montreal protocol1

MONTREAL PROTOCOLSubmitted to: Prof. A.A.Napolean

Submitted by:-

Akash Chandwani – 12BCE0133R.V.Kartick – 12BME0357Deepak Kumar Singh – 12BCE0534Milan Manjunath Sehnai – 12BCH0059

EVS Project on -

1. Introduction2. Adjustments and Amendments 3. Ozone layer4. UV-Radiations5. Discovery and Research6. Ozone Depleting Substances7. Montreal Protocol8. Provisions of Montreal protocol9. Management Plans10. Impact on CFC’s and it’s Phase out management plan11. Impact on HCFC’s and it’s Phase out management plan12. Implementation in US.13. What if there were no Montreal Protocol??

IntroductionMontreal Protocol popularly known as Montreal Protocol

on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

It is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.

Main aim is to eliminate the substances that are responsible for the ozone depletion.

Adjustments and Amendments

Montreal Protocol has been either adjusted and/or amended in –

London 1990Copenhagen 1992Vienna 1995Montreal 1997Beijing 1999

Position of Ozone layer

Antarctica Ozone Depletion: Formation of the hole near the south pole in the Ozone layer

Why is ozone useful?Ozone is a protective layer that absorbs the very

energetic radiations (UV) falling on the earth.

UV-RadiationsUV- Radiations capable ofpenetrating the nitrogen is divided into three categoriesUV-A ( λ = 400–315 nm)UV-B ( λ = 315–280 nm)UV-C ( λ = 280–100 nm) only extremely short or vacuum UV (10–100 nm) is

screened out by nitrogen.

UV-CIt is very harmful to all living beings.

It is entirely screened out by a combination of O2 (< 200 nm) and O3 (> about 200 nm) by around 35 kilometres (115,000 ft) altitude.

This type of radiation doesn’t reach the earth surface.

UV-BUV-B radiation can be harmful to the skin and is the main

cause of sunburn.

Excessive exposure can also cause genetic damage, resulting in problems such as skin cancer.

The ozone layer is very effective at screening out UV-B.

UV-B, particularly at its longest wavelengths, reaches the surface

UV-AOzone is transparent to most UV-A.

So most of this type of longer wavelength reaches the surface, and becomes the primary type of UV from the Sun to do so.

less harmful to DNA. although it may still potentially cause indirect genetic damage in skin

Ozone altitude UV graph

Discovery and Research In 1974-nobel prize winners

Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland discover that CFC molecules were stable enough to remain in the atmosphere until they got up into the middle of the stratosphere where they would finally be broken down by ultraviolet radiation releasing a chlorine atom.

Ozone Depleting Compounds

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)HalonsCarbon tetrachloride, Methyl chloroformHydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)Methyl bromideBromochloromethane (BCM)

Montreal-ProtocolIt is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.

The treaty is structured around several groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that have been shown to play a role in ozone depletion. All of these ozone depleting substances contain either chlorine or bromine.

For each group, including group ST, the treaty provides a timetable on which the production of those substances must be phased out and eventually eliminated

It was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989.

It is also ratified by 197 states and the European Union.

The Montreal Protocol - ProvisionsChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride,

and methyl chloroform- were to be phased out by 2000 (2005 for methyl chloroform)

Freeze at 1986 levels in mid 1989 and 20% cut in 1993 Production and consumption of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-

113, CFC-114, CFC- 115 were to be reduced by 50% of the 1986 levels by 1998

Production of halon-1211, halon-1301 and halon-2402 were to be brought back to 1986 levels by 1992

Management Plan

CFCs Phase-out Management Plan

CFC Phasing out plan

Regularly checked by bodies

Also checks the emission of halon 1211, 1301, 2402; CFCs 13, 111, 112, etc.

Carbon tetrachloride was given the special attention.

Products Containing CFCsCoolants (in refrigerator, AC)

Propellants (in Pressurized cans, Rockets)

Solvents for cleaning electronics

Blowing agent for manufacture of foam

Why is CFC harmful to us?

CFC gas is not at all harmful to humans but its harmful to the Ozone layer.

The life time of CFC gas is very long, about 5200yrs. There is no way to destroy them. It has no way to go. It directly goes up to the ozone and damages it.

Impact of Montreal protocol on CFCs

If all parties continue to comply, ozone layer expected to fully recover by 2050.

Montreal and subsequent agreements obliged parties to phase out most harmful CFCs (used in aerosols, refrigerants, foams, solvents) by 1996; with phase-out of by 2010 of less active CFCs. Most halons were phased out by 1994.

98% of all chemicals covered by the protocol were phased out by 2009.

Management plansHydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management

Plan (HPMP)Freezing time = 2013Reducing time = 2015

This includes the pase out of CFCl3 (CFC-11)CF2Cl2 (CFC-12)C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113)C2F4Cl2(CFC-114)C2F5Cl (CFC-115)

Impact of Montreal Protocol on HCFCs.Used as the first major replacement for CFCs, especially

in refrigerants for air conditioning.By 2013, all parties must freeze consumption and

production of HCFCs, and start reducing by 2015.Developed countries must complete 99.5 phase-out by

2020 nd 100% by 2030. Developing countries must complete 99.5 % by 2030 and 100% by 2040.

In U.S., HCFC production down 65% by 1/1/2010. On track to 90% cut by 1/1/2015 and 99.5% cut by 1/1/2020.

Management plansHydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

HFCs are the substitutes of the CFCs and HCFCs.It’s produced mostly in developed countries.It does not harm Ozone layer.But it is responsible for Green House Effect as it traps huge

amount of infrared radiations from the sun.

Earlier ChallengesCost of replacing CFCs was the key hurdle that parties had

to overcome. By 1987 it was less costly for USG, Japan, Canada to ban

CFCs, as all three had already banned CFCs in aerosol cans. Harder for Japan and EU, who threatened to veto. Also

harder USSR, could not afford to fund research to find alternatives.

Also opposed by China, India, Brazil anticipating massive CFC production in coming decade.

Keys to compromise were agreement from industrialized countries to help developing countries find alternatives, and agreement on delaying phase-out deadlines for developing countries

Mechanisms for Implementation

Multilateral Fund: 2009-2011 budget = $490 million.

Annual reporting obligations

Implementation Committee

Adjustment provision

Grace period for developing countries

World map showing the countries that have signed the protocol and that have not

Montreal protocol under action: importance of 1996 phase-out.

Funds as a challenge to Montreal Protocol.

Implementation in USU.S. already banned Freon (CFC) in 1978 “Clean Air Act of 1990” implemented Montreal protocol and gave EPA oversight and

enforcement role.To support phase-outs, EPA has approved over 300

alternatives to ozone depleting substances.Other measures: tax policy: taxes on production of ODSs

and tax incentives to industry to develop alternatives; labeling of ODS-containing products; identifying safer alternatives.

EPA allows exemptions to industries facing technical challenges to finding alternatives, e.g. medical inhalers.

Key Achievements Truly global participation Elimination of ozone depleting substances Healing the ozone layer Supporting the developing countries High rates of compliance Health benefits Climate change benefits Global recognition 2010 phase out milestone

AchievementsIt has been adopted and implemented world wide.

The two treaties have been ratified by 197 states and the European Union making them the most widely ratified treaties in United Nations history.

Benefits

It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050.

What if there were no Montreal Protocol??

No CFC ban

There would have been 50% ozone layer depletion in northern hemisphere, 70% in southern hemisphere, by 2050.

130 million more cases of cataracts; 19 million more cases of non-melanoma skin cancer; 1.5 million more cases of melanoma skin cancer. Which would overall cost $4.2 trillion.

Thank you

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