motivation. motivation the forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior...

Motivation

Motivation

• The forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior

• A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Motivation Motivation ActivationActivation – initiation or – initiation or

production behaviorproduction behavior

PersistencePersistence – continued – continued effort to get somethingeffort to get something

IntensityIntensity – greater vigor of – greater vigor of respondingresponding

Instinct TheoriesInstinct Theories Motivation is Motivation is innateinnate and due and due

to genetic programmingto genetic programming InstinctsInstincts are rigidly patterned are rigidly patterned

throughout a species throughout a species Animals display instinctive Animals display instinctive behavior patterns such as behavior patterns such as migration and mating migration and mating behavior behavior

IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds migrating south for the wintermigrating south for the winter

Instinct

• A complex, inherited, unlearned A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned behavior that is rigidly patterned

throughout a speciesthroughout a species

Instinct Motivation• Examples of Instincts

– Rivalry Submission– Sympathy Modesty– Fear Secretiveness– Shyness Repulsion– Cleanliness Jealousy– Food-Seeking Curiosity– Sociability Combativeness– Parental Love Hunting– Mating

Constructiveness

Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?

Why is Sally so quiet and timid?

Why is Dave so overweight?

Why does Jane beat her children?

Why do people do the things that they do?(Instinct Theory)

• Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights? Combativeness Instinct

• Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Shyness Instinct

• Dave is overweight and can’t stop eating because of his food-seeking instinct.

• Jane beats and neglects her children because she wasn’t born with a parental love instinct.

Drives • Aroused states of tension created by an imbalance

• Organism must reduce the drive to restore balance

DRIVE – REDUCTION THEORY

• Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Drive-Reduction Theory

Drive-Reduction Theory

Drive-Reduction Theory

Drive-Reduction Drive-Reduction MotivationMotivation HomeostasisHomeostasis = The body = The body

monitors and maintains monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and temperature, fluid levels, and energy suppliesenergy supplies

If any of these levels deviates very If any of these levels deviates very far from the optimal level, the body far from the optimal level, the body initiates processes (motivation) to initiates processes (motivation) to bring the condition back to normalbring the condition back to normal

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

• Why did Jim steal the candy bar?

• Why did Carrie put on a sweatshirt?

• Drive theories are inadequate

• many people strive to increaseincrease tension and physiological arousal

Such as by running a marathon or jumping out

planes…

Arousal Theory we are motivated to maintain an we are motivated to maintain an

optimal level of arousaloptimal level of arousal

• When arousal levels get too low, a person might watch an exciting movie or go for a jog.

• When arousal levels get too high, a person looks for ways to relax such as meditating or reading a book.

• Arousal level can vary based on the individual or the Arousal level can vary based on the individual or the situation.situation.

• Why does Jill take a nap after playtime?

• Why does Bill drive so fast on his way home from work?

Incentive Theory• Extrinsic Motivation

• Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of external rewards (reinforcement principal)

or punishment…

Intrinsic Motivation

• Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by internal factors, to do something for its own sake

• Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a good for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a good

or right thing to do.or right thing to do.

• Why did Dave kill Bill?

• Why did Janet swim laps in the pool every day after school?

• Why did Stanley study so much?

• Why did Cassie become a nun?

Don’t forget Freud….

• PsychanalysisPsychanalysis - Motives come from the unconscious mindunconscious mind…

ErosEros – your “life instinct” is the drive for survival, procreation and creativity• continually at odds with your Thanatos

ThanatosThanatos - is its opposite, your “death instinct” - “the goal of all life is death”

• people hold an unconscious desire to die which is exhibited by self-destructive behaviors. Often directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence.

Social Acceptance

Behaviors are motivated by the desire to increase our social acceptance and inclusion in social groups.

MORE MOTIVATIONS…

ControlControl• Motivation is driven

by a need to control one’s environment.

• to be decisive, assertive, and influence others for personal gain.

MORE MOTIVATIONS…

Competition• Comparing your performance to others

can enhance your self-esteem.

• This could determine your behavior in school, on the field or elsewhere…

MORE MOTIVATIONS…

Motivation• Humanistic Theory

• People are motivated to satisfy a progression of internal needs, beginning with the most basic

and moving towards the realization of personal potential

Sound Familiar….?Sound Familiar….?

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs

Humanistic MotivationMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Why is Lisa so religious?

• Why did Eric join a gang?

• Why did Fred join the Peace Corps?

Hint - his other needs have been satisfied…

Specific Motivations

•Hunger

•Sex

•Achievement

Hunger

• What physiological factors cause us to feel hungry?

• What psychological factors cause us to feel hungry?

Hunger – Physiological Factors• Hypothalamus

• Set-Point Theory – the hypothalamus decides what signal to send based on a

genetic metabolic rate (how quickly the body uses energy)

Your body’s Your body’s thermostat!thermostat!Maintains Maintains

HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS

Hunger – Physiological Factors• Lateral

Hypothalamus – part of the brain responsible for hunger

• Ventromedial Hypothalamus

– part of the brain

responsible for stopping

eating

The Hypothalamus receives The Hypothalamus receives and sends signals about and sends signals about

hunger hunger

Hunger – Physiological Factors• Glucose/Blood-Sugar Levels

– Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.

– Low blood-sugar levels triggers hunger.

• Orexin– Orexin is the hunger-triggering hormone

secreted by the hypothalamus.

Hunger – Physiological Factors

• Leptin

– Leptin is a protein secreted by fat cells.

– An abundance increases your metabolism thus decreasing hunger.

– Too little, signals the brain to increase hunger.

Hunger – Physiological Factors• Ghrelin

– Ghrelin is the hormone secreted by an empty stomach. It sends an “I’m hungry” signal to the brain.

• PYY– PYY is a digestive tract hormone that

sends an “I’m not hungry” signal to the brain.

recap

• Makes you hungry:

• OrexinOrexin

• GhrelinGhrelin

• Lateral Lateral HypothalamusHypothalamus

• Makes you NOT hungry:

• LeptinLeptin

• PYYPYY

• Ventromedial Ventromedial HypothalamusHypothalamus

Hunger – Psychological Factors

• Our eating habits are also controlled by external factors related to taste preferences, culture, media influences, convenience, moods, religion, etc.

Hunger – Psychological Factors• Preferences - hot and spicy foods, while

others enjoy sweets or salty foods.

• time periods - heaviness indicated wealth, so eating was/is encouraged.

• cultures - often enjoy dog, rat, and horse meat - eye of a camel is considered a delicacy.

• Religion - Hindus avoid eating beef

Hunger – Psychological Factors• Mood - When you are happy you may eat

certain foods, but when you are sad you may indulge in other foods.

• Supply - If there is an abundance or lack of grocery stores, fast-food drive-thru, and restaurant, eating habits may differ.

• Media - eating habits may change according to the current media portrayal of beauty especially with regards to young women.

Hunger – Psychological Factors• The Garcia Effect – Simply thinking about

a certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant episode will curb your desire for that food– IE. At the movies, your friend vomits popcorn

all over the seat and your shoes. Popcorn no longer has an appeal to you.

Hunger – Psychological Factors

• Eating Disorders

– Anorexia Nervosa – an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve

– Bulimia Nervosa – an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, (binging) followed by vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise

Weight Loss Trends

• In 2003:

• 65% of U.S. citizens indicated they tried some form of weight loss or weight control

• 49% attempted to lose at least five pounds

• 16% attempted to maintain their weight

• Only 20% however, were "very" or "extremely" successful

one out of every one hundred one out of every one hundred young women between ten and young women between ten and twenty are starving themselves, twenty are starving themselves, sometimes to death. (1% have sometimes to death. (1% have anorexia)anorexia)

four out of one hundred, college-four out of one hundred, college-aged women have bulimia. aged women have bulimia.

Only about 10% of people with Only about 10% of people with anorexia and bulimia are male. anorexia and bulimia are male.

Without treatment, up to Without treatment, up to twenty percent (20%) of twenty percent (20%) of people with serious eating people with serious eating disordersdisorders die die. .

With treatment, that With treatment, that number falls to two to number falls to two to three percent (2-3%).three percent (2-3%).

• Average woman– 5’4” 145 lbs. Size 11-14 36/37-29/31-40/42

• Barbie– 6’ 101 lbs. Size 4 39-19-33

Overweight

• What motivates people to eat too much??

Overweight• Who to Blame?

– Genetics– Population Trends– Lifestyle– High-Carb Diets– Decline in Smoking– Less Demanding Workplace– Television– Social Class

Achievement

• Achievement Motivation refers to a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Achievement Motivation

• A desire for significant accomplishment

• A desire for the mastery of things, people, or ideas

• A desire for attaining a high standard

Achievement

• Industrial-Organizational Psychology is the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace– Personnel Psychology: focuses on recruitment,

selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development of workers

– Organizational Psychology: focuses on how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation , satisfaction, and productivity

Achievement

• When applying achievement motivation to a workforce, managers generally chose one of the following:– Theory X – workers will only work with

benefits or threatened with punishment

– Theory Y – workers have internal motivation to do good work and only need encouragement

When Motives Conflict

• Sometimes you know exactly what to do in a situation, and sometimes the solution is unclear, you are confused, or knowing what you should do conflicts with what you want to do.

• Approach-Approach Conflict– This occurs when you have a choice between

two desirable outcomes

IE. Do I go to the rock concert or the ball game? Both are great choices.

• Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict– Occurs when you must choose between to

undesirable outcomes

– IE. Do I clean my room first, or mow the lawn?

• Approach-Avoidance Conflict– A choice you are going to make has good and

bad potential outcomes

– IE. You are lactose intolerant, but that ice cream cone on a hot day would be great.

• Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts– You must choose between two or more

things, each with good and bad outcomes

– IE. Time for college. College A has your major, but is too far from home. College B is less expensive, but has too many students.

Developing Self Motivation

• Associate your high achievement with positive emotions

• Connect your achievement with your efforts

• Raise your expectations

Motivating Others• Cultivate intrinsic motivation

• Attend to individual motives

• Set specific, challenging goals

• Choose an appropriate leadership style

–Task leadership

–Social leadership