melahat Şahİn 26-28 november 2012 sothwest anatolia forest research institute antalya/turkey...
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Melahat ŞAHİN26-28 November 2012
Sothwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute Antalya/TURKEYE-mail:melahat_sahin@hotmail.com
SAND DUNE FIXATION TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES IN TURKEY
Introduction Sand dunes Types of sand dunes Sand dune fixation techniques Mechanical techniques Biological techniques Practices in Turkey
Content of the presentation
FAO defines desertification as: "the sum of geological, climatic, biological and human factors which lead to the degradation of physical, chemical and biological potential of lands in arid and semi-arid zones, and endanger biodiversity and the survival of human communities.“
Introduction
Sand dune - a ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans
Sand dunes
1. Costal Dunes originate from sand thrown up onto the shore by and is blown away by the wind.
2. Inland Dunes usually exist in the form of ridges, small hills, and knolls found on ancestral lake beds and outwash plains.
Types of sand dunes
The principle of the dune fixation techniques is based on reducing the threshold velocity of wind at the dune surface by establishing a pre-planting mechanical and biological systems
Sand dune fixation is designed to prevent the movement of sand long enough to enable either natural or planted vegetation to become established
Sand dune fixations techniques
I. Mechanical measures for sand dunes stabilizatıon
Using non living material such as wheat, straw, branches of trees, bamboo, reeds, sorghum stalks, clay, cobblestone, petroleum chemicals and soon to set up barriers on the sand dunes or to cover the surface of the sand dunes is called a mechanical measure or engineering measure for sand dune fixation.
Covering dunes with earth
1 Functions
Covering dunes with mud
2
Completecover
Covering dunes with cobblestone
3
Surface barriers
Covering dunes with straw
4 To stabilize sand dunes
Covering dunes with emulsified asphalt
5
Mechanical barriers
Covering dunes with high polimer
6
Belt cover Belt Covering dunes with straw
7
Standing barriers
Densestructure
Low standing 8 To heap up blown sand
Concealed barrier 9
Windproof Clay barrier 10
structure Earth wall 11
Ventilating High standing straw barrier
12
Structure Hedges or sand trap grate
13
The types of mechanical measures and their functions
the farmland
local communities
irrigation canals
reservoirs
transport lines
mining areas
Preserving the dune vegetation
Before planting trees, shrubs or growing grass on some sand dunes,
Which areas are suitable for mechanical measures?
1. Surface sand barrıers
The localy found materials commonly used for erecting low fences (hedges/microwindbreaks) are classified in to two groups
a. Vegetative material: twings from trees,, grass sheaves, reeds, brushes, palm leaves, etc.
b. Other substances: Clay, cobblestone, damp soil, oil drums, emulsified asphalt , etc.
1.Vegetative material
Rows of such materials inserted in to the ground are called palisade or microwindbreaks
Spreading vegetative materials on the surface of sand are called mulching
2.Other substances Covering dunes with emulsified asphald
Covering dunes with earth&mud
Covering dunes with Earth
Covering dunes with damp soil
Covering dunes with gravel
Covering dunes with Cobblestone
To reduce sand transporting capacity of sand diriving wind
The sand barriers is not to be buried by the dropped sand So the ventilating sand barrier can act on sand control for a long time and can stop a great deal of sand on the leeward side of the sand barrier.
High Standing Barriers
High standing barriers
Low standing barriers
To reduce sand transporting capacity of sand diriving wind
The reform, the sand carried by the sand bearing wind will heap up around the sand barriers
If the sand is very abundant , dropped sand heigt will be rapidly equal to the height of barrier so the service life of a barrier is very short
The low windproof or dense structural barriers should be adopted before the planting of vegetation is started between sand barriers
Covering with Clay
Installation of clay barrier
The clay barrier belongs to the low standing type of sand barrier with windproof structure.In many sandy areas, the clay barrier is set up first before the sandy plants. The effectiveneee of the clay sand barrier for sand- control near farmlands and irrigation canals is also very satisfactory. In the general the clay barrier is set up at lower part of the windward slope of sand dunes
Straw barriers
The best season for setting up straw sand barriers are the end of autumn and the earlier of winter. Because the sand is moist in these period, alot of labour can be saved. İf the barrier set up summer or spring, they will be easily destroyed by the wind.
Installation of straw barriers
As in general
The service life of a mechanical measure is about 3-5 years.
They should be maintained often after they are set up. In many cases the effectiviness of sand dune kontrol by
plant measures alone is not satisfactory. Therefore, various sand holding plant species should be
planted after the mechanical measures, especially straw checks, are set up.
In the ensuing years, especially the first 5 years, mechanical and biological measures methods can well be complementary in checking wind and controling sand
II. BIOLOGICAL MEASURES
Combine mechanical and biological methods
General criterias for species selection for biological measures
Choosing indigenous tree or shrub species for which biological and silvicultural knowledge is available
Introducing exotic tree or shrub species only if their suitability for the area has been demonstrated by testing
Selecting indigenous or introduced tree or shrub species in reference to the following requirements:
-ease of obtaining planting stock,
-ease of establishment,
-İmmunity to insects and disease,
-fast growth,
-resistant to drought
General criterias for species selection for biological measures
Understanding the seasonal rainfall patterns that are critical for tree or shrub species to survive and grow
As a general rule, a tree or shrub species can be moved successfully from its home range to another areas of same latitude because of similarity in climate
Considering the following necessities to ensure successful results;
site preparation, when to plant, how to plant, the spacing and arrangement of the plantings, and care after planting
Tamarix ramosissima ) Tamarix austrmongolica )
Caragana korskinskii ) Sophora viciifolia )
Species for biological measures
Hedysarun scoparim Fisch Mey ) Elaeagnus angustifolia Bge. )
Amorpha fruticosa Linn ) Nitraria tangutorum )
Species for biological measures
III AFFORESTRATION
Agroforestry
Protecting agricultural land
Protecting rural areas
Protecting highways
Hillside stabilization
Controlling floods
SAND DUNE STABLIZATION PRACTICES IN TURKEY
Turkey has different ecosistem due to ıt’s climate, topography and soil characteristics
Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey: 632 mm
(Sensoy, S. et al, 2008)
- In Turkey, Approximately there are 21 611 ha. on Mediterranean coast, 7341 hectares on Black Sea coast and in total, 28 952 ha sand dune areas
- Sand dunes are formed around the mouth of rivers and ancient lakes
-
In Turkey;
Sand dune stabilization works were realised in totally 11.000 hectares area in Turkey.
Costal Sand Dune Areas in Turkey
Sand dunes were very destructive by bruying the fertile agricultural lands, cotton fields, orange orchards and vegetable gardens, inhabited areas and water resources.
History of sand dune stabilization practices in Turkey
The first studies on stabilization of coastal dunes (an afforestation on sand dunes) started in 1952-1953 by the Turkish Forest Service.
- Large-scale reforestation was particularly used in the 1950s and 1980s.
1966
1965
sand dune stabilization practices (in Turkey)
Konya-karapınar
Manisa/ Beyoba
Terkos Karasu Sinop Iğdır-aralık
Sand Dune stabilization project sites in Turkey
First studies on stablization of costal sand dunes in Turkey were started in1955 by Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute and Forestry Faculty to determine mechanical and biological tecniques of sand dune stabilization on the mediterranean and black sea region
The Researches On Stablization Of Costal Sand Dunes in Turkey
Mechanical measures
Wooden barrier
Reeds stem barrier
Straw barrier
Wooden barrier
Combine the mechanical and biological measures
For black sea region
Species for afforestration sand dunes in Turkey
P. brutia Ten.
Eucaliptus camaldulensis
Ceratonia ciliqua
Acacia cyanophyla,
P. Pinea
Qercus coccifera
Pinus pinaster
Antalya Side-Sorkun
1955-1959)2011
2011
Antalya-Kemerağzı
1960
2011
Antalya - Belek
1963
2011
Kumluca - Mavikent
19652011
Demre-Finike
Kaş-Patara
Fethiye Kumluova (1962-1973 -2011)
Adana-Akyatan
(2011)
1972–1988
Terkos -Durusu (1885-1887), 1961-1988 (Marmara region)
Manisa- Beyoba (Eagean region)
1950-1960
2010 2010
Conclusions
Human beings are at the heart of the desertification problem, either as actors or victims.
We must encourage full participation of people, governmental organizations and NGOs to fight against desertification.
Conclusions
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Pancratium maritmum
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