mapping small-scale fishing activity in the northern gulf of california, mexico

Funding Agencies:• Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y

Tecnología• David and Lucile Packard Foundation• The University of Arizona• Wallace Research Foundation

Committee Members:• Dr. William Shaw• Dr. Barron Orr• Dr. Philip Guertin• Dr. Tom McGuire

and PANGUEROS: Ana Cinti and Dr. Jennie Duberstein, Nabor Encinas, Erika Koltenuk, Alejandro Castillo, Dr. Miguel Lavín, Rene Loaiza, Cesar Moreno, Adrián Munguía, Tad Pfister, Dr. Pete Raimondi, Mario Rojo, Alyssa Rosemartin, Ángeles Sánchez, Gaspar Soria, Dr. Jorge Torre, Peggy Turk

AcknowledgementsTo my family:James CollinsJorge, Alba, Raquel, Jorge y Marcos

Dr. Luz VázquezDr. Jaime Nubiola

Art Lab: Mickey Reed, Andrew Honaman, Craig Weisler

SNR: Kathi, Samia, Taryn, Sonya

• Dr. Richard Cudney-Bueno

Tucsonian Friends: Mariano, Anne, Hugo, Adriana, Mari, Nadia, Alma, Maite, Pablo, Pat, Mike, Patricia, Laura, Jeremiah, Dan, Alison, Zack, Mattie, Monica, Don Carlos, Forest, Michele, Gillian, Emiliano.

MAPPING THE HUMAN DIMENSION

Marcia Moreno-Baez

of Small-scale Fisheries in the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico.

Small-scale Fisheries are Central to the Economic Vitality and Food Security of

Many Countries

• 38 million people are classified as fishers (Béné, Macfadyen and Allison, 2007)

• ~90 percent are considered small-scale• An additional 100+ million people involved in

the post-harvest sector

Most of the World's Fisheries Science has been devote to Stock Assessment

• The disciplinary focus has been on biology and, to some extent, economics

• Conventional approaches have not adequately addressed the socio economic needs of fisheries (Berkes et al. 2001)

THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Has a rich history in commercial fisheries

50%

USAAsia

Small-scale fisheries involve a wide array of fishing gear,

methods and species

Best Available Information is Needed for Successful Planning

Small-scale

Fisheries

Social

Biophysical Political

EconomicEBM

PANGAS

Research Goal

To understand the human dimension of small-scale fishing activities for

developing fisheries management plans in the NGC

Small-scale

Fisheries

Social

Biophysical Political

Economic

Objectives

• Use local knowledge to characterize fishing activities• Understand the implications and contributions to

fisheries management– Who is fishing?– Where are they fishing?– What are they capturing?– How are they fishing?– When are they fishing?– Where are the spawning and reproductive sites?

THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA

MEXICO

Methods

Rapid Appraisal

Integration of Local Knowledge

Internal Validation

Spatial and Temporal Analysis

Review of Existing Data

Design Semi-structuredInterview

Stratify Random Sampling

n = 37615% of total number of

panga captains

Conducting Interviews in17 Fishing CommunitiesPhoto: Pérez, S./CEDO

Semi-structure Interviews and Participatory Mapping

Target species

Opinion aboutfisheries

GeneralInformation andSocial networks

1st Section

Problems andAdditional

Information

Reproductive andNursery groundsAnd life history

Spatial andTemporal

distribution

2nd Section

• What species do you make a dedicated trip to capture?

• What other species do you target?• Of all of these, what are the three

most important?

Semi-structure Interviews and Participatory Mapping

Problems andAdditional

Information

Reproductive andNursery groundsAnd life history

Spatial andTemporal

distribution

2nd Section • What are your three primary fishing zones for this species?

• What are your three secondary fishing zones for this species?

Compilation

Digital IntegrationArcGIS™ 9.2

Methods

Integration of Local Knowledge

Rapid Appraisal

Internal Validation

Spatial and Temporal Analysis Preliminary AnalysisArcGIS™ 9.2

n(i)= 376n(m) = 764

Methods

Integration of Local Knowledge

Internal Validation

Rapid Appraisal

Integration of Local Knowledge

Spatial and Temporal Analysis

Puerto Peñasco:1. Diving (5 species)2. Gillnets (4 species)3. Longline and Traps (2 species)

Bahía de Kino:1. Diving (4 species)2. Gillnets (4 species)3. Traps (1 specie)

MEXICO

An Example of a Fishing Adjustment Before and After an Internal Validation

(Moreno-Baez, et al, 2010)

Black murex (Hexaplex nigritus)

Methods

Spatial and Temporal Analysis

Internal Validation

Rapid Appraisal

Integration of Local Knowledge

Characterize Fishing Activity

Spawning and Juvenile areas

Common Seasonal Fishing

Grounds

Vector-based Analysis

Relative Importance of

Fishing Grounds

Raster-based Analysis

Spatial Analysis to Meet the Objectives

Who, What, Where, How and, When

+

Different Vector-based Analyses Were Used to Meet Objectives

Species , Communities, Fishing Method, Spawning and juvenile areas

Attribute Queries

Intersection = communities overlap, Union = temporal analysis

Relational Algebra

Operators

Characterize Fishing Activity

Spawning and Juvenile areas

Common Seasonal Fishing

Grounds

Vector-based Analysis

Raster-based Analysis

Spatial and Temporal Analysis to Meet the Objectives

+

Different Vector-based Analyses Were Used to Meet Objectives

Attribute Queries

Euclidian Distance+ Maximum and

median distance from communities

Characterize Fishing Activity

Spawning and Juvenile areas

Common Seasonal Fishing

Grounds

Vector-based Analysis

Relative Importance of

Fishing Grounds

Raster-based Analysis

Spatial and Temporal Analysis to Meet the Objectives

Grid Creation (1.5 x 1.5

miles pixel size)

Level of Importance =

Value assigned to pixel

Geostatistics + Fuzzy Logic

Fishing Ground Relative

Importance

Raster-based Analysis Was Utilized to Understand the Importance of Fishing Grounds • What are your three primary

fishing zones for this species?• What are your three secondary

fishing zones for this species?

Primary Fishing zones = 1.0Secondary Fishing zones = 0.5

Results

• Who is fishing?• Where are they fishing?• What are they capturing?• How are they fishing?• When are they fishing?• Where are the spawning and reproductive

sites?

Fishing activity in 89% Of the coast line

Fishing activity in 60% Of the total area

Rapid Appraisal 2005 - 2006

Traveled Distances from Community to Fishing Grounds

207

99

125

9577

10894

18

4321

177

94

145162

5161

181

0

50

100

150

200

250Ba

hia

de K

ino

Bahi

a de

los

Ánge

les

Des

embo

que

de C

abor

ca

Des

embo

que

Seri

El B

arril

Gol

fo d

e Sa

nta

Clar

a

Las

Ánim

as

Los

Dor

ados

de

Villa

Punt

a Ch

ueca

Punt

a Ja

guey

Puer

to L

iber

tad

Puer

to L

obos

Puer

to P

eñas

co

San

Felip

e

San

Jorg

e

Sant

o To

mas

San

Luis

Gon

zaga

Communities

Dis

tanc

e (k

m)

Max. Dist. (km) Med. Dist. (km)Rapid Appraisal 2005 - 2006

Results

• Who is fishing?• Where are they fishing?

Where is fishing activityconcentrating?

Rapid Appraisal 2005 - 2006

Isla TiburónIsla Ángel deLa Guarda

Results

• Who is fishing?• Where are they fishing?• What are they capturing?• How are they fishing?• When are they fishing?• Where are the spawning and reproductive

sites?

What are People Fishing?

• 74 species are being harvest• 58 target species

– Based on a dedicated trip• Spatial distribution of harvest location of 52

species

(Moreno-Baez et al, In press)

Octopus hubssorum or O. bimaculatus

Rapid Appraisal 2005 - 2006

Epinephelus acanthistius

Isla TiburónIsla Ángel deLa Guarda

Number of Species Captured by Each Community

0

1

2

3

4

5

1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70

Number of Species Captured

Nu

mb

er

of

Co

mm

un

itie

sRapid Appraisal 2005 - 2006

Results

• Who is fishing?• Where are they fishing?• What are they capturing?• How are they fishing?• When are they fishing?• Where are the spawning and reproductive

sites?

Rapid Appraisal 2005 - 2006Photos: Cinti, A., Rojo M./COBI, Morales, O.

Results

• Who is fishing?• Where are they fishing?• What are they capturing?• How are they fishing?• When are they fishing?• Where are the spawning and reproductive

sites?

Isla TiburónIsla Ángel deLa Guarda

Results

• Who is fishing?• Where are they fishing?• What are they capturing?• How are they fishing?• When are they fishing?• Where are the spawning and reproductive

sites?

Rapid Appraisal 2005 - 2006

Implications for Management

• The spatial and temporal data may provide support that helps managers balance the local demand for the resource and the ecological integrity of the system

Rapid Appraisal 2005 - 2006

Conclusions

• Key local knowledge can be incorporated into and corroborated during the data-collection process

• Data can be used within large, regional scales with multiple fishing communities and highly diverse fishing activities

Conclusions

Incorporating fishers’ knowledge through participatory research can provide essential information for the development of any future management schemes in the NGC

Conclusions

• This process increases the opportunity for dialogue between local fishers, natural resource managers, and researchers

• Engagement of local fishers can bring transparency to integration of local knowledge

The Human Dimension is Only One Aspect to be Incorporated into

Planning for Fisheries Management

Small-scale

Fisheries

Social

Biophysical Political

Economic

http://pangas.arizona.edu

QUESTIONS

Marcia Moreno-BaezEmail: mamoreno@email.arizona.edu