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March 2019 Volume 86, No. 1
The Audubon Society of Missouri Missouri’s Ornithological Society Since 1901
Officers
Bill Eddleman*+, President (2020);
608 Teton Lane, Cape Girardeau, MO
63701, (573) 579-7978
eddlemanw@sbcglobal.net
(Vice Presidency— vacant)
Phil Wire*+, Secretary (2020)
1245 Boone St., Troy, MO 63379-2471
(314) 960-0370
phw222@gmail.com
Pat Lueders*+, Treasurer (2018)
1147 Hawken Pl., St. Louis, MO
63119; (314) 222-1711
pllueders479@aol.com
Honorary Directors
Richard A. Anderson, St. Louis**
Nathan Fay, Ozark**
Leo Galloway, St. Joseph**
Jim Jackson, Marthasville
Lisle Jeffrey, Columbia**
Floyd Lawhon, St. Joseph**
Patrick Mahnkey, Forsyth**
Rebecca Matthews, Springfield**
Sydney Wade, Jefferson City**
Dave Witten, Columbia**
John Wylie, Jefferson City**
Brad Jacobs, 2016 Recipient of the
Rudolf Bennitt Award
Jim Jackson, 2012 Recipient of the
Rudolf Bennitt Award
Dr. David Easterla, 2006 Recipient
of the Rudolf Bennitt Award
Paul E. Bauer, 2004 Recipient of the
Rudolf Bennitt Award
Regional Directors
Charles Burwick+ (2020)
Springfield (417) 860-9505
Lottie Bushmann+ (2018)
Columbia (573) 445-3942
Jeff Cantrell+ (2020)
Neosho (471) 476-3311
Mike Doyen+ (2020)
Rolla (573) 364-0020
Sherry Leonardo+ (2018)
Grandview (816) 763-1393
Brent Galliart+ (2018)
St. Joseph (816) 232-6038
Greg Leonard+ (2019)
Columbia (573) 443-8263
Terry McNeely+ (2019)
Jameson (660) 828-4215
Mike Grant+ (2019)
Chesterfield (314) 779-8032
Chairs
Bill Clark, Historian
3906 Grace Ellen Dr.
Columbia, MO 65202
(573) 474-4510
Kevin Wehner, Membership
510 Ridgeway Ave.
Columbia, MO 65203
(573) 815-0352
kevinwehner@gmail.com
+ Board Position
* Executive Committee Member **Deceased
The Audubon Society of Missouri
Page i THE BLUEBIRD
The Bluebird
Page ii THE BLUEBIRD
The Bluebird Editor:
Allen Gathman*+, 3148 Hwy. C, Pocahontas, MO 63779, (573)
579-5464, agathman@gmail.com
Christmas Bird Count Compiler:
Randy Korotev, 800 Oakbrook Lane, St. Louis, MO 63132,
(314) 884-2189, rlkorotev@outlook.com
Communication Services:
Kevin Wehner+, Webmaster, http://mobirds.org,
Susan Hazelwood and David Scheu, Co-owners Listserve,
mobirds-l-request@po.missouri,edu
ASM Scholarship Committee:
Sue Gustafson, Chair, 429 Belleview Ave., Webster Groves, MO 63119
(314) 882-8006, smgustafson@juno.com
MO Bird Records Committee:
Brad Jacobs+—Chair, 11300 Vemers Ford Road, Columbia, MO 65201,
(573) 874-3904, robertbjacobs@gmail.com
Bill Rowe—Secretary, 7414 Kenrick Valley Drive, St Louis, MO 63119-
5726 (314) 962-0544, rowemb45@gmail.com
Seasonal Survey Editors:
Spring: Lisa Berger, 1947 South Kings Avenue, Springfield, MO 65807-
2733, (417) 860-9108, goshawk@att.net
Summer: Paul McKenzie, 2311 Grandview Circle, Columbia, MO 65203-
7240, (573) 445-3019, paulbeckymo@mchsi.com
Fall: Joe Eades, 517 Willow Lane, Kirkwood, MO, 63122, (314) 835-0353,
joseph.w.eades@monsanto.com
Winter: Mary Nemecek, 7807 N. Merimac Ct, Kansas City MO 64151,
(816) 210-5148; msnemecek@aol.com
* Executive Committee Member
+ Board Position
Deadlines for submission of material for publication in The Bluebird
Manuscripts for The Bluebird—to the editor by:
Feb. 1 for March issue; May 1 for June issue;
Aug. 1 for Sept. issue; Nov. 1 for Dec. issue
Deadlines for submissions to the Seasonal Survey Editors
Winter (Dec. 1-Feb. 28)—to Mary Nemecek by Mar. 10
Spring (Mar. 1-May 31)—to Lisa Berger by June 10
Summer (June 1-July. 31)—to Paul McKenzie by Aug 10
Fall (Aug. 1-Nov. 30)—to Joe Eades by Dec. 10
Table of Contents
Page iii THE BLUEBIRD
1 President’s Corner—Bill Eddleman
3 We Welcome Our New ASM Members! — Kevin Wehner
4 ASM Policy and Procedures for Non-renewed Memberships
— Kevin Wehner
5 Support for a New Name for Audubon Society of Missouri
— MBRC
7 The Missouri Young Birders Club — Paige Witek
11 Brad’s 2018 Big Year — Brad Jacobs
17 Poem: Migration — Jane Frazier
18 Quantifying neonicotinoid concentrations in Missouri wetlands
and the potential effects to the associated avian community.
— Kyle Kuechle
21 Peer-Reviewed Paper: Notes on a Brown Creeper Foraging on
Suet and Comments on the Species’ Possible Longevity
and Survival at a Winter Feeding Station — Paul McKenzie
24 Thirty-First Annual Report of the MBRC — William C. Rowe
Front Cover:
Eastern Phoebe, Jackson Cape Girardeau Co., Photo Mark Haas
THE BLUEBIRD is published quarterly by The Audubon Society of Missouri. The submission of
articles, photographs, and artwork is welcomed and encouraged. The views and opinions ex-
pressed in this journal are those of each contributing writer and do not necessarily represent the
views and opinions of The Audubon Society of Missouri or its officers, Board of Directors, or edi-
tors. Send address corrections to ASM, 2101 W. Broadway, PMB 122, Columbia, MO 65203-1261.
March 2019 Volume 86, No. 1
Bewick’s Wren, Mark Twain Lake Ralls Co., 19 Sep 2018
Photo Paul McKenzie
President’s Corner—Bill Eddleman
Page 1 THE BLUEBIRD
Once again this winter season, I
was able to participate in 4
Christmas Bird Counts (CBC).
It was great to be out, but I’d
say overall it was a pretty lack-
luster set of counts. I’m not sure
about the ultimate picture in
the region, but my best guess is
a combination of overall warmer
weather and a sharp cold snap
just before the count period may
have held numbers low. I was
surprised by a lack of several
species of water birds (despite
good food and water conditions)
and a real dearth of blackbirds
overall.
My main point about the counts
is not my local speculations,
though, but the value in doing these counts year after year. Christ-
mas Bird Counts are “crude” in the world of bird counts, but can re-
veal large-scale trends in bird numbers and winter distributions if
data analysts correct the information for effort and time. The Great
Backyard Bird Count is another piece of information that can give
us similar trends for a subset of birds. The Breeding Bird Survey
(BBS) is one of the primary pieces of information on birds in North
America during the nesting season.
All of these counts have one thing in common. Skilled volunteers do
much of the counting. In recent years, the term for these volunteers
has been “Citizen Scientists.” Admittedly the skill level varies—
ranging from basic identification for many CBC participants to a
detailed knowledge of songs and calls for conducting BBS routes—
but all contribute.
This brings me to one of the concerns I have from observing these
counts for many years. The average age of the counters has been
creeping upward. I’m not sure why exactly, and I just have specula-
tion. Younger people have less free time and have to devote a lot
more of it to making a living. However, I’ve also noted that many
people seem to have the mistaken impression that participating in a
CBC is impossibly difficult if someone does not happen to be a bird
Page 2 THE BLUEBIRD
ID expert—and BBS routes are even more out of the question. Con-
fusion about the manner in which we conduct counts may also be a
factor preventing some from participating. However, that is why
CBCs have a compiler—to answer questions and provide a bit of
guidance for counters. Compilers also attempt to pair newcomers
with experienced observers. This results in a better count, but also
is a great way to help novices improve their ID skills (and my per-
sonal opinion is that spending time with an experienced birder in
the field is worth 10 bird apps).
Once people help with a few CBCs and learn bird identification, the
hope is they can go on to help out with other bird monitoring activi-
ties. I have always viewed my CBC participation as mostly fun (with
the added sidelight of providing crude information about bird popu-
lations), but the BBS routes I run as helping to give back to the
birds that have given me a lot of pleasure and a career. Finally, if
you want to help with any of these “birding with a purpose” activi-
ties, contact me and I’ll connect you with the right people or places.
Our Spring Meeting is coming up fast, and a super location: May 3-5
at Bunker Hill Resort on the Jacks Fork. Super warbler observation
opportunities, good food, and a nice place to stay—who could ask for
more! Details will be on the website very soon.
We also will have an open session to discuss the possible name
change at the meeting. I’d also like to remind you that if you can’t
make it to the meeting, visit the discussion on the “Members Only”
part of the web page. Log in (create a username and password if you
have not done so before), click on “Discuss Name Change” under
“ASM Members,” and type your comments. Once you have posted
them, I remind you that they cannot be edited.
Sincerely,
Bill Eddleman, ASM President
Page 3 THE BLUEBIRD
WE WELCOME OUR NEW ASM MEMBERS!
Kevin Wehner
Remember, new members are our future. If a new member lives
near you, say, “Howdy and welcome to ASM.” In addition, recruit
another new member. Welcome to these 5 new ASM members
in the 1st quarter of 2019!
Steve Bingham Kansas City, MO
Mary Carter Hale, TX
Michelle Dalbey Blackwater, MO
Eileen Kinsella St. Louis, MO
Robert Snyder Saddlebrooke, MO
Osprey, Photo Karin Pelton
Page 4 THE BLUEBIRD
The by-laws specify that notices of delinquency shall be sent within
sixty (60) days after the start of the membership year (that is, on or
before March 1). Everyone delinquent in membership renewal, i.e.,
hasn’t paid dues for this membership year, will have received two
delinquency notices by now.
You can help by reminding fellow ASM members to send in their
dues. Those who have not paid their dues will be removed
from membership the first week of April.
To renew online, go to ASM’s website, www.mobirds.org/ASM/
Membership.aspx or use the membership renewal form on the back
cover of any recent Bluebird.
Your membership is important. Membership dues support ASM’s
mission of conservation and education, and the services to enhance
your birding experience in Missouri.
If you have any questions or problems with the renewal process,
please feel free to contact me.
Sincerely,
Kevin Wehner
Membership Chair
The Audubon Society of Missouri
2101 W. Broadway, PMB 122
Columbia, MO 65203-1261
kevinwehner@gmail.com
(573) 815-0352
ASM POLICY AND PROCEDURES
FOR NON-RENEWED MEMBERSHIPS
Page 5 THE BLUEBIRD
Recently Dr. Bill Eddleman, President of The Audubon Society of
Missouri (hereafter ASM), suggested that the membership consider
a new name. To understand the merits of this suggestion, we need to
evaluate the various functions that our organization provides. The
ASM publishes the only statewide journal that includes: 1) reports
of noteworthy seasonal bird observations throughout Missouri that
are carefully vetted and compiled by a seasonal editor, 2) statewide
results of Christmas Bird Counts, 3) peer-reviewed articles on bird
discoveries, 4) graduate student studies supported by ASM, 5) arti-
cles on bird-finding on Missouri’s public lands, 6) reviews of new
bird books, and 7) tips on bird identification.
The ASM has a standing committee, the Missouri Bird Records
Committee (hereafter MBRC), that is charged with evaluating unu-
sual Missouri bird records, publishing an annual report of decisions
in The Bluebird, maintaining the official list of Missouri birds with
annotations on their status and distribution, and providing bird
identification workshops and other benefits for the membership.
The ASM holds biannual meetings at different locations throughout
the state; they are open to all members and the general public. They
include programs, guest lecturers, and field trips. The ASM engages
in partnerships with federal and state agencies, academia, private
entities and individuals to support bird conservation. Thus, ASM is
the one statewide organization that promotes bird study, bird con-
servation, and the maintenance of bird data in Missouri.
A common theme that other state ornithological societies
share with ASM is the melding of many individuals interested in
bird watching and conservation, from beginning birdwatchers to pro-
fessional scientists. In the past, some Missouri birders were of the
opinion that an organization named the Missouri Ornithological So-
ciety would lend less support to amateurs, inexperienced birders, or
those who simply enjoy watching birds in their backyards. However,
MBRC members’ experiences in other state organizations under-
Support for a New Name
for Audubon Society of Missouri Missouri Bird Records Committee
Page 6 THE BLUEBIRD
score the shared camaraderie and the quest for learning about and
conserving birds that are hallmarks of all these groups.
As an example of how appropriate the term ornithological is for the
name of our organization, seven of the eight states that border Mis-
souri use that term in their names. The missions of these border
state organizations mirror that of ASM.
One reason for a name change in the Audubon Society of Missouri is
that there are many other organizations that use “Audubon” in their
names. In Missouri, we not only have ASM, but many local Audubon
chapters, and Audubon Missouri, the state office of the National
Audubon Society. As a result, virtually everyone is perplexed by the
different functions, responsibilities, and relationships of these enti-
ties. By adopting the name Missouri Ornithological Society, we
would avoid the confusion and be known by a name that supports all
aspects of bird study and conservation. Consequently, the MBRC
endorses the proposed name change to Missouri Ornithological Soci-
ety.
Lisa Berger, Joe Eades, Brad Jacobs, Paul McKenzie, Mary
Nemecek, Mark Robbins, Bill Rowe, and Josh Uffman.
Female Purple Finch, Bradford Farm Boone, 24 Oct. 2018
Photo Paul McKenzie
Page 7 THE BLUEBIRD
Remember when you first got
into birds? It probably started
with one experience or one bird
that sparked a fascination, and
then grew through other experi-
ences and the support of the bird-
ing community. Wouldn’t it be
great if you had gotten into birds
sooner? Think how much better
your ID skills would be. Maybe
your love of birds started at a
young age, but for me and for
many folks that I know, the
spark didn’t happen until later in
life. The Missouri Young Birders Club (MYBC) is a chance for young
Missourians to ignite a passion for birds and the outdoors, and be
able to share that passion with their peers.
The Missouri River Bird Observatory first got the idea to start a
young birders club in the state a few years ago, but it wasn’t until
this spring that the idea became a reality. The first young birders
club was started by six students in Ohio with the assistance of the
Black Swamp Bird Observatory. Since then, young birders clubs
have sprung up all over the country with the help of the YBC
Toolkit, developed by the Black Swamp Bird Observatory and the
Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
This spring the Missouri River Bird Observatory hosted the Spring
Meeting for the Audubon Society of Missouri. During the Spring
Meeting, professionals from all over the state, and outside the state,
gathered at a workshop to launch the Missouri Young Birders Club.
The MYBC is a new program starting out under the umbrella of the
Missouri River Bird Observatory, and its mission is to bring togeth-
er young Missourians to enjoy, experience, and conserve Missouri’s
birds and other wildlife. It is part of the Young Birders Network
(YBN), a community of young birders and Young Birders Clubs
(YBCs) from all over the United States and the world. The YBN
aims to provide all the resources a young birder needs to start a life
The Missouri Young Birders Club
Paige Witek
Page 8 THE BLUEBIRD
with birds. It thrives on the philosophy that Young Birders Clubs
encourage the next generation of naturalists to grow their interest
in the natural world.
The Missouri River Bird Observatory aimed to start a Young Bird-
ers Club because Young Birders Clubs increase awareness and ap-
preciation of the natural world and instill a conservation ethic in
their members. Many young adults cite young birders clubs, camps,
and other networking groups as a turning point for them in their
career development. Young birders often have trouble finding simi-
larly-minded peers, and YBCs fill this niche.
Empowering Missouri’s youth is a large part of the MYBC mission,
so our vision is to have a club that is by kids and for kids. Youth
members will be involved in making decisions for all aspects of the
club, as well as have the opportunity to mentor younger naturalists.
Currently, we are recruiting students ages 8 to 17 years old. The
goal is to establish local chapters in different regions of the state
(Ex: Kansas City Region, St. Louis Region, Central, Southwest,
Southeast, and Ozarks). Local chapters will be guided by adult
members, but spearheaded by youth members. MYBC will also have
Page 9 THE BLUEBIRD
a conservation focus. The club will provide field trips to local birding
areas and opportunities for members to get involved with various
aspects of conservation. Members will not only be able to enjoy and
experience Missouri’s birds, but also take action to conserve their
habitats. Examples include assisting with habitat restoration pro-
jects and taking part in citizen-science programs such as eBird and
FeederWatch. Our hope is to involve not only young Missouri bird-
ers, but any young person looking to enjoy the outdoors with their
peers. We plan to host various events designed to attract young au-
diences with a wide diversity of interests in addition to the natural
world, such as art, music, design, technology, sports, cooking, and
others.
Although this is a big undertaking, we have gotten a lot accom-
plished. There is a MYBC website (www.moyoungbirders.org), as
well as a Facebook page and an Instagram account. Many promo-
tional brochures and flyers have been distributed at various events
and functions, including Pelican Days at the Audubon Center at
Riverlands. Featured on these materials, and in this article, is a logo
designed by Chelsea Mosteller of Columbia, a young birder who is
also a talented artist and photographer. We have acquired 10 new
Field Guides to hand out to new members, because want every mem-
ber to have access to the resources they need to go birding not only
with MYBC, but also on their own time.
In addition to the progress made above, we have held two field trips
in the name of MYBC. The first was held at the Riverlands Migrato-
ry Bird Sanctuary in Alton, MO (St. Louis Region). The trip was or-
ganized through St. Louis Audubon Society. A big shout out to Ka-
ren Meyer and Mary Dueren for coordinating this field trip and
making it happen, as well as to Bill Rowe for accompanying us and
getting the word out. We had two young birders at the event, and
even though our numbers were small, we had a fun, bird-filled trip.
Birds observed include Trumpeter and Tundra Swans, a Baird’s
Sandpiper and a Long-tailed Duck. The second field trip was held at
Burr Oak Nature Sanctuary. Many Kansas City folks helped out by
spreading the word about this event and getting it organized, but a
huge shout out to Sara Scheil and Dianne Van Dien for going above
and beyond. We had six young birders and twelve adults and men-
tors on our walk. Many stayed to watch the bird banding demonstra-
tion by MRBO afterwards. We have more events scheduled in the
Kansas City area, and further progress is being made in the
Page 10 THE BLUEBIRD
St. Louis area.
Events are also
in the schedul-
ing process for
Springfield area
and the Central
Missouri region.
A great deal has
been accom-
plished since
that first work-
shop in the
spring, but
there is still a
long way to go.
If you are inter-
ested, there are
many ways to
help:
Promote MYBC. This could be done at events where you are volun-
teering, or by spreading the word to any young Missourian you may
know who might be interested. Ask Paige if you need promotional
materials.
Donate new field guides for new MYBC members.
Donate old quality binoculars and/or scopes.
Lead a field trip in your area.
Give Paige contact information for schools or clubs where she can
present about this opportunity for students.
With your help, we can make the Missouri Young Birders Club a
statewide phenomenon in which we bring together students of dif-
ferent backgrounds to enjoy, experience and conserve Missouri’s
birds and other wildlife. Please don’t hesitate to contact MYBC State
Coordinator, Paige Witek, to find out more about how to get in-
volved. Email: paige.witek@mrbo.org
Page 11 THE BLUEBIRD
Since I started birding in 1958, I have attempted to see more birds
than the year before. In the early 80s in Arizona, I reached my high-
est Big Year count of 358 bird species, even then probably not the
Arizona Big Year Record. In each yearly effort, I learn more about
birds, as well as when and where to find them.
In 2009, I tried to break 300 species in Missouri, but I just managed
to reach 299. In 2017 after I retired, I set my sights on Tim Barks-
dale’s 1991 Big Year record of 314 species for the state of Missouri.
On November 12, I broke my 2017 personal record when I saw the
Red-necked Grebe at Riverlands
Migratory Bird Sanctuary in St.
Charles County, and accumulated
10 more species by the end of the
year for a grand total of 310, just
shy of Barksdale’s record. While
apparently a slow year for rare,
casual, and accidental birds, I saw
potential in the benefits of eBird as
a way to quickly know where newly
arrived birds had settled across
Missouri, and who to contact to get details on the sighting.
The Big Year
For my 2018 Big Year, I hoped to accomplish for five goals:
1) Find more than 314 species of birds in one year.
2) Get more people involved in trying to break their previous
year's species and checklists totals.
3) Help birders add some rigor to their observational skills by
using multiple ID characters to document and report any unusual
species so that all birders can learn and replicate the approach.
4) Report all the birds that others might want to see in a timely
fashion.
5) Document observed MBRC review list species and post
on mobirds.org.
Brad’s 2018 Big Year
Brad Jacobs
Cave Swallow Bates 17 July 2018
Photo Brad Jacobs
Page 12 THE BLUEBIRD
Inspired to try again on January 1, 2018, I rushed out at dawn and
located the winter resident Northern Shrike at Bradford Farm and a
wintering Evening Grosbeak at Nicholas Marsh’s feeder, both close
by in Boone County. I hoped to get a better start earlier in the year.
I focused on locating the rarest bird as they appeared, and tallied
the common and uncommon birds
as they appeared.
By the end of January, I had birded
24 of the 31 days. I recorded 100
bird species by January 20, 200
species by April 17, and 300 by
May 31. I birded 120 days in a five
month period. By the end on May I
needed only 15 more species to
break Tim’s record.
In June, I added Black-billed Cuck-
oo at Loess Bluffs NWR in Holt Co.
In July, I picked up the Cave Swal-
low in Bates Co., Wood Stork in
Chariton Co., and Anhinga in Dunklin Co. By the end of August, I
had seen Buff-breasted Sandpipers in Callaway and St. Charles
Cos., White Ibis and Roseate Spoonbill in Wayne Co., Western Sand-
piper in five different counties, Red-necked Phalarope in Boone Co.,
and Rufous Hummingbird in Dade Co.
In September, fall weather brought the Red Phalarope to Monroe
and Chariton Cos., and a sighting of Nelson’s Sparrows in Boone Co
tied the Barksdale record at 314. Laughing Gull broke the record as
number 315 on September 26 in Randolph Co. October brought two
new birds to the list: Pomarine Jaeger in Chariton Co. and Sabine’s
Gull in Macon Co.
November was the last month that I added new birds for 2018: Rock
Wren in Dallas Co., Snow Bunting in Macon Co., Long-tailed Duck
in St. Charles Co., Black Scoter in Clay Co., and Western Grebe in
Stone Co. The last bird was Mountain Bluebird in St. Clair Co. on
November 30, bringing my final tally to 323.
In 2018, I birded 249 days and tallied birds in 82 counties.
Wood Stork, Swan Lake NWR Chari-
ton, 28 July 2018. Photo Brad Jacobs
Page 13 THE BLUEBIRD
Days birded by month:
Plan of Attack
To facilitate each of my trips afield, I made an Excel spreadsheet
with the Common, Uncommon, Rare, Casual, and Accidental species
in separate columns and tracked which I’d seen along the way. The
Common and Uncommon bird species made up 265 species
(Sprague’s Pipit was the one that I missed). To reach 314, I needed
to observe at least 51 more species from the Rare, Casual, and Acci-
dental list (list below).
Before I decided where to bird next, I perused eBird, used Robbins
and Easterla’s 1992 Birds of Missouri: their distribution and abun-
dance. (1992) and the online, updated, Robbins (2018). I looked
through my journal records of rare, casual, and accidental species,
matched the date of my trip with the seasonal abundances of the
most-likely-to-be-present rare species and determined appropriate
habitats to search.
While I enjoyed being outside
and birding, the focus to find
the rarest bird required suffi-
cient optimism to keep check-
ing just one more location or
revisit the same location multi-
ple times.
Sum Up
In 1991, a birder might have
had as tools to find birds the
Area Rare Bird Alerts and
Phone Hotlines and word of
mouth by landline telephone.
With eBird as a means of communication, the community of birders
seeking rare birds increased exponentially. Kendell Loyd, Steve
Martin, Debbie Martin, Pete Monacell, Paul McKenzie, and I all rec-
orded more than 300 species, another first for Missouri. While per-
Western Meadowlark, Bradford Farm
Boone, 3 April 2018. Photo Brad Jacobs
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Sep Oct Nov Dec Jul Aug
24 17 24 27 28 20 20 19 20 22 14 14
Page 14 THE BLUEBIRD
haps an exceptional year for rare birds, the existence of eBird helped
us when a bird was reported and where it was observed. Based on
eBirds’ popularity and the increase in use by birders, we also may
experience an increase in unusual bird sightings in future years. I
encourage all birders to bird more and submit checklists to eBird
with full species lists and complete counts or estimates for all spe-
cies.
I thank the many birders who helped me and others during the year
by sharing information on birds observed around the state, especial-
ly those who birded with us in the field on our Big Year quest. I per-
sonally want to thank Paul McKenzie and Pete Monacell, who ac-
companied me on many trips afield (26 percent and 19 percent, re-
spectively, of the 249 days I birded). I also appreciate the many text
messages and phone calls from many who knew I was looking for
certain birds. Their names are included on the many eBird check-
lists that I submitted and, on the checklists of others submitted and
shared with me. I appreciate all the support, and I hope to see many
of you stepping up your enjoyable birding days (and eBird lists) in
the future.
Note on Missouri Big Year
A Missouri Big Year is a state level search to find as many species of
birds within the boundaries of the state. The Audubon Society of
Missouri (ASM) Annotated Checklist of Missouri Birds (Checklist)
defines what species are countable and includes their current status
within the state. The Checklist is maintained by the Missouri Bird
Records Committee (MBRC), a standing committee of the ASM.
As a Missouri Big Year participant, I submitted documentation to
MBRC for all my observations of casual, and accidental species. I
added location information, identification characters used, and be-
havioral observation for many of the common, uncommon and rare
species in the Details and Comments sections on the eBird submit-
ted checklists for review by the eBird Review Team. Also I submit-
ted documentation for all species on the Documentation Review
List to be reviewed by the MBRC. I especially tried to get photo-
graphs of all of the rare, casual, and accidental species or sketched
the birds in the field when I wasn’t able to get to my camera in time.
My 2018 Big Year count of 323 species establishes a new document-
ed record for Missouri.
Page 15 THE BLUEBIRD
Species Status Location
Black-bellied Whistling-
Duck
Rare Boone
Tundra Swan Rare St Charles
Cinnamon Teal Rare Greene
Mottled Duck Casual Holt
Surf Scoter Rare Franklin
White-winged Scoter Rare St Charles
Black Scoter Rare Clay
Long-tailed Duck Rare St Charles
Greater Prairie-Chicken Rare St Clair
Red-necked Grebe Rare Boone
Western Grebe Rare Taney CO
White-winged Dove Rare New Madrid
Greater Roadrunner Rare Greene
Rufous Hummingbird Rare Dade
King Rail Rare Lincoln
Yellow Rail Rare St Clair
Common Gallinule Rare Boone
Sandhill Crane Rare St Charles
American Avocet Rare Dade
Piping Plover Rare Boone
Marbled Godwit Rare Vernon
Ruff Rare Boone
Western Sandpiper Rare St Clair
Red-necked Phalarope Rare Boone
Red Phalarope Rare Monroe
Pomarine Jaeger Casual Chariton
Sabine's Gull Rare Macon
Laughing Gull Rare Randolph
Iceland Gull Rare Clay
Lesser Black-backed Gull Rare St Charles
Glaucous Gull Rare St Charles
Red-throated Loon Rare Taney
Page 16 THE BLUEBIRD
Species Status Location
Pacific Loon Rare Greene
Wood Stork Casual Chariton
Neotropic Cormorant Rare Vernon
Anhinga Rare Dunklin
White Ibis Rare Wayne
Glossy Ibis Rare St Clair
Roseate Spoonbill Casual Wayne
White-tailed Kite Accidental Cedar
Golden Eagle Rare Saline
Barn Owl Rare Dade
Snowy Owl Rare St Charles
Burrowing Owl Rare Dade
Prairie Falcon Rare Barton
Say's Phoebe Casual Barton
Northern Shrike Rare Boone
Cave Swallow Accidental Bates
Rock Wren Casual Dallas
Mountain Bluebird Casual St Clair
Evening Grosbeak Rare Boone
Common Redpoll Rare Jackson
Red Crossbill Rare Ste. Genevieve
Snow Bunting Rare Macon
Green-tailed Towhee Casual Dallas
Golden-crowned Sparrow Accidental Carroll
Swainson's Warbler Rare Oregon
Black-throated Blue Warbler Rare St Louis City
Painted Bunting Rare Greene
Page 17 THE BLUEBIRD
Migration
Jane Frazier
Blue-eyed Mary sprinkled on the forest floor
smiles at everyone
while Sweet William in jackets of lavender
dresses up the trees
a wood thrush hops on the rocky path
and calls with the flute he carries
under one russet wing
the time for visiting with old friends
has returned
the hills are ringing
while down in the marsh
long legged shorebirds
thrust beaks into mud like sewing machines
dunlin and plover, sandpiper and willet
on the way to the tundra
welcome gifts
merry wanderers
how you open your hands to me
with the coming of the light
Page 18 THE BLUEBIRD
The ubiquitous use of neonicotinoid seed coatings has shifted pest
control efforts in the agricultural community from integrated pest
management to a preventative approach. Widespread use combined
with enhanced water solubility have led to neonicotinoid detection in
surface waters across North America and Europe, especially in areas
of intensive agriculture such as the Midwestern United States. Non-
target aquatic invertebrates, as well as higher level organisms that
rely on these invertebrates as a food source after they transition
from aquatic to terrestrial food-webs, are susceptible to neonico-
tinoid exposure. Emergent aquatic invertebrates are a crucial food
resource for aerial insectivores, as they are seasonally abundant and
have greater nutritional value than terrestrially derived inverte-
brates.
We evaluated whether experimental planting of wetlands with neon-
icotinoid treated seeds impacted wetland food-webs across the
aquatic-terrestrial ecosystem energy transfer. To that end, we estab-
lished tree swallow
(Tachycineta bicolor) nest
boxes (n=100) at wetlands
(n=20) across Missouri.
Study wetlands were paired
on properties managed by
the Missouri Department of
Conservation, which ena-
bled execution of an experi-
mental design that com-
pared neonicotinoid concen-
trations from wetlands
planted with treated
(thiamethoxam) seed corn
and wetlands planted with
untreated seed corn.
Quantifying Neonicotinoid Concentrations
in Missouri Wetlands
and the Potential Effects
to the Associated Avian Community
Kyle Kuechle
Photo Jessica Murray
Page 19 THE BLUEBIRD
Following treatment, we sampled water and sediment during three
time periods (autumn 2016, spring 2017, and summer 2017) and
analyzed samples for neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid toxic equivalen-
cies (NI-EQs) were calculated based on toxic equivalency factors for
the three most commonly detected active ingredients (imidacloprid,
clothianidin, thiamethoxam). Sediment NI-EQs were treatment and
season dependent, while water NI-EQs were only dependent on sea-
son. Mean sediment NI-EQs were greater in treated than untreated
wetlands in autumn 2016 (1.14 and 0.29 µg kg-1, respectively) and
spring 2017 (0.61 and 0.16 µg kg-1, respectively), but only the au-
tumn concentrations were significantly different (P<0.05). The treat-
ment pattern reversed summer 2017 (0.10 and 0.17 µg kg-1, respec-
tively); however, these values are neither significantly different nor
greater than the method detection limit. To evaluate the potential
relationship between tree swallow nesting and brood rearing success
to neonicotinoid concentrations, we measured emergent insect bio-
mass and quantified egg volume and nestling growth rate for 35
nests at 14 wetlands in spring 2017.
We found no evidence that neonicotinoid treatment had an effect on
emerging insects in our sampled populations. Dipterans made up
most of the sample and were important study organisms as they are
both important food resources for tree swallows and are moderately
sensitive to neonicotinoid insecticides. As water neonicotinoid con-
centrations were more temporally dependent, potentially due to lo-
cal agriculture activity, it is possible that we missed short term
pulse exposures of neonicotinoids in our limited sampling that may
have influ- enced insects Photo Jessica Murray
Page 20 THE BLUEBIRD
at both aquatic and emergent life stages. Additionally no definitive
impacts of neonicotinoids were realized in nesting tree swallows.
Adult and juvenile tree swallows responded to environmental and
chemical variables differently, however no causal links were tied to
either neonicotinoid treatment or concentration.
Although we did not draw an explicit link between neonicotinoids
and tree swallow nesting, there is insufficient information to con-
clude neonicotinoid seed treatments are safe for insectivorous birds.
It is possible that neonicotinoids are detrimental either to avian spe-
cies other than our study species, or during other life history events
such as autumn migration.
Note: This study was funded in part by a grant from ASM.
Photo Jessica Murray
Page 21 THE BLUEBIRD
Hejl et al. (2002) provided information on the winter food
habits of the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) throughout its
range. They listed major food items as mainly small insects (<3mm)
in several families that included eggs, caterpillars, and cocoons. Oth-
er authors (Martin et al. 1951, Williams and Batzli 1979a, Williams
and Batzli 1979b, Lima and Lee 1993) listed non-animal matter that
included corn (Zea mays), sunflower seeds (Helianthus spp.), acorn
mast (Quercus spp.) and other unknown vegetable matter. Berner
and Grubb (1985), and Hejl et al. (2002) noted that Brown Creepers
visited seed and suet feeders in winter, but I could not find any pub-
lished literature indicating that Brown Creepers may attend feeding
stations in subsequent years.
The purpose of this note is to provide photographic evidence
of suet feeding by Brown Creepers at my residence in Columbia,
Missouri and to comment on the possible longevity and survival of
an individual at this locality due to supplemental winter feeding.
Beginning in the winter of 2014-2015, I observed a single
Brown Creeper feeding on suet in my backyard. The bird irregularly
visited my suet feeders from November 2014 through February
2015. Subsequently, I noted a single Brown Creeper foraging on the
same suet feeder at my residence each winter since then including
the present winter (Fig. 1; eBird checklisthttps://ebird.org/view/
checklist/S52035178). While I do not have banding data to confirm
my suspicions, observations at the same suet feeder of a Brown
Creeper between November and February each winter suggest that
the same individual may be involved. If so, this individual would be
a minimum of five years old. The greatest longevity record for
Brown Creeper I could find in published literature is four years and
seven months (Klimkiewicz et al. 1983). Without banding data, how-
ever, this supposition cannot be confirmed, but is certainly in the
Peer-Reviewed Paper:
Notes on a Brown Creeper
Foraging on Suet
and Comments on the Species’
Possible Longevity and Survival
at a Winter Feeding Station
Paul McKenzie
Page 22 THE BLUEBIRD
realm of possibility.
If my assumption that the same individual Brown Creeper
was observed between November 2014 and January 2019 is accu-
rate, supplemental food provided during the winter months may
have enhanced the bird’s survival. Other authors have noted that
supplemental food at winter feeding stations may enhance the sur-
vival of passerines (Brittingham and Temple 1981, Smith et al.
1980, Jansson 1981, Desrochers et al. 1988, Newton 1994, Doherty
and Grubb 2002, Siriwardena et al. 2007). Brittingham and Temple
(1988) determined that supplemental food was critical to the surviv-
al of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), especially when
temperatures dropped to -18℃ (-0.4℉). Readers of this note are en-
couraged to continue providing supplemental food at winter feeding
stations as it could increase survival, especially during the current
near record low temperatures.
Acknowledgements: I thank Mark Robbins for his comments
on the manuscript.
Literature Cited
Berner, T.O., T.C. Grubb, Jr. 1985. An experimental analysis of
mixed-species flocking in birds of deciduous woodland. Ecolo-
gy 66(4):1229-1236.
Brittingham, M.C. and S.A. Temple. 1988. Impacts of supplemental
feeding on survival rates of Black-capped Chickadees. Ecolo-
gy 69(3):581-589.
Desrochers, A., S.J. Hannon, and K.E. Nordin. 1988. Winter survival
and territory acquisition in a northern population of Black-
capped Chickadees. Auk 195:727-736.
Doherty, P.F. Jr., and T.C. Grubb, Jr. 2002. Survivorship of perma-
nent-resident birds in a fragmented forested landscape.
Ecology 83:844-857.
Hejl, S.J., K.R. Newlon, M.E. McFadzen, J.S. Young, and C.K. Gha-
lambor. 2002. Brown Creeper (Certhis americana). In The
Birds of North America. No. 669 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.)
The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Jansson, C., J. Ekman, and A. von Bromsson. 1981. Winter mortali-
ty and food supply in tits (Parus spp.). Oikos 37:313-322.
Klimkiewicz, M.K., R.B. Clapp, and A.G. Futcher. 1983. Longevity
records of North American birds: Remizidae through Paruli-
nae. J. Field Ornith. 54:287-294.
Page 23 THE BLUEBIRD
Lima, S.L. and R.M. Lee. 1993. Food caching and its possible origin
in the Brown Creeper. Condor 95:483-484.
Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife
and plants. Dover Publ., New York.
Newton, I. 1994. Experiments on the limitations of breeding bird
densities: a review. Ibis 136: 397-411.
Siriwardena, G.M., D.K. Stevens, G.Q.A. Anderson, J.A. Vickery,
N.A. Calbrade, and S. Dodd. 2007. The effect of supple-
mental winter seed feed on breeding populations of farmland
birds: evidence from two large-scale experiments. J. Applied
Ecol. 44:920-932.
Smith, J.N.M., R.D. Montgomerie, R.D. M.J. Taitt, and Y. Tom-Tov.
1980. A winter feeding experiment on an island song spar-
row population. Oecologia 47:164-170.
Williams, J.B. and G.O. Batzli. 1979a. Winter diet of a bark-foraging
guild of birds. Wilson Bull. 91(1): 126-131.
Williams, J.B. and G.O. Batzli. 1979b. Interference competition and
nice shifts in the bark-foraging guild in central Illinois. Wil-
son Bull. 91(3): 400-411.
Photo Paul McKenzie
Page 24 THE BLUEBIRD
This report summarizes records submitted to the Committee be-
tween 1 January and 31 December 2018. It is divided into two sec-
tions, Accepted and Not Accepted, with birds listed in phylogenetic
order under each of these two categories. Taxonomy and nomencla-
ture follow the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North
American Birds, Seventh Edition (1998), and subsequent supple-
ments. The latest American Ornithological Society list of North and
Middle American birds is available on line at http://
checklist.aou.org/taxa. See "Note on organizations" below, for the
change from AOU to AOS.
Accepted records in this report include the names of observers who
submitted documentation and/or photographs, or were present with
those who documented; comments are added to indicate the record’s
significance. For Not Accepted records, observers’ names are omit-
ted, and a brief explanation is provided as to why the record was not
accepted. Statements on the status and distribution within Missouri
for each species are based on Robbins, The Status and Distribution
of Birds in Missouri (2018, University of Kansas Libraries), a free,
downloadable reference ( https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.26287).
Online documentation and review of records is the norm, and sub-
mission is now easier than ever. Documentation is posted by the ob-
server to a secure web site, where the secretary prepares it for re-
view. To get started, go to www.mobirds.org and click on Documen-
tation Form in the “MBRC” pull-down menu. Photographs in .jpg
format and written notes in .pdf format, with a size limit of 4 MB,
can be uploaded to accompany documentations. Observers are
strongly urged to use the online system for both the report and any
accompanying photographs, but if this proves unworkable for some
reason, any part of the documentation can be mailed or emailed to
the secretary. All recent records have been electronically archived.
The Committee once again thanks Patrick Harrison for maintaining
this system, and Ann Johnson for creating and improving it. In addi-
tion, the Missouri eBird team (Lisa Berger, Ryan Douglas, Mary
Thirty-First Annual Report of the
Missouri Bird Records Committee
William C. Rowe, Secretary
Page 25 THE BLUEBIRD
Nemecek, and Josh Uffman) deserves great thanks for the long
hours they put in as reviewers for our state and for their careful co-
ordination with this Committee, both in requesting documentation
from observers when needed and in initiating discussion on various
points of bird distribution and identification.
Of the 93 records reviewed during this period, 71 were accepted and
22 were not accepted, for an acceptance rate of 76%. Members par-
ticipating in these decisions were Lisa Berger, Joe Eades, Brad Ja-
cobs (Chair), Paul McKenzie, Mark Robbins, Bill Rowe (Secretary),
and Josh Uffman. Six records (Cave Swallow, 2018-45; "Pink-sided"
Junco, 2018-2; Chestnut-collared Longspur, 2018-83; Bullock's Ori-
ole, 2018-11; Golden-winged Warbler, 2018-74; and Painted Bunt-
ing, 2018-38) received comments from outside reviewers; see details
in those accounts.
There were no observations of new species for Missouri this year,
but the Committee added Lesser Prairie-Chicken to the state list as
a Provisional species, based on credible reports from the nineteenth
century. For the details, see the account in Robbins (2018). This
leaves Missouri with 423 fully accepted species as of December 2018;
these include three formerly-occurring species that have been extir-
pated from the state and five extinct species. There are an addition-
al 12 Provisional species on the list, for a total of 435 species. The
Annotated Checklist of Missouri Birds, with its latest updates to
reflect changes in Missouri status and distribution as well as taxo-
nomic and nomenclatural changes by the AOS, can be viewed at
www.mobirds.org in either the "Birds" or the "MBRC" menu.
The Committee reviews records of species that are considered
“casual” (5-15 records) or “accidental” (1-4 records) statewide. It also
reviews records of species that are casual or accidental for the sea-
son when reported (example: Red Crossbill in summer); records of
species that are casual or accidental in the part of Missouri where
reported (example: Painted Bunting in eastern Missouri); and other
records of unusual interest, including first nesting records and ex-
treme arrival and departure dates. The Review List, also main-
tained at www.mobirds.org ("MBRC" menu), lists all species that
require review due to their year-round casual or accidental status in
all or part of the state, plus a few for which the Committee still
wishes to receive documentation despite their status as only “rare”
(example: Little Gull). The Review List does not cover out-of-season
status; for general information on seasonal occurrence, consult the
Page 26 THE BLUEBIRD
Annotated Checklist, and for specific earliest and latest dates and
other data, consult Robbins (2018).
Note on photographic and audio documentation: Photographs, and
in many cases audio recordings, are extremely helpful, and all ob-
servers are encouraged to carry a camera and/or a smart phone in
the field; using smart phones, both images and audio can often be
obtained with relative ease. In some cases (as noted in a few entries
below) the absence of a photograph or an audio recording can be a
problem for acceptance of a record. On the other hand, photographs
can sometimes be misleading as to colors and patterns, and they
may or may not show all of a bird’s key characters. For this reason,
it remains important for the observer to describe what he or she saw
and heard as accurately as possible.
Note on organizations: In December 2016, the American Ornithol-
ogists' Union (AOU) completed a merger with the Cooper Ornitho-
logical Society to form the American Ornithological Society (AOS).
The AOU's North American Classification Committee, its Birds of
North and Middle America Checklist, its journal The Auk, and all of
its other activities and resources are now those of the AOS, along
with the journal The Condor and other functions of the Cooper Orni-
thological Society. The new society's web site is at
www.americanornithology.org.
The Committee extends thanks to the many birders throughout Mis-
souri who submitted their observations, and to the Audubon Society
of Missouri for its continued support and funding of the Committee’s
efforts. Observers who would like a status report on their current
submissions can email the Secretary at rowemb45@gmail.com. The
next report will appear in the March 2020 issue of The Bluebird.
RMBS = Riverlands Migratory Bird Sanctuary, St. Charles Co.
LBNWR = Loess Bluffs (formerly Squaw Creek) National Wildlife
Refuge, Holt Co.
MNWR = Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, Bol-
linger/Stoddard/Wayne cos.
CBC = Christmas Bird Count
CA = Conservation Area
SP = State Park
NWR = National Wildlife Refuge
Page 27 THE BLUEBIRD
RECORDS ACCEPTED
TUNDRA SWAN (Cygnus columbianus), 2018-75: Adult, 23 October 2018,
RMBS. Mike Thelen (documentation with photographs). Earliest fall record.
CINNAMON TEAL (Spatula cyanoptera), 2018-9: Two adult males, 28
February to 3 March 2018, near Springfield, Greene Co. Greg Swick, Ken-
dell Loyd, Klee Bruce (documentation with photographs), Steve and Debbie
Martin, Ruth Grant, Scott and Kade Bruce. Earliest spring record.
MOTTLED DUCK (Anas fulvigula), 2018-41: Adult, apparently male, at
least 20-31 May 2018, LBNWR. Mark Robbins, Steve and Debbie Martin,
Kendell Loyd (documentation with photographs). Casual transient and sum-
mer visitant; eighth record.
SURF SCOTER (Melanitta perspicillata), 2018-64: Two, female/immature
type, 4 October 2018, Macon Lake, Macon Co. Brad Jacobs (documentation
with photographs), Paul McKenzie, Pete Monacell. Earliest fall record.
SURF SCOTER, 2018-65: Adult male, 4 October 2018, Long Branch Lake,
Macon Co. Paul McKenzie. Ties with birds in 2018-64 for earliest fall record.
COMMON MERGANSER (Mergus merganser), 2018-1: Male, 3 June to 28
July 2017, Mark Twain Lake, Ralls Co. Ashley Casey (documentation with
photographs), Cory Gregory (photographs). Casual in summer; seventh
summer record.
WESTERN/CLARK'S GREBE (Aechmophorus, sp.), 2018-93: One, 15 De-
cember 2018, Fellows Lake, Greene Co. Bo Brown (documentation), David
Catlin. This bird was clearly either a Western Grebe (A. occidentalis), a
Clark's Grebe (A. clarkii), or a hybrid, but the details noted, at considerable
distance, made it impossible to distinguish among these. Western is casual
in Missouri in winter, Clark's accidental; their identification can be more
difficult in basic (non-breeding) plumage, and hybrids are not rare. For
more about this problem, see Mlodinow and Leukering, "Hybridization
Among Aechmophorus Grebes and Implications for Identification," Colorado
Birds 52 (3): 132-140.
INCA DOVE (Columbina inca), 2018-27: One found dead (KU 133475), 15
January 2018, Chilhowee, Henry Co. Tony Elliott for the Missouri Depart-
ment of Conservation (documentation with photographs of specimen). Casu-
al transient and winter visitant; this is the sixth winter record.
WHITE-WINGED DOVE (Zenaida asiatica), 2018-13: One, 23 January
Page 28 THE BLUEBIRD
2018, near Senath, Dunklin Co. Timothy Jones. Casual winter visitant;
about the eighth record.
VIRGINIA RAIL (Rallus limicola), 2018-89: One, 22 November 2018, Red-
ford, Reynolds Co. Kendell Loyd (documentation with photographs). Latest
fall record outside the known wintering site in Boone County.
BLACK-NECKED STILT (Himantopus mexicanus), 2018-14: One, 4-6
March 2018, County Road 726, Dunklin Co. Timothy Jones (documentation
with photographs), Karin Pelton. Earliest spring record.
LESSER YELLOWLEGS (Tringa flavipes), 2018-6: Two, 17 February
2018, Clarence Cannon NWR, Pike Co. Robert Mustell (documentation with
photographs). Accidental in winter (up to 20 February) outside southeastern
Missouri; also the northernmost record for February.
RED PHALAROPE (Phalaropus fulicarius), 2018-60: One, 19 September
2018, Mark Twain Lake, Monroe Co. Brad Jacobs (documentation with
sketches), Paul McKenzie, Pete Monacell). Rare fall transient, but documen-
tation still requested for all observations.
RED PHALAROPE, 2018-72: Immature, 19-20 October 2018, Swan Lake
NWR, Chariton Co. Steve and Debbie Martin, Paul McKenzie, Kendell Loyd
(documentation with photographs). See status under 2018-60, above.
Red Phalarope, Swan Lake NWR Chariton, 20 Oct 2018
Photo Paul McKenzie
Page 29 THE BLUEBIRD
RED PHALAROPE, 2018-82: Immature, 3 November 2018, RMBS. Jim
Malone (documentation with photographs), Matt Rowe, Bill Rowe, Chrissy
McClarren, Andy Reago, m.ob. See status under 2018-60, above.
POMARINE JAEGER (Stercorarius pomarinus), 2018-70: Immature, 14-
15 October 2018, Swan Lake NWR, Chariton Co. Brad Jacobs, Terry
McNeely (documentation with sketches and photographs, respectively),
Edge Wade (documentation), Doris Fitchett, Brent Galliart, Dan McCann.
Casual transient and summer visitant; fourteenth record.
LITTLE GULL (Hydrocoloeus minutus), 2018-66: Juvenile, 5 October 2018,
RMBS. Mike Thelen (documentation with photographs). Rare transient, but
documentation still requested for all observations.
CASPIAN TERN (Hydroprogne caspia), 2018-19: One, 24 March 2018,
RMBS. Jim and Charlene Malone. Earliest spring record.
RED-THROATED LOON (Gavia stellata), 2018-3: Two immatures, 3 Feb-
ruary 2018, and one on 18 February, Table Rock Lake, Taney Co. Brad Ja-
cobs, Kendell Loyd (documentation), Paul McKenzie, Tim Barksdale. Acci-
dental winter visitant; fourth winter record.
RED-THROATED LOON, 2018-24: Adult and immature, 1 April 2018,
Longview Lake, Jackson Co. Karen Davis (documentation with photo-
graphs), Eric Walters (documentation). Casual spring transient; ninth
spring record.
RED-THROATED LOON, 2018-31: Immature, at least 11-24 April 2018,
RMBS. Bill Rowe, Mike Thelen (documentation with photographs). Casual
spring transient; tenth spring record.
RED-THROATED LOON, 2018-88: Adult, 27 April 2018, Fellows Lake,
Greene Co. Kendell Loyd (documentation with photographs), Tim Barks-
dale. Casual spring transient; eleventh spring record.
PACIFIC LOON (Gavia pacifica), 2018-17: Two adults, 22 March 2018,
Fellows Lake, Greene Co. Brad Jacobs (documentation), Paul McKenzie.
Casual spring transient; sixth spring record.
PACIFIC LOON, 2018-29: One, at least 10-14 April 2018, Fellows Lake,
Greene Co. Greg Swick (documentation with photographs), Kendell Loyd
(documentation). Casual spring transient; seventh spring record.
WOOD STORK (Mycteria americana), 2018-49: Immature, 26-30 July
Page 30 THE BLUEBIRD
2018, Swan Lake NWR, Chariton Co. Paul McKenzie (documentation with
photographs), Ron Conner (documentation), Steve Whitson, Brad Jacobs,
Pete Monacell. Casual summer visitant; ninth record in the past 25 years.
AMERICAN BITTERN (Botaurus lentiginosus), 2018-5: One, 15 February
2018, Clarence Cannon NWR, Pike Co. Ashley Casey, Cory Gregory
(documentation by Casey with photograph by Gregory). Casual in winter;
ninth record.
WHITE-TAILED KITE (Elanus leucurus), 2018-25: One, 2-3 and 18 April
2018, at locations not very far apart in Cedar and Dade Cos. Brad Jacobs,
David Blevins (documentation with photographs), Lisa Berger
(documentation), Derek Kempf, Paul McKenzie, Charlie Burwick, Kendell
Loyd, Steve and Debbie Martin. Accidental transient and summer visitant;
as the fifth record, this moves the species' status to "casual." While the ob-
servations were two weeks apart, the fairly close proximity of the locations
and the photographs by Jacobs on 3 April and Blevins on 18 April support
the presumption that the same individual was observed.
SWALLOW-TAILED KITE (Elanoides forficatus), 2018-50: One, 4 August
2018, Eureka, St. Louis Co. Sharee Foerster. Casual transient and summer
visitant; as the fifteenth modern record, this moves the species' status to
"rare," and thus it will no longer require documentation except in the case of
an extreme date (as below, 2018-58).
SWALLOW-TAILED KITE, 2018-58: One, 9 September 2018, LBNWR.
Greg Scott (documentation with photographs), Janet Rebant, Tammy Shoe-
maker. Latest fall record.
BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Buteo platypterus), 2018-77: Adult, 24 October
2018, Bradford Farm, Boone Co. Paul McKenzie (documentation with photo-
graphs). Ties the latest fall record and supports it with a photograph.
EASTERN KINGBIRD (Tyrannus tyrannus), 2018-18: One, 23 March
2018, Highways 123 and W, Polk Co. Grace Jordan (documentation), Lee
Jordan. Earliest spring record.
EASTERN KINGBIRD, 2018-22: One, 27 March 2018, near Neosho, New-
ton Co. Jeff Cantrell. Second-earliest spring record (and earlier than any
prior to 2018).
ACADIAN FLYCATCHER (Empidonax virescens), 2018-63: One, 2 Octo-
ber 2018, Tywappity Community Lake, Scott Co. Mark Haas. Latest fall
record. Identification based on well-described song in an area where the
species is a common breeding bird.
Page 31 THE BLUEBIRD
LEAST FLYCATCHER (Empidonax minimus), 2018-56: One, 8 July 2018,
Cuivre River SP, Lincoln Co. Bruce Schuette. Accidental in summer. Identi-
fication based on song as well as clear views.
LEAST FLYCATCHER, 2018-73: One, 21 October 2018, Ben Cash Memo-
rial CA, Dunklin Co. Kent Freeman (documentation with photograph). Lat-
est fall record. Photograph eliminated other species of Empidonax.
NORTHERN SHRIKE (Lanius borealis), 2018-78: Adult, 24 October 2018,
Worth County Community Lake. Thomas Jones (documentation with photo-
graphs). Ties the earliest fall record and supports it with a photograph.
BLUE-HEADED VIREO (Vireo solitarius), 2018-12: One, 24 January
2017, St. Francis River Levee Road, Dunklin Co. Timothy Jones
(documentation with photographs). Accidental winter visitant; fourth winter
record.
TREE SWALLOW (Tachycineta bicolor), 2018-90: Two, 14-15 December
2018, Browning Lake, Buchanan Co. Brent Galliart (documentation with
photographs), Annie Hartley, Judy Devore, Patrick Jean. Accidental winter
visitant; fifth record, moving the species' winter status to casual.
TREE SWALLOW, 2018-91: Nine, 14 December 2018, B.K. Leach CA, Lin-
coln Co. Bruce Schuette (documentation with photographs). Sixth winter
record; the species' status had just been moved to casual by record 2018-90
on the same date.
BANK SWALLOW (Riparia riparia), 2018-20: One, 25 March 2018, Eagle
Bluffs CA, Boone Co. Brad Jacobs (documentation with photographs). Ties
the earliest spring record and supports it with a photograph.
CAVE SWALLOW (Petrochelidon fulva), 2018-45: Immature, 14-19 July
2018, rural Bates Co. Brad Jacobs, Pete Monacell, Kendell Loyd
(documentation with photographs), Paul McKenzie, Steve and Debbie Mar-
tin (documentation), Ricky Hostetler. Accidental transient and summer visi-
tant; second record. Photographs of this bird were sent to Tony Leukering
for outside review, and he endorsed it as a Cave Swallow.
BROWN CREEPER (Certhia americana), 2018-42: One, 3 June 2018, Big
Buffalo Creek CA, Benton Co. Marge Lumpe (documentation), Susan
Schreck, Jane Neale, Missy Zimmerschied. Casual in summer; eighth mod-
ern record.
ROCK WREN (Salpinctes obsoletus), 2018-81: One, 31 October to 2 Novem-
Page 32 THE BLUEBIRD
ber 2018, near Buffalo, Dallas Co. Pete Monacell, Kendell Loyd
(documentation with photographs), Cheston Hostetler, Charley Burwick,
Steve and Debbie Martin, Greg Swick, Brad Jacobs, Paul McKenzie. Casual
transient; eleventh record during spring and fall.
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (Sialia currucoides), 2018-23: Male, 31 March
2018, LBNWR. Robert Brundage (documentation with photographs), Denise
Welch. Rare transient and winter visitant; sixteenth record. Documentation
still requested for all observations.
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD, 2018-84: Male, 28 November 2018 to at least 10
January 2019, in and near Wah-Kon-Tah Prairie, St. Clair Co. Paige Witek,
Paul McKenzie, Kendell Loyd (documentation with photographs), Erik Ost,
Brad Jacobs, Pete Monacell, Steve and Debbie Martin, Zach Haring, Jill
Hays, Klee Bruce. Seventeenth record; see status notes on 2018-23, above.
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (Myadestes townsendi), 2018-80: One, 6 May
2018, Bluffwoods CA, Buchanan Co. Brent Galliart (documentation with
photographs). Accidental transient in spring; latest spring record.
AMERICAN PIPIT (Anthus rubescens), 2018-4: One, 12 February 2018,
Winfield, Lincoln Co. Ashley Casey (documentation), Cory Gregory
(photographs). Documented because previously listed as casual in winter
across central Missouri; now listed as rare there, with documentation not
necessary. Remains casual (documentation needed) only in the northern-
most counties.
AMERICAN PIPIT, 2018-8: Eight, 19 February 2018, Ted Shanks CA,
Pike Co. Bill Rowe (documentation with photographs), Tom Parmeter. See
status comment on 2018-4, above.
SPRAGUE'S PIPIT (Anthus spragueii), 2018-39: Three, 9 March 2018,
Lake Viking, Daviess Co. Terry McNeely. Earliest spring record.
SPRAGUE'S PIPIT, 2018-15: One, 22 March 2018, Swan Lake NWR,
Chariton Co. Frankie Cuculich (documentation with photographs). The spe-
cies is uncommon in the west and accidental in the east; since Chariton
County is central, documentation was requested.
PURPLE FINCH (Haemorhous purpureus), 2018-48: Adult male with con-
junctivitis, 14 May to 2 July 2018, Lloyd residence, Florence, Morgan Co.
Linda Lloyd (documentation with photographs), Robert Snook. Accidental
summer visitant; second record.
RED CROSSBILL (Loxia curvirostra), 2018-44: Female, 19 June 2018,
Page 33 THE BLUEBIRD
Simmons residence, Lee's Summit, Jackson Co. Ruth Simmons
(documentation with photographs). Casual summer visitant; at least the
thirteenth record. Although no audio recordings were obtained, photos indi-
cate that this was a large-billed bird, almost certainly referable to Type 2.
To date, all summer records of Red Crossbill have been of Type 2 (Robbins
2018).
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (Pipilo chlorurus), 2018-33: One, 21-28 April
2018, near Bolivar, Dallas Co. Lisa Berger, Kendell Loyd (documentation
with photographs), Micah Swartzentruber, Charley Burwick, Becky
Swearingen, Brad Jacobs, Paul McKenzie. Casual transient and winter visi-
tant; ninth record.
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW (Zonotrichia albicollis), 2018-43: One, 8
June 2018, Castlewood SP, St. Louis Co. John Nash. Casual in summer; at
least the twelfth record.
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW (Zonotrichia atricapilla), 2018-10: Im-
mature, 3-16 March 2018, Bunch Hollow CA, Carroll Co. Josh Uffman, Ken-
dell Loyd (documentation with photographs), Tim Barksdale. Accidental
transient and winter visitant; as the fifth record, this moves the species'
status to "casual."
DARK-EYED ("PINK-SIDED") JUNCO (Junco hyemalis mearnsi), 2018-
2: One, 14 January to 28 February 2018, Culver residence, Peculiar, Cass
Co. Ginny Culver (documentation with photographs). This is the first docu-
mented and accepted record for Missouri of this subspecies, which breeds in
Montana, eastern Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming. The close, well-lit
photographs clearly showed the characters of mearnsi and ruled out inter-
grades with other subspecies, as confirmed by Van Remsen of Louisiana
State University and Kimberly Smith of the University of Arkansas. For
more details about this record, see McKenzie and Culver, "First Document-
ed Record for Pink-sided Junco (Junco hyemalis mearnsi) in Missouri," The
Bluebird, 85 (2): 55-59.
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT (Icteria virens), 2018-30: One, 11 April 2018,
Meramec River near Unger Park, St. Louis Co. Beth Hill. Earliest spring
record. Note that this bird, no longer considered a wood-warbler, is now
placed in its own single-species family, Icteriidae (not to be confused with
the blackbird family Icteridae).
BULLOCK'S ORIOLE (Icterus bullockii), 2018-55: First-year male, 6 May
2017, Joplin, Newton Co. Amy Watts (documentation with photographs).
Accidental transient and winter visitant; second record.
RUSTY BLACKBIRD (Euphagus carolinus), 2018-46: 19 birds, 29 April
Page 34 THE BLUEBIRD
2018, Willmore Park, St. Louis City. Chrissy McClarren (documentation
with photographs), Andy Reago. Latest spring record; the observers' final
sighting of a larger group numbering (e.g.) 138 on 4 April.
WORM-EATING WARBLER (Helmitheros vermivorum), 2018-69: One, 12
October 2018, near Kennett, Dunklin Co. Kent Freeman. Latest fall record.
BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER (Mniotilta varia), 2018-87: Female, 13-
15 December 2018, Carondelet Park, St. Louis City. Chrissy McClarren
(documentation with photographs). Second December record, the latest for
fall and the first for winter (defined as 14 December to 20 February).
NASHVILLE WARBLER (Oreothlypis ruficapilla), 2018-92: One, 15 De-
cember 2018, Springfield, Greene Co. Natalie Rekittke (documentation),
Dorothy Thurman. Accidental in winter; third winter record.
CAPE MAY WARBLER (Setophaga tigrina), 2018-54: Female, 22 August
2018, Claire Davidson Memorial CA, St. Louis Co. Mike Thelen. Earliest fall
record.
YELLOW-RUMPED ("AUDUBON'S") WARBLER (Setophaga coronata
auduboni), 2018-35: Adult male, 22 April 2018, Carondelet Park, St. Louis
City. Chrissy McClarren (documentation), Andy Reago (photographs). Casu-
al transient; at least the thirteenth record. This subspecies breeds from
British Columbia south through the mountains of the West; it was formerly
considered a separate species and may be returned to that status at some
point. Most individuals can be recognized readily by the yellow throat and
other features, but photographs are still desirable.
PRAIRIE WARBLER (Setophaga discolor), 2018-61: Immature, 27 Sep-
tember 2018, Tower Grove Park, St. Louis City. Chrissy McClarren
(documentation with photographs), Andy Reago (photographs). Latest fall
record until the next (2018-62).
PRAIRIE WARBLER, 2018-62: Adult male, 29 September 2018, Freeman
residence, Kennett, Dunklin Co. Kent Freeman. Latest fall record.
SCARLET TANAGER (Piranga olivacea), 2018-28: Male, 5 April 2018,
Cape Girardeau, Cape Girardeau Co. Jordanya Raos (documentation with
photographs). Ties the earliest spring record and supports it with a photo-
graph.
WESTERN TANAGER (Piranga ludoviciana), 2018-34: Adult male, 22-23
April 2018, Keeler residence, Belton, Cass Co. Ron Keeler (photographs);
documentation conveyed by Mary Nemecek. Casual spring transient; ninth
Page 35 THE BLUEBIRD
record.
ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK (Pheucticus ludovicianus), 2018-7: Fe-
male, 19 February 2018, Covington/Foxboro subdivisions, St. Charles Co.
David Larson (documentation with photographs). Casual winter visitant;
sixth winter record.
PAINTED BUNTING (Passerina ciris), 2018-32: Adult male, 16-24 April
2018, Willis residence, Lake Sherwood, Warren Co. Joe Willis
(documentation with photographs). Casual transient outside its breeding
range in southwestern Missouri. This is also the earliest spring record.
PAINTED BUNTING, 2018-37: Adult male, 29 April 2018, Ben Cash Me-
morial CA, Dunklin Co. Kent Freeman. Casual transient outside its breed-
ing range in southwestern Missouri.
RECORDS NOT ACCEPTED
“Not accepted” does not necessarily mean that the identification was incor-
rect. In some cases the Committee may indeed believe that the bird was
misidentified; in other cases it may seem possible or even likely that the
identification was correct, but the information provided is simply insuffi-
cient to rule out other species. The Committee may be unable to accept any
record if the description is too sketchy or vague, or if it fails to mention
enough critical field marks to eliminate all other species. It is also true that
the more extraordinary the report, the stronger the evidence required, and
there are some reports that can be accepted only with diagnostic photo-
graphs or other physical evidence. Our belief is that a report should go into
the permanent scientific record only if it is free of reasonable doubt. This is
the standard approach of bird record committees everywhere. All records
that the Committee reviews, whether accepted or not, are permanently ar-
chived so that future investigators may examine them.
GARGANEY (Spatula querquedula), 2018-36: Female, 23 April 2018,
Longview Lake, Jackson Co. The observer was unsure what this duck was;
it was submitted as a Garganey at the suggestion of Committee members. It
turned out, however, to be a female domestic Mallard of an unusual variant
type that appears to have some of the characters of Garganey, though actu-
ally different in a number of respects. French waterfowl expert Sebastien
Reeber examined the photographs and provided an analysis. Exotic water-
fowl have been recorded at Longview Lake for at least the past decade.
GREATER SCAUP (Aythya marila), 2018-47: Male, 7 July 2018, RMBS.
The Committee discussed the photographs of this bird at length and con-
cluded that it could not be identified with certainty (including the possibility
Page 36 THE BLUEBIRD
of a hybrid Greater x Lesser Scaup) without a view of the upperwing pat-
tern. There is no prior record of a Greater Scaup in midsummer.
YELLOW RAIL (Coturnicops noveboracensis), 2018-40: One, 19 May 2018,
RMBS. The description was suggestive of a possible Yellow Rail, flushed by
the observer, but the observation was lacking one essential point: a clear
view of a white secondary patch. This is the one character that any observa-
tion of a Yellow Rail in flight requires.
WILLET (Tringa semipalmata), 2018-26: One, 3 April 2018, Eagle Lake,
Phelps Co. The description and date of this bird suggest a Greater Yellow-
legs except for "black legs," which a yellowlegs may appear to have if they
are badly lit or covered with mud. Willets do not have black legs, and no
other details were provided that would narrow the identification down to a
Willet.
PACIFIC LOON, 2018-16: One, 10 and 22 March, 2018, Stockton Lake,
Cedar Co. The Committee determined that the two observations, by differ-
ent observers and nearly two weeks apart, probably represented the same
bird, but the details and photographs left some uncertainty as to its identifi-
cation.
ANHINGA (Anhinga anhinga), 2018-71: One, 17 October 2018, Town and
Country, St. Louis Co. The description did not eliminate an immature Dou-
ble-crested Cormorant, which would be far more likely. Both the location
(soaring over suburban St. Louis) and the date (record-late by a month) are
highly improbable for an Anhinga. A photograph would be needed as evi-
dence.
MISSISSIPPI KITE (Ictinia mississippiensis), 2018-67: One, 6 October
2018, Kirkwood, St. Louis Co. The documentation provided no clear descrip-
tion of this bird, with no details that would confirm a record-late Mississippi
Kite.
LEAST FLYCATCHER, 2018-79: One, 28 October 2018, Rockspan Farm,
Greene Co. The description did sound like an Empidonax flycatcher, per-
haps a Least, but did not eliminate other Empidonax species. Photographs
and/or audio recordings are needed to verify unusual records of all Em-
pidonax.
PHILADELPHIA VIREO (Vireo philadelphicus), 2018-51: One, 13 August
2018, Eagle Bluffs CA, Boone Co. There was no photograph of this bird, and
the description did not mention any diagnostic characters of Philadelphia
Vireo (e.g., loral color, extent and location of yellow below). The very similar
Warbling Vireo, which can have a strong yellowish suffusion below, seemed
more likely.
Page 37 THE BLUEBIRD
BANK SWALLOW, 2018-68: One, 11 October 2018, Four Rivers CA,
Vernon Co. This swallow was seen very briefly (three seconds), and the de-
scription did not eliminate an immature Tree Swallow, which is brownish
and can have a dark breast band.
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (Regulus satrapa), 2018-52: One, 17
August 2018, Arnold, Jefferson Co. There was no photograph, and the de-
scription did not include any characters that would suggest a record-early
Golden-crowned Kinglet. The observer acknowledged some uncertainty.
CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR (Calcarius ornatus), 2018-83:
One, 17 November 2018, near RMBS. The single photograph was obscure,
and outside reviewers Steve Cardiff and Donna Dittman (Louisiana State
University) deemed this bird unlikely to be a Chestnut-collared. At the
least, the evidence was not strong enough for a species that is accidental in
eastern Missouri.
DARK-EYED ("PINK-SIDED") JUNCO, 2018-85: One, 16 December 2017,
Maryville, Nodaway Co. Photographs supplied with this record were too
distant and too poorly lit and focused to separate a pure "Pink-sided" Junco
(mearnsi) from some "Oregon"-group forms or various intergrades.
BULLOCK'S ORIOLE, 2018-11: Female, 3 September 2016, Weston Bend
SP, Platte Co. Long after the observation, photographs of this bird were
submitted to the MBRC at the suggestion of eBird reviewers. The Commit-
tee sent the images to outside reviewers (Tony Leukering, Steven Mlodinow,
and Alvaro Jaramillo) for their opinions. There was no clear consensus
among them, and it appeared that some features favored Bullock's Oriole
while others favored Baltimore or perhaps a hybrid. Thus no firm identifica-
tion could be made.
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER (Vermivora chrysoptera), 2018-74: Male,
23 October 2018, Big Oak Tree SP, Mississippi Co. By mid-October, this
species is considered very rare even as far south as interior Louisiana (fide
Van Remsen, Louisiana State University); in view of this, a photograph
would be needed to verify this record.
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (Oreothlypis celata), 2018-57: One, 5
September 2018, Perry Memorial CA, Pettis Co. This bird may have been a
record-early Orange-crowned Warbler, but the description did not include
some key characters of that species, and there was no photograph; thus the
Committee was left with some uncertainty.
CONNECTICUT WARBLER (Oporornis agilis), 2018-76: One, 23 October
2018, Big Oak Tree SP, Mississippi Co. The description did not eliminate a
Page 38 THE BLUEBIRD
female Mourning Warbler, which can have an eyering, as this bird did. Con-
necticut Warbler in fall can be quite a difficult identification; ideally it
should be supported by photographs.
WILSON'S WARBLER (Cardellina pusilla), 2018-21: One, 27 March 2018,
near Theodosia, Ozark Co. No distinguishing marks of Wilson's Warbler,
such as a dark cap, were mentioned.
WILSON'S WARBLER, 2018-86: One, 21 November 2018, RMBS. Possibly
a record-late Wilson's Warbler, but the details provided did not distinguish
it with certainty from some other yellow species. Moreover, two and a half
weeks had elapsed between the observation and the write-up, which was
based solely on memory.
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (Pheucticus melanocephalus), 2018-59:
Male, 13 September 2018, Shawnee Trail CA, Barton Co. The documenta-
tion described the color of this bird's underparts and eyebrow but nothing
more, including nothing about body size and shape, bill size and color, etc.
Thus the Committee could not be certain what was observed.
LAZULI BUNTING (Passerina amoena), 2018-53: Male, 21 August 2018,
LBNWR. This bird, observed for about a minute, was positioned so that the
observer did not get a complete view, and the description left some doubt as
to the identification. In particular, a hybrid Lazuli x Indigo Bunting was not
eliminated.
PAINTED BUNTING, 2018-38: Female-type, 13 May 2018, Big Muddy
NFWR (Cora Island Unit), St. Charles Co. This puzzling bird appeared to be
a small bunting or finch, based on two photographs that showed a pinkish
bill with curved culmen, a rich yellow ground color on the head and under-
parts, a slight degree of vague streaking below, and a thin dark lateral
throat stripe. The latter two characters argued against Painted Bunting and
in favor of Indigo Bunting except for the yellow color. Other possible birds
ranging from tanagers to Old-World finches were considered, but none
seemed to fit. Four experienced outside reviewers (Van Remsen, Donna
Dittman, Steve Cardiff, and Tony Leukering) were unable to come to any
more definite conclusions than the Committee itself. Thus this bird remains
of unknown identity.
Awards Committee: The ASM Executive Committee
Webmaster: Kevin Wehner
Executive Committee: Mark Haas, Bill Eddleman, Scott Laurent, Pat
Lueders, and Allen Gathman
Missouri Bird Conservation Initiative: Susan Hazelwood
Conservation Partnership Coordinator: Edge Wade
Grassland Bird Coordinator: Mike Doyen
Missouri Bird Records Committee:
Chair: Brad Jacobs
Secretary: Bill Rowe
Voting Members: Lisa Berger, Joe Eades, Brad Jacobs,
Paul McKenzie, Mary Nemecek, Mark Robbins, Josh Uffman
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