matthew r sanders, ph.d parenting and family support ...• reassessed at age 3 and age 9-10 years....
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Parenting in the early years
Matthew R Sanders, Ph.DParenting and Family Support Centre
The University of QueenslandBrisbane, Australia
The central importance of parenting in children’s lives
Starting a family
• Most young people envisage a future with children and 90% of married couples experience it (Cowan & Cowan, 1995)
• Transition to first time parenthood is considered a critical time of disequilibrium for individuals, couples and families
• Is a normative, socially supported
• The transition to parenthood can result in increased conflict
• Half of all new parents report a decline in relationship satisfaction (35% reporting small or moderate decline, 12% showing severe decline)
• Decline related to decrease in disposable income, personal free time, frequency and enjoyment of sex, quality time shared with just the spouse
• Couple communication becomes more negative (fatigue and limited distraction free time)
• Gender roles become more traditional• Both partners can experience role strain
Why early parenting is important
Many reasons
The importance of parenting in the early yearsHart & Risley (1995)
• Discover how everyday family experience influences the development of language, social and intellectual competence
• To assess how much parent-child interaction in infancy and toddlerhood predict subsequent school accomplishments
Study
• Children from professional, working class and welfare homes
• Monthly 1 hour observations in homes for 2.5 years, from age 10 months onwards
• Reassessed at age 3 and age 9-10 years
Language Experience
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 12 24 36 48
Age of Child in Months
Est
imat
ed C
umul
ativ
e w
ords
ad
dres
sed
to c
hild
(in
milli
ons)
Professional Working-class Welfare
Encouragements
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
0 12 24 36 48
Age of Child in Months
Est
imat
ed C
umul
ativ
e In
stan
ces
of
Enc
oura
gem
ents
to C
hild
Professional Working-class Welfare
Discouragements
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
0 12 24 36 48
Age of Child in Months
Est
imat
ed C
umul
ativ
e In
stan
ces
of
Dis
cour
a gem
ents
to C
hild
Professional Working-class Welfare
Predictors of Children’s Accomplishments at 9-10
• Children’s language accomplishments at age 3 (rate of vocabulary growth, vocabulary use and IQ)
• Early family experience (feedback tone, symbolic emphasis, and guidance style) were better predictors than child’s early accomplishments
• Family SES explain 30% of variance, parenting variables explained 61% of variance
What Would be Needed to Create Equal Opportunities for Children
• To provide the average child with a welfare background with weekly language experience similar to that experienced by children from a working class background, would require 41 hrs per week of out of home experience as rich in words as that addressed to children in professional homes
• They would need 26 hours of substituted experience with affirmation to catch up with the average child from a working class background
The majority of parents do not
participate in any form of parent education
A different approach is needed
Triple P System
• Population-wide system of coordinated, multi-level programs from before birth to adolescence
• Evidence-based approach, well researched• Tiered continuum-interventions of increasing
intensity• Parenting support readily accessible—multiple
access points• Building continuity of principles and strategies
across intensity levels and practitioners
Levels of Intervention
Universal Triple PUniversal Triple PLevel OneLevel One
Primary Care Triple PLevel three
Selected Triple PLevel Two
Standard Triple PLevel four
Enhanced Triple PLevel five
Key assumptions
• Parenthood preparation is about promoting flexibility, adaptation and capacity to change
• Prenatal to adolescence• Principle of sufficiency• Multidisciplinary
Principles of Effective Parent Consultation
• Empowerment model• Addresses known risk factors• Developmentally timed to optimize
impact• Based on explicit testable theoretical
framework• Culturally appropriate• Cost-effective
Self regulation framework
Parental Self regulation
1Self
sufficiency2
Self efficacy
3Self
management
4Personal agency
5Problemsolving
Principles of positive parenting
• Ensuring a safe, engaging environment
• Creating a positive learning environment
• Using assertive discipline
• Having realistic expectations
• Taking care of yourself as a parent
Breadth of reach
Individual Group Self-directed
Media and Communication strategyLevel 1-Universal
Brief parenting adviceLevel 2-Selected
Narrow focus parent skills trainingLevel 3-Primary Care
Broad focus parent skills trainingLevel 4-Standard
Intensive family interventionLevel 5-EnhancedIn
crea
sing
Int
ensi
ty
Hig
hLo
w
Program variants
Core Triple PProgram
Teen Triple P
PathwaysTriple P
Stepping StonesTriple P
IndigenousTriple P Lifestyle
Triple PWorkplace
Triple P
Family Transitions
Triple P
Triple P for teachers
Research and practice link
11 controlled single case trials
29 RCT Efficacy trials
9 Effectiveness trials
6 Dissemination trials
Sanders, 1980Sanders & Glynn, 1981Sanders & Dadds, 1982
Sanders & Christensen, 1985Dadds, Schwartz & Sanders, 1987Sanders, Markie-Dadds, Bor & Tully, 2000McFarland & Sanders, 2000Hoath & Sanders, 2003
Markie-Dadds & Sanders(in press)Zubrick, et al, 2005Sultana et al, 2002Dean & Myors, 2003
Turner & Sanders, 2003Sanders, et al in press
Sample studies
Changing nature of research questions
• What type or level of intervention is effective in preventing or managing what problems, under which circumstances•Using which delivery modalities (individual, group, telephone assisted, self directed)•In what delivery contexts (primary care, school, work)•At what point in a child’s development
• How do these intervention effects come about and do they last?
Ensuring adequate population reach
Establishing intervention targets
0
16.5
33
49.5
66
82.5
99
0102030405060708090
100
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
Desired reduction in population prevalence (%)
Nec
essa
ry p
opul
atio
n re
ach
(%)
How can reach be improved?
• Be inclusive, normalize and destigmatizeparenting programs
• Listen to what parents say they want • Use multiple access points and delivery
contexts• Adopt an ecological model to support
parenting throughout the lifespan
Can we more effectively harness the power of the media to promote
positive family relationships?
Why television?
• Worldwide there are 2.7 billion regular viewers of television (Eurodata, 2005)
• Widely available-99% of households have at least,1 TV set (US average=2.8) (Woodard & Gridina, 2000).
• TV is the major source of news and new information
• Third most preferred information source for parenting advice and rated as one of the most useful (FACS,2004)
Huge potential reach
• Observational documentaries or “coach” television series are the new genre and attract large viewing audiences in the target demographic
• Nanny 911 attracts around 8 - 9.5 million viewers, and around 7 million households, and is sometimes winning its time slot among adults 18-49, 18-34, 25-34, and Women 18-49, 18-34, and 25-54, and is ranked in the top 20 among 12-34 year olds.
• Supernanny averages around 8.5-9.5 million viewers, and around 6.9 million households, and is ranked in top 20 shows among 18-49 year olds.
Reality TV Series on Parenting
• ITV largest commercial network in the UK• Series captures the emotional journey of the families
undertaking Group Triple P • Depicts the triumphs and setbacks as they learn positive
parenting strategies• 5 families (9 parents, 5 target children between 3-7, 6
siblings)• All had severe conduct problems (ODD, CD)
complicated by additional difficulties (profound deafness, ADHD, chronic sleep disturbance, encopresis, physical health problems)
• Poor parenting complicated by other factors including marital conflict, depression, anger management problems, sleep deprivation, and unemployment
“Driving Mum and Dad Mad”
Theoretical framework for series
Sustainedbehaviour change
Initialbehaviour change
Behavioralintentions
Media Strategy•Attract and maintain audience
•Model specific parenting skills
•Attribution retraining•Episode specifictip sheets
•Self help workbook•Weekly reminders•Audio streaming of parenting messages
•Video streaming of Every Parent’s Survival Guide
•Email support
•Cross Media promotion
•Advertising•Trailers
Contemplation/Preparation for action Action Maintenance
Pre-Contemplation
Increasedtask specific self efficacy
IncreasedSocial support
The ITV families
Based on Group Triple P (Sanders,etal, 1999)•Parents attended 4, 2 hour group sessions •3 weeks of telephone consultations (30 minute calls)•Had weekly between session tasks to complete•Final group session
GPE Design
Parents with
2-6 year oldN=500
TV aloneconditionN=250
Enhanced TV condition
N=250
•Watch 6episodes
•Tip sheets on from ITV
•Watch episodes •Self help workbook •Access website•Tip sheets•Audio and video streaming
•Email support
Time 1 Time 312 months
Time 23 months
ITV website for program
Sample media series tip sheets
Clinical Outcomes with participating “on air” families
4.64**2.6 (1.2)4.3 (1.1)Parenting Scale
2.28*4 (4.3)9.1 (4.1)Parent Problem Checklist
2.63*10.9 (14)22 (10.3)Stress
1.29*7.3 (12.9)11.8 (10.9)Depression
4.13**92.7 (6.32)56.6( 25.02)Parenting efficacy
87.5%4.54**101 (26.6)171 (32.2)ECBI Intensity
Move from clinic range
T testsPostMean (SD)
PreMean (SD)
Measure
sig level - * <.05; ** <.005
Effects on child disruptive behavior
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Standard Enhanced
ECB
I Int
ensi
ty S
core
s
Pre Intervention Post Intervention
Clinical cutoff
Clinical significance of change
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Standard TV Condition Enhanced TV Condition
Pre Intervention Post Intervention
% clinically elevated
Overall results
Both groups showed significant reductions in:• Child behavior problems (ECBI-Intensity and
Problem scores)• Parental anger (PAI)• Parental task specific self efficacy (PSBC)• Dysfunctional parenting (PS Laxness,
overreactivity, verbosity, Total) • Parental depression-DASS-depression) • Parental stress (DASS-stress)
Summary of findings (to date)
Enhanced condition families reported greater improvements than families in the standard condition on the following:
• Child behaviour difficulties (ECBI Intensity and Problem scores)
• Dysfunctional parenting strategies (PS:laxness, overreactivity and total score)
• Parental anger (PAI-problem score)• Parental disagreements about discipline (PPC-
Intensity and problem scores)
Design interventions that increase population reach
Level 2Triple P Seminar Series
Seminar 1
The Power of Positive Parenting
Seminar 2
Raisingconfident, competent
children Seminar 3
Raising resilient children
90 minute large groupparenting seminarsInvitation to return
Triple PSeminar Series Tipsheets
Seminar participants – Who comesChildren’s behavior
42.4Total difficulties
40.6Peer problems
47.8Hyperactivity
56.5Conduct Problems
40.6Emotional Symptoms
% Clinically elevated
SDQ Subscales
Effects of Triple P Seminars on Child Adjustment
12.33 12.5511.61
9.91 10.17
12.86
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
IntroductoryExposure
Full Exposure Waitlist Control
Tot
al D
iffi
cult
ies
Scor
e (S
DQ
)
Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention
Effects of Triple P Seminars on parenting practices
3.12 3.073.29
2.852.6
3.23
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Introductory Exposure Full Exposure Waitlist Control
To
tal D
ysfu
nctio
nal P
aren
ting
Scor
e (P
S)
Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention
Consumer satisfaction with seminars
85.4 87.6 89.7 90.8 91.286.4
90 87.993.8 96
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Semina
r qual
ity
Opportu
nity fo
r ques
tions
Intere
st with
semina
r
Use of
clear
example
s
Use of
clear
explan
ations
Knowedg
e to im
plement
paren
ting a
dvice
Semina
r con
tent
Knowled
ge to
help c
hild le
arn sk
ills, b
ehavio
ur
Usefuln
ess of
paren
ting t
ip sheet
Intent
ion to
imple
ment pa
rentin
g advi
ce
Per
cen
tag
e of
Par
ents
Making interventions widely available through flexible
delivery
Effects of Telephone Consultation on Toddler behaviorMorawska & Sanders (in press)
95100105110115120125
Self Helpalone
Self Help +telephonesupport
WaitlistControl
ECB
I Int
ensi
ty
Pre Post Follow-up
Does increasing the intensity of intervention improve outcomes?
Issue
• Complex cases require attention to additional risk factors
• But how should this be done?– Does addressing parental attributions improve
outcome?– Does strengthening couples relationship improve
child outcomes?– Does teach parents emotional coping skills enhance
outcome?
Child maltreatment: The role of parental attributions
• An attribution is a causal explanation individuals use to explain events that occur to them.
• Parents at risk of child maltreatment are more likely to blame their child for the child’s misbehavior.
• Parents’ misattributions for children’s behavior can lead to poor parent-child attachment and an increased risk of child maltreatment.
• Group Triple P Condition– Four group sessions
• Positive parenting approach• Promoting children’s development• Managing misbehavior• Planning ahead
– Four phone consultations• Pathways Triple P Condition
– Group Triple P plus• Attribution retraining • Anger coping skills
Pathways Triple P
Main findings
Both conditions showed significant improvements over time on all key outcome measures
• Parental anger (PAI and STAXI)
• Disruptive child behavior (ECBI scores)
• Observed disruptive behavior (FOS)
• Dysfunctional discipline (Parenting Scale)
• Dysfunctional parent expectations (POQ) • Child abuse potential (CAPI abuse scale)• Dysfunctional attributions for own behavior• Child blame attributions for own behavior• Dysfunctional attributions for child’s
behavior on dimensions of Blame, Intent and Stability
Pathways Triple P showed greater improvements on measures of:
Couple conflict and dysfunctional parenting
Parenting and Couple Conflict
Children are more difficult and parenting is more stressful when parents report- high levels of conflict over parenting- low marital satisfaction - low levels of partner support
Partner Support Training
Casual conversations
PartnerSupport
Problem solving
discussions
Effects of Group Triple P on Marital Conflict
0
10
20
30
40
50
Group Triple P Group Triple + PartnerSupport TrainingPa
rent
ing
Con
flict
Inte
nsity
Sco
res
Pre Post Follow Up
(Source: Hooper, Sanders & Markie-Dadds, 2003)
Effects of Marital Discord on Treatment Outcome
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
MDPT MDPT+PS NMDPT NMDPT+PS
% o
f int
erva
ls o
f dis
rupt
ive
beha
vior
Pre Post FU
Parent training as a treatment for parental depression
Effects of Group Triple P on mothers depression
Intervention Group
0
5
10
15
20
Depression Stress
% in
Clin
ical
R
ange
Pre Post FU 1yr
Coping skills training
Education aboutmoods
Relaxation/stress
management
Managing dysfunctional
thoughts
Coping Plans at high risk
times
Reliable Change Index
RELIABLE CHANGE INDEX
CHILD BEHAVIOR
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
Post FU
% R
elia
bly
Impr
oved
BFI CBFI
RELIABLECHANGE INDEX
BDI DEPRESSION SCORES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Post FU
% R
elia
bly
impr
oved
BFI CBFI
Effects of intensity of intervention on child outcomes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Enhanced TripleP
Standard Triple P Self directedTriple P
WL% o
f int
erva
ls o
f dis
rupt
ive
beha
vior
Pre Post FU1 yr 3 year FU
Lessons learned
• More intervention is not always better than less at least with parents of younger children
• Pre intervention characteristics of parents can not be relied on to identify who will need adjunctive support
• Working hypothesis: Adjunctive interventions should only be offered after exposure to a moderate intensity parenting intervention
• And only if specific risk factors related to parents capacity to implement parenting skills do not change with a less intensive intervention
Post natal well being program
Post natal well being programBurns & Sanders 2005
• 12 sessions– 6 session of CBT– 3 sessions partner support training– 3 sessions of positive parenting
Diagnostic Outcome
Mothers maladaptive cognitions
Effects on marital communication
Conclusions
• Parenting interventions are amongst the most powerful and cost effective interventions available to assist children
• Good parenting should be at the centre piece of public health efforts to improve developmental outcomes in children
Thank you for your attention
Research evidence
To download summary monograph visit– www.triplep.net/01_about/about.htm
• For more information about Triple P contact www.triplep.net
• Research information on Triple Pwww.pfsc.uq.edu.au
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