memory part ii storage and retrieval. memory – information processing “three-stage processing”...
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MemoryPart II
Storage and Retrieval
Memory – Information Processing
• “Three-Stage Processing” Model
• Memories are stored in a three-step process of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Memory – Information Processing
• Sensory Memory – the immediate, initial recording of sensory information; fleeting, to-be-remembered information
Memory – Information Processing
• Short-Term Memory – activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven-digits of a phone number while you are dialing, and then the information is either stored, or forgotten
Memory – Information Processing
• Long-term Memory – the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memories
Sensory Memory
• Sensory memory retention is only fleeting and momentary
• Sensory memory retention allows us to remember small, quick bits of information for a very short period of time
Sensory Memory
G Z E P
R K O D
B T X F
Sensory Memory
• How many letters can you recall?
• Most people can recall four or five letters in that short of a time span, but know that there were more.
Sensory Memory
• Sensory memory retention is what is used when you see a face in the crowd for a split second….you recognize features quickly, determine she/he was cute, but then you can’t remember any details of their face
Sensory Memory• Was he/she cute?
• What was he/she wearing? What color was it?
• What color was his/her hair? How long was it?
• What color was her lipstick?
• What was his/her facial expression?
• What color were his/her eyes?
Short-Term Memory or Working Memory
• The ability to hold and manipulate information over a brief period of time. Forgetting can occur rapidly, especially if distracted
Short-Term Memory or Working Memory
• Short-term memory has two important characteristics. – First, short-term memory can contain at
any one time seven, plus or minus two, "chunks" of information.
– Second, items remain in short-term memory around twenty to thirty seconds.
Short-Term Memory• This type of
memory increases as children get
older…
…but decreases in old age
• Activity• Pens and pencils DOWN
• Look at the picture • You will have15 seconds
Short-Term Memory
• Write down the words of all the pictures you can remember.
• How many objects did you remember?
Short-Term Memory
• We can only consciously process a very limited amount of information in our short-term memory.
Short-Term Memory• We can only consciously process a very limited amount of information in
our short-term memory.
• Overload your short-term memory? You might forget what you read, ask
yourself where you put your briefcase, and ask your phone partner the same thing twice.
Long-Term Memory• A system in the brain that can
store vast amounts of information on a relatively enduring basis
• The information can be facts you learned a few minutes ago, personal memories that are decades old, or skills learned with practice.
Long-Term Memory
• The average adult has more than a billion bits of information in
memory
• Storage capacity of long-term memories has been estimated at million times that (1,000,000 X
1,000,000,000)
Retrieval
• Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage
• You may need to remember exact facts and figures, or you may only need to remember general terms and identifications.
Retrieval• Recall – memory is the ability to
retrieve exact information learned at an earlier time– IE. Fill in the blank test.
– IE. Columbus sailed in the year ________. 6 x 6 = _____. Define retrieval ______. My Social Security number is _______.
Retrieval• Recognition – a measure of memory
in which a person only needs to identify items previously learned– IE. A multiple-choice test.
– IE. Of the following choices, which is the correct answer to 6 x 6 ____. You can’t remember the names of all 400 kids you graduated high school with, but if I show you pictures of them you can remember who you went to school with and who you didn’t.
Retrieval• Relearning – the principle that if
you’ve learned something and forgot it, you probably will learn the material more easily the second time – therefore, retrieval is easier and quicker as well– IE. Learned to play the guitar and played
for five years. Haven’t played in 10 years, but you pick up a guitar and play a few tunes, and with a few lessons you play as well as you did before.
Retrieval
• Retrieval Cues – clues that provide reminders of information that otherwise would be more difficult to remember; clues that can guide us the where to look for the right answers.
Retrieval
• Priming – the activation of particular associations in memory; this may be done consciously or unconsciously, purposefully or incidentally
Retrieval
– IE. Mnemonic clues (Roy G Biv) are primers that allow you to remember information many types of factual information
– IE. A “Missing Child” poster makes you think about your own abduction as a child
– IE. The color red prompts memories of days on your grandfathers farm, with its big red barn
– IE. The first letter of each vocabulary word is provided on your test.
Retrieval Cues• Context Effects – the tendency to
remember information better and more accurately when you are in a physical setting that is similar to the one that you learned the information in the first place
Retrieval Cues• Mood-Congruent – along with the state-
dependent theory, our moods bias our memories also (we remember things better when we are in the same mood as when the memory was formed)– IE. You had a fantastic 5th birthday party, with lots
of friends, gifts, clowns, etc. BUT, you had a cold that day and were sad. Your memory of your 5th birthday party may be that it was long, dreary, and sad.
Retrieval Cues
• State-Dependent Theory – what we learn in one physical state – such as drunk or sober – is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that same state
Retrieval Cues• déjà vu – “Already Seen”
(French)– The eerie sense that “I’ve been in
this exact situation before”– Paranormal Explanation –
Precognition or Reincarnation?– Memory Explanation – If a
situation is loaded with clues that are similar to ones already in memory, your brain makes similar associations between them
MemoryForgetting, Memory Construction,
and Improving Memory
Retrieval Failures
• Repression - a basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
• People can knowingly, or unknowingly, revise their own histories
Retrieval Failures
• Tip-Of-The-Tongue Experience – the inability to get a bit of information that you’re absolutely certain is stored in your memory – the information is very close, but just out of reach
Medical Memory Loss• Amnesia – severe memory loss
– Retrograde – forget things from the past– Anterograde – inability to form new
memories but remember the past
• Alzheimers – as plaques build in the brain and interfere with neural transmissions, memories cannot be formed or retrieved
False Memories• Source Confusion – arises when the true
source of a memory is forgotten, so you create details to fill in the gaps– You actually saw that on tv…
• Misinformation Effect – a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information– Eyewitness Testimony…How
reliable is it?
Elizabeth Loftus
How To Make Memories Last?A Few Suggestions
• Focus your attention
• Commit the necessary time
• Space your study sessions
• Organize the information
• Elaborate on the material
How To Make Memories Last?A Few Suggestions
• Use visual imagery and other mnemonics
• Explain it to a friend
• Reduce Interferences
• Since we usually remember the early part and the last part, spend extra time on the middle
• Use contextual clues to jog memory
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