Domestic uses : heat, sanitary hot water,…
Industry uses: Drying, chemistry, oil refinery, matter transformation,
fusion, boiling, sterilization,…
➢ 80% of heat uses are at temperatures below 400°C
➢ 65% of heat uses are at temperatures below 120°C
Most of Heat requirements stand at low temperatures
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
0
50
100
Spac
e H
eati
ng
Des
alin
atio
n
Pap
er a
nd
Pu
lp
Foo
d a
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Liq
uo
r
Suga
r
Milk
Oth
er F
oo
d In
du
stry
Pla
stic
s &
Ru
bb
er
Text
ile
Co
nst
ruct
ion
mat
eria
l,…
Tran
spo
rt E
qu
ipm
ents
Mac
hin
ery
Ch
emis
try
Gla
ss
Min
eral
s, C
emen
t
Met
allu
rgy
Oth
er in
du
stri
es
Oil
Ref
inin
g
Oil
extr
acti
on
Hyd
roge
n p
rod
uct
ion
Co
kin
g
He
at C
on
sum
pti
on
(TW
h)
Heat demand in France> 400°C
< 400°C
< 140°C
456 TWh
14
HEAT IN FRANCE
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
Residential heating represents by far
the larger consumption amount
H. Safa
OUTLINE
15
1. Nuclear & Climate Change
2. Nuclear Power Plant for Cogeneration
3. District Heating
4. Low Temperature Applications
5. Conclusions
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
WHAT IS COGENERATION ?
16INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
Cogeneration Mode
Reduced electrical efficiency
(condensation at higher temperature)
Better overall energy efficiency
(from 34% up to 90%)
Electric only Mode
Electrical efficiency
from 34% (Nuclear) to 56% (Gas in CCGT)
ELECTRICITY
Cooling(Heat Loss)
ELECTRICITY
Cooling(Heat Loss)
Other energeticProduct(Heat, Fuels, Steam, Water…)
ELECTRIC POWERPLANT
H. Safa
2/3 of energy is
dumped in the
environment
1/3 of fission energy is
converted into
electricity
A Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
RECOVERY OF NUCLEAR HEAT
17INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
GRID EQUILIBRIUM
1. Better Efficiency✓ Over 80% energy efficiency✓ Open new sectors for nuclear power
2. Better Use of energy✓ Make best use of heat at the right temperature✓ Match industrial applications needs
3. Better Flexibility✓ Allow flexible operation of the NPP✓ Diversify energy outputs
4. Lower Environmental impacts✓ Lower dumped heat in the environment✓ Additional heat sink
COGENERATION LEADS TO…
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 18
H. Safa
➢ 74 reactors worldwide are being used in a cogeneration mode (heat, industrial steam, water desalination)
➢ 700 reactors-years of accumulated experience
➢ The thermal power extraction vary from 5 to 240MW
➢ The maximum length for the heat transport line is 64 km (Kola, Russia)
NUCLEAR COGENERATION TODAY
Some facts and figures on Nuclear Cogeneration
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 19
H. Safa
NUCLEAR COGENERATION : A REALITY FOR 74 NPP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
IN JP PK BG CH CZ HU RO RU SK UA CH IN RU SK
Desalination District Heating Process Heating
No
. o
f R
eacto
rs
PWR
PHWR
LWGR
FBR
Source : I. Khamis, IAEA Technical Meeting, Prague, October 2010
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 20
H. Safa
DISTRICT HEATING USING NUCLEAR
21
▪ 18 nuclear sites
▪ 51 reactors
▪ 110 GWh thermal of
Heat delivered in DH
networks
▪ 0.17% of the District
Heating deliveries in the
European Union
Source: Energy Technology Institute, 2016
H. Safa 22
A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Two 1300 MWe reactors with cooling towers
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 23
THE SECONDARY LOOP OF A PWR
STEAM
WATER
REHEATER
LPTURBINE
COLD SOURCEFeedwater TANK
PUMP
PRIMARY CIRCUIT
SEPARATOR
HP TURBINE
CONDENSER
STEAM GENERATOR
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 24
THE MACHINE HALL OF A NPP
The turbine hall of a NPP showing the major components
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
The ALSTOM Low Pressure Turbine
Source: EDFAlternator
H. Safa 25
THE CONDENSER
The condenser is located below the LP turbines
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
Source: TVO, FinlandEPR, Olkiluoto 3 NPP
H. Safa
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Entropy S (J/g/K)
AB
C D
E
F
GCondensing
Boiling
Expanding (2)
Expanding
(1)
Reheating
26
THERMODYNAMICS:THE RANKINE CYCLE
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
A two-stage process: High Pressure then Low Pressure turbine
H. Safa 27
THERMODYNAMICS
hot
coldcarnot
T
T1
max of 340°C in PWR
If Thot = 288°C and Tcold = 39°C, carnot = 44.4%
Theoretical efficiency
In an electric transformation, heat is unavoidable
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 28
EXERGY & ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY
iQ
WWW = PBPHP
➢WBP on the Low Pressure Turbine decreases with
increasing output temperature
)T
T - (1 . Q=E 0
outout
➢ The output exergy increases with increasing temperature
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
➢ Heat at ambient temperature has no value
➢ Exergy is more appropriate to taken into account the
temperature at which the heat is produced
.S0T-H=E
)T0T
- (1 . Q=EExergetic value of a heat quantity Q
generated at a temperature T
EXERGY
Example of a 1300 MWe PWR reactorT
hot
T
coldWp Qi WHP WBP W gross Qs
carnot
(°C) (°C) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MWe) (MW) (%) (%)
288 39 9 3 920 -417 -936 1 353 -2 562 44.4% 34.3%
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 29
H. Safa 30
THE SECONDARY LOOP OF A PWR
STEAM
WATER
REHEATER
LPTURBINE
COLD SOURCEFeedwater TANK
PUMP
PRIMARY CIRCUIT
SEPARATOR
HP TURBINE
CONDENSER
STEAM GENERATOR
LP TURBINE
HEAT EXCHANGER
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 31
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Entropy S (J/g/K)
AB
C D
E
F
G
THERMODYNAMICS: THE RANKINE CYCLE
Modify the low pressure turbine: outlet at 2 bars
Condensing
Boiling
Expanding (2)
Expanding
(1)
Reheating
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 32
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0 50 100 150 200
Exer
gy
(MW
)
Elec
tric
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
Temperature (°C)
Efficiency
Exergy
ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY
Trade-off between electric output and ExergyINPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
NUCLEAR COGENERATION & DISTRICT HEATING
Return
Hot Fluid
Forward
Nuclear Power Plant
length ~ 100 km
Connection
to the Heat
Network
District HeatingNetwork
Main Transport Line
Nuclear District Heating
Substation
Buildings
Primarycircuit
Secundary circuit
vapor liquid
Steam
Generator
ReactorCore
Vessel
ReheatCondenser
Water
pump
Generator
Pressurizer
PrimaryPump
Control Rod mechanism
Pumping
Station
Pumping
Station
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 33
H. Safa
ONE TYPICAL CONFIGURATION
10 km
34
Urban City
Nuclear Power Plant
Main Heat Transport Line
IndustrialArea
Airport
➢A 100 km long Heat Transport Line delivering
energy in the form of hot water to a large urban
city, one airport and industrial areas.
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
35
THE MAIN TRANSPORT LINE THERMAL LOSSES
Diameter
Insulator thickness e
Insulator conductivity < 0.04 W/m.K
e
T
T0
soil
pipe
insulator
)T-(T )2e(1Ln
2=dz
dQ0
< 120 W/m
Total heat loss 2% of the transported power!
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 36
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Ele
ctri
c o
r T
he
rmal
En
erg
y (
MW
)
Temperature (°C)
Loss in Electric Energy
Thermal Energy Delivered
Global Energetic Balance
OPTIMIZATION RESULTS
A gain equivalent to 920 MWe (+70%) can be achieved !!
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
ECONOMICAL ADDED VALUE
➢ Assume an annual production of 9 TWh
Annual heat sales value of +540 M€
➢ Loss of electrical production of -1.8 TWhe
Electric loss value cost of -180 M€
Overall annual gain of +360 M€
➢ One Heat Transport Line 100 km long
✓ Buy heat from the NPP production site
✓ Sell heat to the District Heating Network Company
37INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
Greenhouse gas reduction
38
CO2 emissions from district heating60% fossil fuels40% waste incineration
Average of 200 gCO2/kWh
Large reduction in CO2 emissions
Huge savings in CO2 emissions
Avoid 0.2 Million ton of CO2 per TWh
If pGHG = 50 €/ton, = 0.2 ton CO2/MWh
Additional financial gain of Ct = 10 M€/TWh
Zero GHG emissions
from nuclear cogeneration
ENVIRONNEMENTAL ADDED VALUE
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
OUTLINE
39
1. Nuclear & Climate Change
2. Nuclear Power Plant for Cogeneration
3. District Heating
4. Low Temperature Applications
5. Conclusions
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 40
DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS IN EUROPE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Ice
lan
d
Latv
ia
De
nm
ark
Lith
ua
nia
Est
on
ia
Po
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Swe
de
n
Slo
vaki
a
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
Ro
ma
nia
Au
stri
a
Slo
ven
ia
Ger
man
y
Ko
rea
Cro
atia
Fran
ce
Ita
ly
No
rway
Source: Euroheat and Power, 2009
District Heating is developed in northern European countries
Percentage of citizens having access to district heating
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 41
District Heating networks are expanding
Source: D. Magnusson, Linköping University, Sweden
DEVELOPMENT OF DH NETWORKS
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
In a tunnel…
…or in a
trench
Copenhagen District Heating
Bore Tunnel, 2010
(maybe shared with
other utilities)
THE MAIN HEAT TRANSPORT LINE
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 42
H. Safa
A major cost issue :
Construction and
installation of piping
Source: Urecon
Source: R. Narjot, Techniques de l’ingénieur
THE MAIN HEAT TRANSPORT LINE
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 43
H. Safa 44INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
EVOLUTION OF DH SYSTEMS
Source: Li & al., “Towards 4th generation District Heating: experience and potential of low-temperatureDistrict Heating”, 14th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 2014, Sweden
New generation of DH work at very low temperatures (< 80°C)
favours the
development of
Nuclear Heat
H. Safa
COST OF HEAT PRODUCTION
45
C’ = Annual cost of the plant in the cogeneration mode
E’ = Electrical energy annual production in the
cogeneration mode
H = Annual production of the cogenerated product
c = Cost of the cogenerated product
c0 = Cost of electric power
C = Increase in annual costs due to cogeneration
E = Loss in electricity production due to cogenerationINPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
COST OF HEAT PRODUCTION
46
c0 = 50 $/MWh (average actual cost of nuclear electricity)
C = 24 M$/y (200 M$ at 5% interest rate over 20 years
plus additional operating costs)
E = 1.5 TWh (loss of 500 MWe for 3000 h/y)
H = 9 TWh (production of 2000 MW thermal for 4500 h/y)
Production cost is very competitive
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
COST OF HEAT PRODUCTION
47
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-6 -1 4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39
Dis
cou
nte
d C
ash
Flo
w (
M$
)
Year after start of commercial operation
Financial Analysis: Net Present Value of Benefits
Payback time
Start of operation
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
DH distribution Back-up Transport
NUCLEAR HEAT COST
Splitting of Heat costs
48
Source: Martin Leurent, PhD thesis, 2018
« Nuclear plants as an option to help decarbonizing the European and French heat sectors»
H. Safa
OUTLINE
49
1. Nuclear & Climate Change
2. Nuclear Power Plant for Cogeneration
3. District Heating
4. Low Temperature Applications
5. Conclusions
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
APPLICATIONS FOR ENERGY
➢ DISTRICT HEATING
➢ DESALINATION
➢ INDUSTRIAL STEAM
➢ SYNTHETIC FUELS PRODUCTION
➢ OIL & TAR SANDS EXTRACTION
➢ COAL LIQUEFACTION & GASIFICATION
➢ HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 50
H. Safa
NUCLEAR COGENERATION ELECTRICITY & HEAT APPLICATIONS
Medium
temperatures
250°C to 550°C
Industrial Steam
Coal Liquefaction and
Gasification
Oil Shale
Tar Sands
Biomass
Synthetic Fuels
High temperatures
550°C to 900°C
Hydrogen
Production
Low temperatures
40°C to 250°C
District Heating
Water Desalination
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 51
H. Safa 52
INDUSTRIAL NUCLEAR COGENERATION
About 40% of energy consumption in industry is heat < 400°C
INDUSTRY USE
Electricity
HeatHydrogen
Steam
Water
NuclearReactor
TransformationPlants
Many industries require steam or heat at
moderate temperatures (from 60°C to 400°C)
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa
WATER DESALINATION
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 53
Source : V. Srivastava & P. Tewari, BARC, IAEA Technical Meeting, Prague, October 2010
H. Safa
SYNTHETIC FUELS
CxHyOz + 2 H2O + O2 CO + H2 (-CH2-) + H2O
Gasification Purification
Pre-treatement
Fischer-Tropsch
Grinding,
Drying,
Pyrolisis
Heat
Biomass
Hydrogen
Diesel
Oil
Upgrading
H2/CO ~ 1 H2/CO ~ 2
Oxygen
Water
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 54
H. Safa
SURVEY OF FRENCH INDUSTRIAL HEAT
55
2156 industrial sites identified
as large low-temperature heat
consumers and located less than
100 km away from nuclear sites
Source: Etude du CVT ANCRE,
Sébastien Sylvestre, « Cogénération nucléaire
Intérêts et potentiels d’une offre de chaleur
basse température pour l’industrie française »
2016
H. Safa
OUTLINE
56
1. Nuclear & Climate Change
2. Nuclear Power Plant for Cogeneration
3. District Heating
4. Low Temperature Applications
5. Conclusions
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
H. Safa 57INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
WORLD ENERGY PROJECTIONS
*BP values Hydro in equivalent primary energy and does not evaluate Biomass
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Increase in Energy Source(from 2017 to 2040)
> 400 %
Nuclear energy is projected to increase
+60% by 2040
avoiding the emissions of 1.8 Gt of CO2
All these projections do not take in
consideration nuclear heat !
(Mtoe) Comparison of Future World Energy Consumption in 2040
InstitutionWEO
Reference
WEO
New Policies
Scenario
WEO Sustainable
Development
Scenario
BP* Exxon Shell EIAIEEJ
Reference
IEEJ
ATSAverage
Coal 4 769 3 809 1 597 3 762 3 890 3 101 4 045 4 352 3 391 3 635
Oil 5 570 4 894 3 156 4 836 5 617 4 291 5 695 5 416 4 662 4 904
Gas 4 804 4 436 3 438 4 707 4 670 3 601 4 637 4 628 4 140 4 340
Nuclear 951 971 1 293 912 1 028 1 525 955 856 1 246 1 082
Hydraulic 514 531 601 1 241 482 419 466 466 494
Biomass & Waste 1 772 1 851 1 504 1 521 1 995 1 640 1 595 1 647
Renewables 948 1 223 2 132 2 527 880 2 979 806 1 149 1 381
Total 19 328 17 715 13 720 17 983 18 088 17 910 18 557 18 164 16 649 17 483
3 226
H. Safa
GRID EQUILIBRIUMADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR HEAT
1. Save Energy✓ Recover waste heat✓ Open new utilization of nuclear power
2. Save Environment✓ Drastically reduce CO2 emissions✓ Reduce nuclear waste
3. Save Money✓ Get cheaper energy✓ Reduce the need for fossil fuels
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 58
H. Safa
➢ Heat recovery from a Nuclear Power Plant for District Heating or industrial applications is technically at hand
➢ Nuclear Cogeneration improves the overall energy efficiency of the Power Plant (from 33% to over 90%)
➢ The Main Heat Transport line is a key economic issue for competitiveness. Heat can be transported with low thermal losses (a few %) at long distances (> 100 km)
➢ The use of nuclear energy for District Heating and other Low-temperature applications allows large reduction of CO2
emissions and could significantly contributes to fight climate change.
59
CONCLUSIONS
INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018
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