m.g.nikam nutrition seminar
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Critical minerals for ruminants and non –ruminants
Presented by :-
Dr .M.G.Nikam (RVD/12-16)PhD Student Department of Poultry ScienceC.V.Sc R’nagarHyderabad
Critical minerals for ruminants and non –ruminants
“Minerals comprises of the ash obtain after complete
oxidation of organic substances or biological material”.
Inorganic components of the diet
Makes up 3-5% of the body weight of animal
Macro Minerals:” Minerals normally present at greater levels in
animal body or needed in large amounts in the diet (found in
concentrations > 100 ppm)”
Micro (Trace) Minerals: “Minerals normally present at low levels
in animal body (found in concentrations < 100 ppm).”
MACRO Minerals
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na)
Chloride (Cl)
Magnesium (Mg)
Potassium (K)
Sulfur (S)
Micro (Trace) Minerals
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Fluoride (Fl)
Iodine (I)
Iron (Fe)
Manganese (Mn)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Selenium (Se)
Zinc (Zn)
CRITICAL MACRO MINERALS :-
Sr.No Mineral % concentration in animal body
1. Calcium 1.5
2. Phosphorus 1.0
3. Sodium 0.16
4. Chlorine 0.11
Critical Micro minerals Sr.No Mineral % concentration mg/kg
1. Iron 20-80
2. Zinc 10-50
3. Copper 1.5
4. Selenium 1.7
5. Iodine 0.3-0.6
6. Manganese 0.2-0.5
MINERAL CONTENT IN FEED
Sr.No Particulars % mineral content
1. Green fodder 1.2-2.5
2. Dry fodder 6-6.5
3. Cereals 1.5-4.5.
4. Cereal by product 4.5-5.5
5.. Meat meal 15
CALCIUM:-
Take part in the formation of bone,
teeth and cartilages Increases the activity of Thrombokinase
for blood clotting Maintain acid base equilibrium Plays active role in enzyme synthesis Control cell permeability
REQUIREMENT
Cattle :- Maintenance :-14 gms/day Milk production :-2.3 gms/kg of milk
production in addition to the maintenance ration
Poultry:- Chicks:-1.8%/kg feed Layer :-3% - 4%/ kg feed
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
Tetany,rickets,osteomalacia,osteoperosis in animals
Lower the egg yield & soft shelled eggs in Poultry
Milk fever in milk producing animals Poor bone development
Phosphorus
Component of bone. Nearly (80%) body P is in bone
Used as ATP for activation of many inert molecules in high energy bond
Take part in oxidation of carbohydrate
Structural constituent in cell component of phosphoprotein, phospholipids & nucleoprotein
Component of cell buffer system
REQUIREMENT
Cattle :- Maintenance :-14 gms/day Milk production :-2 gms/kg of milk
production
Poultry:- Chicks:-1.5%/kg feed Layer :-0.75%/ kg feed
DEFICIENCY PHOSPHORUS
Loss of appetite & weakness Rickets in young birds/animals & Osteomalacia /pica
in animals Stunted growth in young animal Low fertility and low milk yield Layers Decreased egg production, cage fatigue, reduced
egg size, poor shell quality, blood spot, mottled yolk Breeders Decreased hatchability, poor performance
offspring,
SODIUM AND CHLORIDE
Helps in maintaining in pH and volume in body fluid
Necessary for transmitting energy impulses in nerves
Essential for absorption of certain essential nutrients
Function in the permeability and carrier of cell
Helps in activation of intestinal amylase and essential component of gastric juice
REQUIREMENT
Cattle :- 0.5% or 21.3gms/day
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS SODIUM AND CHLORIDE-
Loss of appetite
Growth retardation
Poor feed utilization
Decrease in plasma fluid volume
Inactivity of Gonads
Corneal keritinization
Reduced egg production and hatchability
Cannibalism and molting in layer birds
SALT TOXICITY
Too much salt lead to toxicity or salt injury characterized by dehydration of body cell and death
IRON :-
An essential component of haemoglobin and myoglobin (90%)
An integral part of several enzymes ( oxidases, oxygenase, peroxidase, Catalase)
Essential for pigmentation of feather along with lysine & folic acid in colored feather chicken
Sources Of Iron Green leafy material, legumes,meat,blood and fish
meal Milk is poor source of iron.
Absorption of iron Absorbed through the gastro intestinal tract Mainly in the duodenum and jejunum
Iron Toxicity Results in alimentary disturbances ,reduced
growth and Phosphorus deficiency
REQUIREMENT
Cattle :- 500 mg/day
Poultry:- 20mg/kg feed
DEFICIENCY :-
Macrocytic & Hypochromic anemia
Low growth rate ,
Poor feathering ,
Depigmentation of feathers ,
Embryonic Mortality in Chicks from 9-15 days
MANGANESE
Small quantity present in animal body, Highest percentage is found in bones,
liver, kidney, pancreas and pituitary glands.
Sources- Forages, Rice bran are richest source,
whole rice
MANGANESE :-
An integral part of many enzymes arginase , pyruvate , carboxilase,
Activate several enzymes hydrolases , kinases, & transferase
Involve in development of bone organic matrix
Help in biosynthesis in choline and cholesterol
Essential for insulin synthesis
Maintenance of immune system
Inhibits lipids peroxidation
Required for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
REQUIREMENT
Cattle :- 16-25 mg/kg of ration Swine 10mg/kg ration
Poultry:- 55mg/kg feed
DEFICIENCY :-
Perosis ( chondrodystrophy ),slipped tendon in chicken.
Enlarged hock joints
Reduced growth ,hatchability ,poor shell quality
Ataxia and star gazing posture
ZINC:
Sources- Brans are the richest source, wheat
middlings,zinc salt and zinc Chloride,molasses
Also found in yeast and animal protein sources like meat and fish meal.
ZINC:-
Zn is found in every tissue in the animal body Accumulates in bones rather than liver. High conc. is found in skin, hair and wool.
Functions :- Activator of enzymes
Influences production secretion and storage of testosterone, insulin and adrenal corticosteroids
Act as anti-oxidant and protect cell membrane
Essential for integrity of immunity system
DEFICIENCY
Reduced milk production, poor fertility, loss of hair in cattle's
Inflammation of nose and mouth, stiffness of joint and parakeratosis in calves.
Subnormal growth ,decreased appetite, poor FCR in pigs.
Decrease in weight of lymphoid organ Reduced hatchability ,Embryonic
abnormality Reduced feed intake ,utilization delayed
sexual maturity ,reduced egg production ,Poor feathering in chickens
REQUIREMENT
Cattle :-9 mg/kg of ration
Swine:-50mg/kg ration
Sheep:-18-22 mg/kg ration
Poultry:-35mg/kg feed
COPPER Help in red blood cell formation, synthesis of
plasma proteins-celluloplasmin An integral part of lysil oxidase and component of
cytochrome oxidase help in synthesis of phospholipids
Useful for proper utilization of iron
Involved in electron transport mechanisms
Participate in process of osteogenesis and pigmentation of feathers
SOURCES OF COPPER Seeds and seed byproducts Liver and glandular meal Dried whey Peanut meal Pasture
Copper molybdenum interrelationship- Excess Mo leads to poor absorption and
storage of copper salt,
Deficiency of Mo cause more absorption and storage of copper in the body.
REQUIREMENT
Cattle :- 5-7mg/kg of ration
Sheep:- 10-12 mg/kg ration
TOXICITY OF COPPER
Excess copper gets accumulated in the liver.
Cattle and pigs are resistant to copper poisoning upto some extent.
Sheep are susceptible for chronic copper poisoning resulting in chronic necrosis of liver cell
DEFICIENCY
Anemia
Enlargement ,thickening of aorta due to defective elastin formation
Fragile long bone and lameness
Shelless and Misshapen eggs
IODINE :-
50% of Iodine is found in thyroid gland as thyroxin.
It is also component of Di-iodo-tyrosine
Sources:- Food of marine origin like fish meal and seaweed
FUNCTIONS :-
Thermoregulation
Intermediary metabolism
Cell oxidation
Neuromuscular function
Growth and reproduction
REQUIREMENT
Cattle :- 0.1 mg/kg of ration
Swine:- 0.2mg/kg ration
Poultry:- 0.35mg/kg feed
DEFICIENCY
Enlargement of thyroid gland
Poor growth ,egg production ,egg size
Abnormally long and lacy feather
Accumulation of fat, stillbirth
Decreased hatchability and sperm count
SELENIUM :-
Sources Green pastures contains Seleno
methionine
SELENIUM :-
A component of Glutathione peroxidase an enzyme cell membrane which prevents oxidative cell damage
Organic form Seleno methionine rapidly absorbed compared to inorganic form sodium selenite
Function Protects the cellular and sub cellular
membrane from oxidation Important component for value addition of
poultry meat
DEFICIENCY ;-
Exudative diathesis
Nutritional muscular dystrophy Reduction of egg production Embryonic mortality in layer breeders
Toxicity- Alkali disease and blind staggers in
cattles,buffaloes,sheep
Dag-Nala disease
REFRENCES
Mineral nutrition of livestock (3rd edition) E.J.Underwood Trace elements in human and animal
nutrition E.J.Underwood
Animal nutrition 5th edition Mc donold etal,
Handbook of poultry nutrition V.Rama Subba Reddy
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