most important features
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Most Important Features In your notebooks – write down three
things that are the most important features of the Middle Ages in Europe
The Height of Medieval Civilization
Early Medieval Economy
Based on MANORIALISM
Economic system of the Middle Ages in which land was divided into farming communities owned by nobles and worked by freemen and peasants called SERFS
Manors were self sufficient
isolated from each other own court of law church, mill, a bread
oven, and a wine press produced their own food,
clothing, tools raised sheep, cows, fruit,
vegetables built their own houses
Advances - Iron plow and horse harness
New Farming Technique –
3 crop rotation (one fallow)
Practice Regents – 1/2013
1. Which economic system is most closely
associated with the activities shown in this art
work?
(1) manorialism (3) communism
(2) capitalism (4) socialism
2. With which historical setting is this art work
Most closely associated?
(1) Japan—Tokugawa shogunate
(2) Middle East—Abbasid dynasty
(3) Western Europe—Middle Ages
(4) India – Mughal Empire
Practice Question3. The term “subsistence farmers” as used in the Middle Ages refers to people who grow
(1) enough food to feed an entire nation(2) food to export to other villages(3) just enough food to meet the needs of the immediate family(4) a single cash crop like wheat
Growth of Towns Warfare declined in western Europe during the
11th and 12th century (Barbarians like Vikings settle down)
Manor economy became more productive Population increased Trade revived and towns increased in size Peasants and nobles became aware of a larger
world
Revival of trade Decline of feudal warfare Easier to trade using old Roman roads and
rivers During the Crusades trade expanded into
the east. Wool was the main trade item. Towns
became the collecting and distributing point for these items
English/Flemish…. sheep Antwerp and Bruges….weavers Milan and Florence…. trade cloth
Italian fleets gain control of the Mediterranean from the Muslims because of strategic location.
Travel was expensive Barter system was gradually replaced by a
money economy.
Trade Fairs and the Hanseatic League Champagne Trade
Fair, France) Nobles provided
protection, rented booths, and hired money changers
Fairs became a magnet for goods and ideas
Trade fairs become elaborate events
Mixing place of customs, languages, and goods.
Gradual decline due to competition from the Hanseatic League, but also the rents were too high
Hanseatic League
Group of over 80 towns/cites fronting the Baltic Sea - protective trade alliance (fur, timber, fish), immense power – coin own money, treaties, warships
Hanseatic Towns:
Became quite powerful and wealthy.
Bruges, Belgium
“Venice of the North”
Medieval Guilds Merchants and
artisans given the right to form associations
Governed prices, wages, standards, disputes and imports/exports
Only guild members could practice their trade.
Guild Practices Protected members ‘Just Price’ for goods Set work week,
hours, pay Social welfare
programs – workmen compensation
Entertainment and religious feasts
Training ; apprentice, journeyman and master craftsman.
Could take 7 to 20 years
Guilds prevented competition
Passed down through the family
Practice Regents Question – 8/13
4. Which statement best characterizes Europe during the early Middle Ages?(1) A centralized government provided law and order.(2) Manorialism developed to meet the people’s economic needs.(3) People adopted humanism and questioned the Church.(4) A standardized currency promoted international trade.
Practice Regents5. During the European Middle Ages, guilds were created to
(1) obtain better working conditions in factories (2) standardize goods and prices(3) regulate the money supply(4) increase competition
Medieval Church
Powerful institution: had its own
•Government•Laws•Courts•Taxation System
Church and Feudalism –
Church owned large tracts of land (papal state) led by pope
High Church Officials were Feudal Lords
Gave blessings for knighthood
“Peace/Truce of God” to curb feudal warfare
Church’s Control of Daily Life –
Sacraments –1. Baptism2. Holy Eucharist3. Confirmation4. Penance5. Ordination6. Matrimony7. Anointing of the Sick
Excommunication – can not receive sacraments and treated like outcasts (lose property)
Tithe – giving alms
Practice Regents Question6. During the early Middle Ages, western European societies were most influenced by
(1) national monarchies (2) the Roman Catholic Church(3) elected parliaments(4) the Byzantine emperors
Monasteries –
Seat of Education
Copy Greek & Latin Texts/illuminated manuscripts – ex. Book of Kells
Charities: sick, orphans, and homeless.
How did the Church’s involvement in political affairs open the door to corruption?
•Contact with wealth and power often tempted church officials to ignore vows of poverty and obedience.
•Simony (buying and selling of religious orders)
•Lay Investiture (when secular or non-religious - rulers gave the symbols of office to the bishop they appointed)
Late Medieval - Monarchs begin to actively oppose Church’s power – especially in areas of:
- priests following church laws not country’s
- priests not paying tax on property
•Babylonian Captivity (1294, King Philip IV of France kidnaps Pope who refused to pay taxes. Philip elects new pope who rule from Avignon, France) lasted from 1309-1378
•Great Schism (pope in Rome and pope in Avignon – results in France no longer papal fief, pope stays in Rome, popular discontent)
Spanish Inquisition
Isabella and Ferdinand strengthen ties with church in Late Medieval to fight off Muslims and expel Jews. (1492) used the special Church court to try people of heresy (holding beliefs other than those of Catholic Church)
Practice Regents Questions7. Which statement below best describes the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe during the Middle Ages?
1 The Church encouraged individuals to question authority.2 Church leaders were only involved in spiritual activities.3 The Church gained influence as people became more interested in secular affairs.4 The Church provided a sense of stability, unity, and order.
Medieval Europe – Art/Literature
Development of Scholasticism Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Summa
Theologica (teachings of Christ can be compatible with human reason and logic)
Vernacular literature (written in the language of the people – not Latin) – Boccacio’s Decameron and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (regarding plague); Dante’s Divine Comedy
Romanesque Romanesque
Architectural StyleArchitectural Style
Romanesque Romanesque
Architectural StyleArchitectural Style
Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Gothic Gothic Architectural Architectural StyleStyle
Gothic Gothic Architectural Architectural StyleStyle
Pointed arches.
High, narrow vaults.
Thinner walls.
Flying buttresses.
Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle
Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings
Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities
Medieval England After collapse of Roman Empire, pagan Germanic
tribes of Angles and Saxons invaded (late 5th-6th centuries) – legends of King Arthur to battle them, converted to Christianity
1066 – William the Conqueror (Normandy, France) conquers England, destroyed Anglo-Saxon monarchy, grants fiefs to Norman knights
English & French politics now have close political and cultural ties – but also conflict
William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)
William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)
How can a country limit the power of a king?
King John I at King John I at Runnymeade
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.
Limited the power of the Monarchy !!!
MAGNA CARTA
Creation of Parliament (1295)
Two knights from every county Two residents Two knights from every county Two residents from each town meeting Law made in from each town meeting Law made in consultation with representativesconsultation with representatives
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons knights and burgesses.
True Power rests in the fact that they control taxes –
king can not go to war without getting money from
Parliament.
Practice Question Regents8. Which institution became stronger and limited the monarchy in order to end absolutism in England?
(1) banks (3) guilds(2) Parliament (4) Anglican Church
Hundred Years’ War 1337-1452
Causes:
•William the Conqueror (from Normandy, France) in 1066 took over England (Battle of Hastings)
•Elite were French speaking, peasants spoke German dialect
English control of French Land (Eleanor of Aquitaine’s was divorced by King Louis of France, she then marries Henry II of England)
Economic Trade Rivals
Edward III of England claims throne of France when French king dies without heir.
Battles:•Early victories for England due to invention of English Longbow.
•They also had cannons powered by gunpowder
Joan of Arc
At 12yrs, she began hearing voices of saints who told her to free France from the English.
She cut her hair and dressed as a man. English tried her as a witch.
She was burned at the stake in 1431 at 19yrs of age. She was canonized in 1920.
Result of the 100 Years War: Decline of Feudalism
France:•Growing sense of national pride and loyalty to king•King had power to raise taxes for standing army•Power of feudal lords limited under Louis XI•King could rule without consulting Estate General•Controlled most of modern-day France
England:•Lost French lands•Growing power of King over nobles •Parliament bargained for more rights as King needed money. •Civil War (War of the Roses) arose in which most of feudal lords killed off
Black Death
•1300s – Economic and Social Problems
•1348 – Bubonic Plague (“Black Death”) arrives in Europe via fleas on rats from Asia, following trade routes.
•By 1350 - European population declines by 17.5 million (about 1/3 of the total population)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grbSQ6O6kbs&safe=active
Practice Regents – 1/201410. In general, in which direction did the BlackDeath spread during the 14th century?(1) from Europe to the Americas(2) from Africa to Southeast Asia(3) from Asia to Europe(4) from the Americas to Asia
Symptoms of the Bubonic Plague:
Some of the things that can happen to you are:•Shivering •Vomiting •Headaches •Giddiness •Intolerance to light •Pain in the back and limbs •White coating on the tongue
Probably the most tell tale sign is when the lymph nodes swell with puss, causing hard lumps to appear called BUBOES. Blood vessels break under the skin causing internal bleeding, and the blood begins to dry and turns the skin black, therefore the name THE BLACK DEATH.
“Ring-Around-the Rosie”Original Lyrics, 14th century
Ring-a-ring o’rosesA pocket full of Posies
Atish-oo! Atish-oo
We all fall down.
Some of the CRAZY ways they had to cure the disease are as follows:
•Bathing in human urine.
•Wearing of human excrement.
•Placing dead animals in the home.
•Drinking molten gold and powdered emeralds.
•Eat figs before six in the morning.
•Chop a snake up everyday.
•Try to fall asleep on the left side of the bed.
•Do not exercise.
•Do not eat any desserts.
Population Loss – (in Europe) about 1/3
• After exposure 75% chance of dying.•Florence, Italy – 75% of population wiped out•Higher Rate certain professions – doctors, clergy•Speed High – consecrated river to sink corpses, no time to bury (500-600 a day in Venice)
Economic
•Farms abandoned (rent could not be collected)•Trade declined
Cultural Effects
•Whole communities of scholars (16 of 40 professors at Cambridge died. People fled towns to avoid. Left school.•Churches collapsed•Moral collapse•Art – becomes morbid, chivalrous scenes replaced by dancing macabre (death) intermingling in daily scenes
Practice Regents Questions11. What was a direct result of the Black Death in Europe?(1) The rate of urbanization increased.(2) A shortage of workers developed.(3) Food crops had to be imported from the Americas.(4) German states dominated trade in the eastern Mediterranean.
Decline of Feudalism:
•Strong Monarchs and nation-states replace nobles
•Standing professional army raised through taxes replace need for warrior class
•Growth of towns and money economy hurt manorial economic basis of feudalism
•Nature of Warfare changed – longbow made heavy armored knight useless, cannons meant castles were useless
Practice Regents Questions
12. Which factor contributed to the decline in the power of the European nobles in the late Middle Ages?
(1) decreasing importance of towns and cities(2) collapse of international trade(3) rise of nation-states(4) increase in the influence of serfs
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