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Metrology, Instruments, Sensors, Beaconing, SignalisationMetrology, Instruments, Sensors, Beaconing, Signalisation
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
ContentContent
OverviewGeneral Specification (Quality) of Sensors/Instruments/MethodsSensors/Instruments/Methods
1D Length –Height – Alignment- Plumbing-Direction-Rotation
2D Coordinates/Position
3D Coordinates/Position
Beaconing/Centring/Signalisation
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
The Variety of Sensors,Instruments and Methods in EG
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Monitoring Sensors, Instruments: OverviewMonitoring Sensors, Instruments: Overview
Pressure sensorsHydrostatic systemsDisplacement transducers (extensometers crack and jointmeters etc )
GEO
PHY
Geotec
Displacement transducers (extensometers, crack- and jointmeters, etc.)Strain gauges (tension gauges)Tiltmeters, including vibrating wireLoad cells (force measurement)
YSICS
hnics
Load cells (force measurement)Fixed removable micrometers (FIM)Optical fiberOptical positioning sensors
Optical positioning sensors
Motorised total stations; Terr. ScannerGPS
GEO
D
Digital levels, including those with motorisationRemote Sensing methods
DESY
Meteorological sensorsTemperature sensorspH and conductivity metersG
CH
EMIST
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Gas sensors
TRY
Methods:Accuracy versus RangeMethods:Accuracy versus Range
ccur
acy
Ac
Size of the Object
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Geodetic Measurement Scenario for Slope MovementsGeodetic Measurement Scenario for Slope Movements
GPS
Referenzpunkt
GPS
Referenzpunkt
T MOTDIGNIV MOT
Reflektor
Standpunkt
T_MOTDIGNIV_MOT Referenzpunkt
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Slope MovementsSlope Movements
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
General Specification (Quality) of Sensors/Instruments/MethodsGeneral Specification (Quality) of Sensors/Instruments/Methods
Accuracy / Precision/ ResolutionLinearityLinearityCalibration Stability (long term stability)Stability (long term stability)SynchronisationInterfaces/ Remote controlInterfaces/ Remote controlPower level; Power ConsumptionP t t d i t t i flProtected against meteo-influencesElectromagnetic shieldingA il bilitAvailabilityCustomer SupportC t
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Costs
Sensors/InstrumentsSensors/Instruments1D Length 1D Length ––Height Height -- AlignmentAlignment
2D Coordinates/Position2D Coordinates/Position2D Coordinates/Position2D Coordinates/Position
3D Coordinates/Position3D Coordinates/Position3D Coordinates/Position3D Coordinates/Position
“Imaging” Systems“Imaging” Systems
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
One Dimension: Distance
Single/Multi Distance MeasurementsSingle/Multi Distance Measurements
--Extensometers Bars/Wires/FiberExtensometers Bars/Wires/Fiber--Optical Sensors (relative Distance)Optical Sensors (relative Distance)--EDM (relative and absolute distances)EDM (relative and absolute distances)--EDM (relative and absolute distances)EDM (relative and absolute distances)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Instrumentation for Rockfall MeasurementsInstrumentation for Rockfall Measurements
Extensometer
Inclinometer
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Extensometer (WireExtensometer (Wire-- & Bar& Bar--Extensometer)Extensometer)
Bar Extensometer
One or multiple bars, shielded by plastic coating, are fixated at one end with an anchor plate in the rock/concrete. The relative distance variation is measured by micrometers or inductive length
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
y gtransducers
Borehole Extensometer “Nalps” Borehole Extensometer “Nalps”
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Teletensometer (Huggenberger)Teletensometer (Huggenberger)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Telejointmeter (Huggenberger)Telejointmeter (Huggenberger)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
DistometerDistometer System (System (ISETHISETH), Developed at ETH), Developed at ETH
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Wire Extensometer Distometer ISETHWire Extensometer Distometer ISETHManufacturer: SOLEXPERTSManufacturer: SOLEXPERTS Length: Invar-wires from 1 to 50 mRange: 100 mmRange: 100 mmAccuracy: 0,02mm@ 20m
Function principle: The wire is constantly tensioned by a spring. The tension is adjusted by the screw S and the correct value can b h k d b th di l MK Th di l M i di t th l thbe checked by the dial MK. The dial M indicates the length variation. The length of the wires can be checked against the interferometer of IGP
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
interferometer of IGP
Wire Extensometer (ISETH)Wire Extensometer (ISETH)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Crack Meter (Rissmikrometer)Crack Meter (Rissmikrometer)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Extensometry (Deformeter/Huggenberger)Extensometry (Deformeter/Huggenberger)
Manufacturer: Huggenberger AG Zurich
Length: 250/500 mmLength: 250/500 mm
Range: 5 mm
Accuracy: 0.002 mm
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Fiber Optical SensorsFiber Optical Sensors
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Interferometry: SOFO V System Interferometry: SOFO V System
PCSOFODB
SOFO reading Unit
OpticalSwitch Standard Sensors
C l
Modem
Membrane Sensors
LED
A/D
Coupler
LEDPhoto-
Mobile Mirror
Micro Controller
Modem
RS232
Other SOFO Sensors (Force, T,…)Data-logger
LEDLEDPhoto-Diode
RS232
SOFObus
Bridge Data Acquisiton Units
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. IngensandClick or press spacebar to advance in the animation
SOFO DynamicSOFO Dynamic
Functional Principle:rs
Structure under test CouplerM
irro
SOFO DynamicDemodulator
Phase Modulator
Photo-Diode
Laser1550nmDigital Output
DSPAnalog Output
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Standard Sensor InstallationStandard Sensor Installation
BoreholeInjection
Surface Installation
Concrete Embedding
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Embedding
Fiber Bragg Grating SensorsFiber Bragg Grating Sensors
Ca. 1cmCa. 1cm
The reflected wavelengthThe reflected wavelengthThe reflected wavelengthThe reflected wavelengthdepends on the strain anddepends on the strain andtemperature of the fibertemperature of the fibertemperature of the fibertemperature of the fiber
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Distributed SensingDistributed Sensing
Reading Unit T1g
Distributed Sensor0m
1
T2. [°C
]
T1
1m 100m
P iti [ ]
Tem
p
F
ε
με]
1000m Position [m]
FF
Stra
in [μ
20km εT2
Position [m]
SETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Electro optical distance meter (EDM)Electro optical distance meter (EDM)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
DICLAS: Continuous Distance Measurement by laserDICLAS: Continuous Distance Measurement by laser
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Dimetix PolydistDimetix Polydist
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
2D Alignment tools2D Alignment toolsgg-- wireswires-- optical alignmentoptical alignment
l li tl li t-- laser alignmentlaser alignment
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Alignment Principle (Dam Monitoring)Alignment Principle (Dam Monitoring)
LaserAlignment
Instrument
Tubular Level
Targets
Pillar
Principle of optical alignment:
Pillar
Principle of optical alignment:Between two permanently installed points (alignment instrument and target mark (Mire)) a vertical plane is set. Measured are the shortest horizontal distances between the alignment points (marked with alignment target signs) and the vertical
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
g p ( g g g )layer.
Optical Alignment (Freiberger Präzisionsmechanik)Optical Alignment (Freiberger Präzisionsmechanik)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
2 D Plumbing2 D Plumbing
-- optical plumbingoptical plumbing-- mechanical plumbing (wires)mechanical plumbing (wires)-- mechanical plumbing (wires)mechanical plumbing (wires)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Optical PlumbsOptical Plumbsä Nadir/Zenith Plumb LeicaZenith Freiberger Präzisionsmechanik
Messgenauigkeitmittlerer Lotfehler auf 100m ±1 mm100m
Fernrohr
Bildlage aufrecht, seitenrichtig
Vergrößerung 32 xkürzeste Zielweite 2,2 m
freier Objektivdurchmesser 40 mmObjektivdurchmesser
KompensatorArbeitsbereich ± 10´
mittlerermittlerer Einspielfehler ± 0,15"
TemperaturArbeitsbereich -25°C...+45°CInstrumentAbmessungen 140 x 295 mmGewicht 3,5 kg
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
MechanicalMechanical PlumbingPlumbing
Measuring plumb lines on top Guide Roller
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Measuring plumb lines on top Guide Roller
Mechanical Plumbing: bottomMechanical Plumbing: bottom
Observation using T 2002
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Computation of the damped OscillationsComputation of the damped Oscillations
U [m]
U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
t [s]
u ui i+⎛ ⎞1 2 [ ]mim u u uii i
i= ⋅+
+⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
++
12 2
21
[ ]xmn
i=
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
n
Principle of Multi Weight PlumbingPrinciple of Multi Weight Plumbing
on
aa
= PP
1 2
ed P
ositi
o
a P2 1
Com
pute
a =
P1 2− −aa
PP
2
2
1
1
aa
Pa
P2 1=a
und a =a1 2− −
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
aP P
PP P
P12 1
21 2
1 = und a =2−⋅
−⋅
Influences in Mechanical PlumbingInfluences in Mechanical Plumbing
Torsional OscillationsTorsional OscillationsOscillations induced by spiral whirls in the shaft Water dribsWater dribsPlumb line deviations by eccentric plumb wirePlumb line deviations by in-homogenous gravity distributionPlumb line deviations by in-homogenous gravity distribution
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Direction determination or direction transferDirection determination or direction transferDirection determination or direction transferDirection determination or direction transfer
TheodolitesTheodolites-- TheodolitesTheodolites
-- GyrotheodolitesGyrotheodolitesyy
-- Inertial Navigation Systems Inertial Navigation Systems
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Gyroscope MeasurementsGyroscope Measurements
Absolute azimuth measurementDirection transferDirection transfer
How it works:G h d f f dGyro has two degrees of freedom
• No rotation around horizontal axis(realized by gravitation, fixed in horizontal plane)
• Rotation around HH (gyro axis) and VV (vertical axis)
Gyrotheodolit „Gyromat 3000“.Source: http://www.gyromat.de
• Rotation around HH (gyro axis) and VV (vertical axis)Due to inertia the rotating gyro keepsits positionEarth rotation causes deviation of the plumbline by centrifugal forces of suspensionGyro starts to rotate around plumb lineGyro starts to rotate around plumb line(precision)Gyro axis orientates to the geographical
th di ti
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
north directionPrinciple of a gyro with two degrees of freedom and deflecting force diagram.Source: Instrumentenkunde Deumlich/Staiger
Gyroscope MeasurementsGyroscope Measurements
Earth rotation and local plumb line influence gyro measurementsaccording to astronomical azimuthaccording to astronomical azimuth
Required corrections and reductionsChandler Wobble (instantaneous rotation axis CIO pole)Deflection of vertical (astronomical azimuth ellipsoidical azimuth)
ξ: north-south component, η: east-west component
Chart convergence (ellipsoidical azimuth -> plane azimuth)
Reduction of direction (great circle -> straight line)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Gyroscope MeasurementsGyroscope Measurements
Keep in mind:The first two corrections/reductions baseThe first two corrections/reductions base on physical conditions, the second two are purely mathematicalFor relative azimuth measurements (directiontransfer) the last three corrections/reductionsare sufficient for most applicationsare sufficient for most applicationsCorrection of influence of vertical deflection
• in Switzerland (Latitude ca. 45°) the north-southcomponent has the factor 1 (tan 45° = 1)
• Differences in vertical deflections aredecisive (reference track -> tunnel track)Thi i i t t t l l t k• This is in contrast to polygonal networks,where the vertical deflection has only an impactfor steep sightings (tunnel sightings are usually horizontal)
„Gyromat 2000“ measuring in the Gotthard basetunnel near Faido.Source: Stephan Schütz
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
y )
Inertial Measurement SystemInertial Measurement System
3 orthogonal acceleration indicators
3 orthogonal gyroscopes3 orthogonal gyroscopese.g. ring laser gyros, integrated gyros
Coaxial arrangement
P i itProcessing unit
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Measurement Setup in the ConveyorMeasurement Setup in the Conveyor
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Measurement Setting Measurement Setting (Dissertation (Dissertation NeuhierlNeuhierl, 2005), 2005)
Adapting mirrorAdapting mirrortop
bottom
mirrorψ
shaftconveyormounting-
lGAP
IMU
plateGAP
βo
αo
topαu
βlong-distance target location
top βu
bottom
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
bottom
Results pit Results pit SedrunSedrun (Dissertation (Dissertation NeuhierlNeuhierl, 2005), 2005)
Difference between tunnel network and IMU: Δ = 2.2 mgonA priori analyses: ca. 1.5 mgonp y g
Difference is not significant, no further corrections required
Advantage using two independent methods: increase in reliability
Honeywell QA2000 accelerometers. ($2,920 to $17,045 US)One-year Composite Repeatability [μg] <160
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Honeywell GG1320 ring laser gyro.Source: www.honeywell.com
Source: www.honeywell.com IMAR IMU with QA2000 and GG1320.Source: www.imar-navigation.de
Inclination SensorsInclination Sensors
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Liquid Surface with optical position sensor (PSD)Liquid Surface with optical position sensor (PSD)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Borehole Inclination SensorBorehole Inclination SensorUse: landslide monitoringPrinciple: pendulum causes amplitude detected by position sensor, reset force of servo motor is measured in volts.
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. IngensandFixed bottom point
Height DeterminationHeight Determination
-- Levelling Levelling -- motorised digital levelling for permanent monitoringmotorised digital levelling for permanent monitoring-- hydrostatic systemshydrostatic systems-- hydrostatic systemshydrostatic systems
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Permanent Monitoring with Motorised Digital LevelsPermanent Monitoring with Motorised Digital Levels
SolexpertsSolexperts
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Hydrostatic systemsHydrostatic systems
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Basic Setup of a Hydrostatic Levelling SystemBasic Setup of a Hydrostatic Levelling Systemp = ρ g h
Glass cylinder
Height of water column
Glass cylinderwith scale
g
Valve
Metal standMetal stand
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
FreibergerFreiberger SchlauchwaageSchlauchwaage
• Range: 100 mm
Parameters:circular level
g
• Tube length: 30-50 m
• Accuracy: 0.01 mm mm-scale
centeringplug gauge
Air pressure compensation tube(in closed rooms)
System specific errors:
Screw for levelling
Probe tipy p
• Capillary forces
• Vibrations of fluid-column g
Stop Valve
• Fluid-viscosity
Stop Valve
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
“Aachener Schlauchwaage”“Aachener Schlauchwaage”
Use: geomonitoring, detection of settlements
Principle: permanent magnet and electrical pulses on aand electrical pulses on a wire cause changes in the length of the wire, which is measured by ultrasonic TOA
Range: 10 mmAccuracy: 0.02 mm
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
HLSHLS –– Hydrostatic Levelling SystemHydrostatic Levelling SystemPrecise levelling – low tiltFluid velocity – slow movements
Technical Data:Range: 45 mmResolution: <2 microns (0.002 mm)( )Accuracy: <10 microns (0.010 mm)
Principle: fill level is determined capacitively. Fluid
z
ysurface and electrode act as capacitor plates.
x yCross Section of HLS level sensor
Source: IWAA2004 CERN
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
3D Measurement Systems3D Measurement Systems
GPS/GLONASSGPS/GLONASSG S/G O SSG S/G O SS
V M SV M SVector Measurement SystemsVector Measurement Systems-- Total Stations/Tacheometers/LasertrackerTotal Stations/Tacheometers/LasertrackerTotal Stations/Tacheometers/LasertrackerTotal Stations/Tacheometers/Lasertracker
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Total Stations (Total Stations (egeg. Trimble VX Spatial Station). Trimble VX Spatial Station)Example: Trimble VX Spatial Station
Similar to Trimble S8 (except Fine Lock)Accuracy: distance 3 mm + 2 ppm angle 0 3 mgon (1“)Accuracy: distance 3 mm + 2 ppm, angle 0.3 mgon (1 )Robotic operation (one man operable)Scanning functionality
range < 150 m speed typical 5 Pts/s minimum point spacing 10 mm• range < 150 m, speed typical 5 Pts/s, minimum point spacing 10 mm,3D point accuracy 10 mm @ ≤150 m
Integrated camera• 2048 x 1536 pixels video stream 5fps2048 x 1536 pixels, video stream 5fps
Trimble VX Spatial Station.S htt // t i blSource: http://www.trimble.com
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Ortho image station concourse Zurich Mainstation, captured with Trimble VX. Source: terra vermessungen ag
Stochastic and systematic Effects
Instruments Line of sight Target
• Deviations of the instrument • Meteo (Pressure, Temperature, • Alignment of the Prism (internal) Humidity)
• Temperature influences • Refraction (-> HZ, V) • Pollution of Prism
• Torsion of the instrument • Optical Elements in the line of • Stability of the pillar Torsion of the instrument Optical Elements in the line of sight
Stability of the pillar
• Pollution of the lenses • Expansions
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
from temperature
Metrology OverviewMetrology Overview
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Overview: Geodetic Metrology MethodsOverview: Geodetic Metrology Methods
Metrology methods
Geometric information
Resolution Advantages Disadvantages
Levelling Changes of the local z-coordinate;
1/100 mm Simple; perpendicular relation independent of object
No automation with optical levels, refraction influence
Hydrostaticheight measurement
Relative changes of the local z-coordinate
1/100 mm No refraction influence, permanent
Time intensive installation, problem of coupling influencemeasurement of coupling, influence of temperature
Distance measuring5-2000 m
Distance, change of distance
1/10 mm Permanent; reflectorless for
Just one distance; refraction influence5-2000 m distance reflectorless for
suitable surfaces and angles
refraction influence
Distance measuring Change of distance < 1/100 mm Permanent; no Change of directionDistance measuring0-5 mInvar bars,- wiresFiberoptical
Change of distance < 1/100 mm Permanent; no refraction influence
Change of direction only, problem of coupling, just one distance
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Fiberoptical sensors
Overview: Geodetic Metrology MethodsOverview: Geodetic Metrology Methods
Metrology methods
Geometric information
Resolution Advantages Disadvantages
Tilt meter Rotation around x or y < 1“ (0 3 Permanent perpendicular Problem of couplingTilt meterInclinometerBorehole-Inclinometer
Rotation around x- or y-axis
< 1“ (0.3 mgon)
Permanent, perpendicular relation
Problem of coupling
Vector measuring Direction- and distance <1 mgon Independent of superior Refraction; needsVector measuringTotal stationElectronic tacheometer
Direction- and distance changes → local 3D-coordinates
<1 mgon Independent of superior systems; „Real-time“-analysis, simple target points (reflectors, reflex foils)
Refraction; needs reference points
foils)
Laser ScanningMicrowave-Interferometry
Pointcloud- Surface models
1-3 cm
1 mm
Reflectorless MeasurementsHigh sampling rate
Depends on the Surface parameteres,postprocessingy
Photogrammetry1 mm g p g p p g
3D-coordiantes designation
Global 3D-coordinates in WGS84-system
1 mm x,y3 mm z
„Real-time“ – analysis possible with fix-
Free sight to satellites, transformation of
GPS (differential phase measuring)
installation parameters necessary for linking with other data
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Overview: Geodetic Metrology Methods Overview: Geodetic Metrology Methods
Metrology methods
Geometric information
Resolution Advantages Disadvantages
Gyroscop Direction related to the 1 3 mgon Related to a physical TemperatureGyroscopAzimuth finding systems
Direction related to the Rotation axis of the Earth
1,3 mgon Related to a physical Direction
TemperatureDrifts
Inertial Navigation Position Rotations dm Independent from Temperature DriftsInertial Navigation Systems
Position, Rotations dm Independent from reference points
Temperature Drifts complicated calibration
Plumbing- optical plumbing- mechanical plumbing
Transfer of Local vertical 1:500 Related to a physical value Refraction (optical)
Alignment-Optical alignement- Mechanical alignment
Deviation of a line 0,01 mm Refraction (optical)
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Overview: Geodetic Metrology Methods for Slope InstabilitiesOverview: Geodetic Metrology Methods for Slope Instabilities
Metrology methods
Geometric information
Resolution Advantages Disadvantages
Gyroscop Direction related to the 1 3 mgon Related to a physical TemperatureGyroscopAzimuth finding systems
Direction related to the Rotation axis of the Earth
1,3 mgon Related to a physical Direction
TemperatureDrifts
Inertial Navigation Position Rotations dm Independent from Temperature DriftsInertial Navigation Systems
Position, Rotations dm Independent from reference points
Temperature Drifts complicated calibration
Radar Interferometry Interferometric pattern mm High resolution Surface propertiesDoes not work on vegetated surfaces
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Engineering Engineering GeodesyGeodesy……
Remember:Remember:Engineering geodesy consists of more than just use total stations and/or GNSSUse your creativity to solve a specific problemThink about all the geomatics disciplinesThink about all the geomatics disciplines
PhotogrammetryRemote SensingRemote SensingGeodesyGISGIS...
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Beaconing, Centering Systems, Reference PointsBeaconing, Centering Systems, Reference Points
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Centring Centring SystemsSystems
Different systems (more or less) available, each has ist own e e t syste s ( o e o ess) a a ab e, eac as st oadvantages and drawbacks
Wild/LeicaKernZeissZeiss
Zeiss centering system (Zeiss-Zapfensystem).Wild/Leica centering system. Kern centering system.
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
g y ( p y )Source: www.geodirekt.de
g ySource: www.geodirekt.de
g ySource: www.swisstopo.ch
Reflector mountingReflector mounting
SBB Boltsmounting systems for monitoring purposesmounting systems for monitoring purposes
Typical mounting „L-supporter“ for monitoring.Source: www.goecke.de
Position reference
Height Reference
Levelling reference
Height Reference for trig. Height Determination
M8 thread
SBB B lt
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
SBB Bolts.Source: unkown
Observation Observation PillarsPillars
CoverCenteringCentering
Pillar ø ca. 35 cmProtection pipe ø ca. 55 cm
Water outletF d iFoundationø 150 cm
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Support for Total StationsSupport for Total StationsSystem „Goecke“.
Console with total station, Mt. Terri Project.
ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Losatec mounting system in Gotthard Basetunnel near Faido.Source: Stephan Schütz
jSource: Stephan Schütz
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