maps and aerial photos there are many different kinds of maps geopolitical topographic shaded...

Maps and Aerial Photos

There are many different kinds of maps

•Geopolitical

•Topographic•Shaded Relief, Photorectified or Standard

•Geologic

•Ecosystemic

•Meteorological

•Climatological

And many other types. New map types are facilitated by use of powerful GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software.

Maps and Aerial Photos

There are many different kinds of maps

•Geopolitical

•Topographic•Shaded Relief, Photorectified or Standard

•Geologic

•Ecosystemic

•Meteorological

•Climatological

And many other types. New map types are facilitated by use of powerful GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software.

Maps and photos

All maps have common elements

•Scale•distance on the map equal to distance in the real world

•Legend•What the symbols on the map represent

•Coordinate system•Latitude Longitude; Township & Range; UTM

•Orientation info•Which way is north south east and west

Maps and photos

All maps have common elements

•Scale•distance on the map equal to distance in the real world

•Legend•What the symbols on the map represent

•Coordinate system•Latitude Longitude; Township & Range; UTM

•Orientation info•Which way is north south east and west

Scales

•Verbal- words used to convey map distance / real world distance equivalencies

•e.g., one inch equals four thousand feet

•Graphic- usually a bar or line with calibration marks that indicate map distance real / world distance equivalencies

•Fractional - the numeric UNITLESS ratio of map distance to real world distance equivalencies

Scales

•Verbal- words used to convey map distance / real world distance equivalencies

•e.g., one inch equals four thousand feet

•Graphic- usually a bar or line with calibration marks that indicate map distance real / world distance equivalencies

•Fractional - the numeric UNITLESS ratio of map distance to real world distance equivalencies

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1:40,0001:40,000 Note- NO UNITS until you assign themNote- NO UNITS until you assign them

Legend- a window that shows all the symbols used on the map. It commonly also includes scale, title, and orientation information

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Coordinate Systems

Latitude / Longitude- based on 360° circle coordinate system with Equator and Prime meridian as the respective index lines

Commonly given as decimal degrees (38.6466° N, 98.3456° W), degrees with decimal minutes (38° 36.32’ N, 98° 18.2’ W) or degrees minutes and seconds (38° 36’ 18” N, 98° 18’ 12” W)

Coordinate Systems

Latitude / Longitude- based on 360° circle coordinate system with Equator and Prime meridian as the respective index lines

Commonly given as decimal degrees (38.6466° N, 98.3456° W), degrees with decimal minutes (38° 36.32’ N, 98° 18.2’ W) or degrees minutes and seconds (38° 36’ 18” N, 98° 18’ 12” W)

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North

South

Prime meridian

Equator

Coordinate systems

UTM- a coordinate system based on a 1000 meter grid with the center of of each zone as the alignment point of the grid cells

UTM coordinates might read 16 S 0455680 E 4268326 N

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Coordinate systems

Township Range a coordinate system based on a numeric grid

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Common Maps used in the geosciences

Topographic maps

Contour lines represent vertical elevation with reference to sea level (zero elevation) they are isometric lines of what ever they are representing, in our case elevation

Contour intervals are 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 foot intervals

Index contours are labeled and thicker

Contour lines never cross or touch

They “V” when they cross a stream channel, with the point of the “V” in the upstream direction

They can create closed shapes on the map

can represent either a hill or a depression

Frequently used to make topographic profiles

Common Maps used in the geosciences

Topographic maps

Contour lines represent vertical elevation with reference to sea level (zero elevation) they are isometric lines of what ever they are representing, in our case elevation

Contour intervals are 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 foot intervals

Index contours are labeled and thicker

Contour lines never cross or touch

They “V” when they cross a stream channel, with the point of the “V” in the upstream direction

They can create closed shapes on the map

can represent either a hill or a depression

Frequently used to make topographic profiles

Aerial PhotosFrequently need to know the fractional scale on stereo photos

Must compare photo area to map of the same area with known scale to determine the scale of the photograph

Photo distance (mm) =

Real distance as determined from map (Km)

Then convert the above numbers to a unitless ratio

Photo distance (mm) / Real world distance (mm)

Aerial PhotosFrequently need to know the fractional scale on stereo photos

Must compare photo area to map of the same area with known scale to determine the scale of the photograph

Photo distance (mm) =

Real distance as determined from map (Km)

Then convert the above numbers to a unitless ratio

Photo distance (mm) / Real world distance (mm)

Geological maps

Usually indicated by numerous colors used to identify various geological units

systemsgroupsformationsmembers

Contacts are indicated by lines with varying degrees of certainty by solid or dashed lines

Also indicate location of geological structuresfaultsfoldsintrusions

dikes and sills

Geological maps

Usually indicated by numerous colors used to identify various geological units

systemsgroupsformationsmembers

Contacts are indicated by lines with varying degrees of certainty by solid or dashed lines

Also indicate location of geological structuresfaultsfoldsintrusions

dikes and sills

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0°

90°270°

180°

0°N

90° W 90° E

0°S

Overlaying vector based maps to create derivative maps

Color is attribute as is alphabetic designation

Layers of geographic information, which in turn can create new layers of data

Layers of geographic information, which in turn can create new layers of data

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Soils layer

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Land Use Layer

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Topographic layer

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Watershed boundaries layers

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Tiger file layer

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Point specific layers

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Weather stations Point source pollution

GIS