Chapter 12 Chapter 12 Motivation and Motivation and

EmotionEmotion

MotivationMotivation• A need or desire that energizes

and directs behavior.

Early Motivation TheoriesEarly Motivation Theories

Motivation is based on our instincts:

•A behavior that is patterned throughout a species and is UNLEARNED.

http://www.learner.org/resources/series138.html?pop=yes&pid=1509# look for #12, 19

12.1 Theories of 12.1 Theories of MotivationMotivation

•4 Theories to Motivation4 Theories to Motivation• 1. Instinct Theory1. Instinct Theory

• 2. Drive- Reduction2. Drive- Reduction• 3. Incentive Theory3. Incentive Theory• 4. Cognitive Theory4. Cognitive Theory

Instinct TheoryInstinct Theorystates that motivation is the states that motivation is the result of biological, genetic result of biological, genetic

programmingprogramming • Explains some

animal behaviors

•Explains some human behaviors, we eat when we are hungry.

At the heart of this perspective, is the motivation to survive - we are biologically programmed to survive.

Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory• The idea that a physiological need

creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

• The need is usually to maintain homeostasis.

For example, we reduce the NEED to eat by eating.

Incentive TheoryIncentive Theory

• An incentive may be defined as an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior. This does not mean that it will always motivate behavior, only that it can.

Arousal TheoryArousal Theory• Sometimes we do not seek

homeostasis.

• Sometimes we seek arousal.

• Our needs go beyond reducing drives.

Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory

• We are not only pushed by our needs but.…

Pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Maslow’s Definition of a Maslow’s Definition of a Self-actualized PersonSelf-actualized Person

• Has no mental illness

• Satisfied in basic needs

• Fully exploited talents

• Motivated by values

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

MOST NEEDS HAVE TO DO WITHMOST NEEDS HAVE TO DO WITHSURVIVAL PHYSICALLY ANDSURVIVAL PHYSICALLY AND

PSYCHOLOGICALLYPSYCHOLOGICALLY

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

ON THE WHOLE AN INDIVIDUALON THE WHOLE AN INDIVIDUALCANNOT SATISFY ANY LEVELCANNOT SATISFY ANY LEVELUNLESS NEEDS BELOW AREUNLESS NEEDS BELOW ARE

SATISFIEDSATISFIED

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

ESTEEM NEEDS

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

ESTEEM NEEDS

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

NEED

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

SELF-SELF-ACTUALIZATIONACTUALIZATION

NEEDNEEDFORFOR

MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELFFOR SELF

ACTUALIZATION ISACTUALIZATION ISA HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S

PRIMEPRIMEMOTIVATIONMOTIVATION

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

SELF-SELF-ACTUALIZATIONACTUALIZATION

NEEDNEEDFORFOR

MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELFMASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION ISACTUALIZATION IS

A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIMEA HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIMEMOTIVATIONMOTIVATION

SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS ACTUALIZING ACTUALIZING

ONE’S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE ISONE’S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE ISCAPABLE OF BECOMINGCAPABLE OF BECOMING

T H E O R Y T H E O R Y

Douglas McGregor, Theories of X and Y

Theory XTheory X

• Assumes that works are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money.•Must never be trusted and always be watched.

•To work more, they must be given money.

Theory XTheory X

• Theory X assumes people dislike work and do whatever they can to avoid it. This leads to the following:

• Because people hate work, they have to be forced, threatened or bribed before they will work hard enough.

• People like to be ordered about, they seek security in authority and go out of their way to avoid taking on responsibility.

• Money is the main motivating force. Issues to do with personal security come second.

• The only creativity most people display is when it comes to avoiding work or finding ways of getting around management edicts.

Theory YTheory Y

• Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.

Theory YTheory Y

• People are generally happy to direct themselves towards any acceptable goal or target.

• Self-discipline is more effective and, in some cases, more severe than any external direction. Under the right conditions people will seek out and accept responsibility.

• Once certain basic needs are met, people are more likely to be motivated by their internal need to realize their full potential than any base incentive.

• Everyone is basically creative and capable of intelligence, most of the time these qualities are underused

two-factor theory, proposed by two-factor theory, proposed by Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzberg

• He also surmised that it is the work itself and what people get out of it, rather than factors such as pay and physical working conditions, that determines job satisfaction.

Intrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Extrinsic MotivationExtrinsic Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

Rewards AffectMotivation

Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’Controlling reward

Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’Extrinsic motivation

Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’Informative reward

Child: “I love doing well.’’Intrinsic motivation

INTRINSIC vs. EXTRINSIC

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

Why are you in AP Psych?

•Parents.

•Need the credit.

•Save money in college.

Why are you in AP Psych?

•Interesting

•Curiosity

•Competent

HungerHunger

Hunger is both physiological and psychological.

Physiology of HungerPhysiology of Hunger

• Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the stomach.

• But those with their stomachs removed still feel hunger.

Body ChemistryBody Chemistry

• Glucose

• The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat.

• When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

The BrainThe BrainIn the 1960’s it was discovered that hunger comes from………..

The Hypothalamus

The Hypothalamus & HungerThe Hypothalamus & Hunger• Along the sides of the hypothalamus is the

lateral hypothalamus: which brings on hunger.

Stimulate the lateral hypothalamus and even a well fed animal will begin to eat.

Lesion the lateral hypothalamus and a starving animal will have no interest in food.

The Hypothalamus and HungerThe Hypothalamus and Hunger• Along the lower middle section of the

hypothalamus is the ventromedial hypothalamus: which depresses hunger.

Stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus and the animal will stop eating

Lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus the animal will continuously want to eat.

How does the hypothalamus work?How does the hypothalamus work?

Leptin• Leptin is a protein

produced by bloated fat cells.

• Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity.

• Can leptin injections help me?

Set Point• Hypothalamus acts like a

thermostat.• We are meant to be in a

certain weight range.• When we fall below

weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure (Basic Metabolic Rate).

• What happens if we go above our set point?

Two Theories

The Psychology of HungerThe Psychology of Hunger

• Externals: people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors.

Taste PreferencesTaste PreferencesFood taste better and we chew less when

we are hungry (beginning of a meal).

Food tastes worse and we chew more when we are not hungry (at the end of the meal).

Its weird, the better the food tastes, the less time we leave it in our mouths.

Culture and TasteCulture and Taste

Taken from different sites on the Taken from different sites on the internet.internet.