Motivation and Emotion

Motivation a need or desire that energizes and

directs behavior Instinct

complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Motivation

• Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors.

• But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

Click on the fish to watch it’s instinctual behavior.

Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or

constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body

chemistry around a particular level Incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Drive Reduction Theory

• Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.

• Wants to maintain homeostasis.

• When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive.

• Primary versus Secondary drives

Primary vs. Secondary

• Primary drives are those related to basic survival and procreation.

• Ex. hunger, thirst, sex/affiliation• Secondary drives are related to social and

identity factors which are less important for survival.

• Secondary drives are learned drives• Ex. Money

• Using it• Understand what drives people and stimulate

these in order to get a person into action. Ensure you motivate the drive such that the person acts in a way that you want them to.

• Defending• When you feel driven to do something, pause

and wonder why. Have you been wound up like a toy by someone?

Arousal Theory

• We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.

• Yerkes-Dodson Law

Yerkes-Dodson law

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal.

• We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

Motivation of HUNGER

Biological Basis of Hunger

• Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.

It comes from our…• BrainWhat part of the

brain?• The Hypothalamus-

makes us feel hungry when we need to eat

HypothalamusLateral Hypothalamus• When stimulated it

makes you hungry.• When lesioned

(destroyed) you will never be hungry again.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

• When stimulated you feel full.

• When lesioned you will never feel full again.

Set Point Theory

• The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.

• Wants to maintain a stable weight.

• Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.

Body Chemistry

• Glucose• The hormone insulin

converts glucose to fat.

• When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

Psychological Aspects of Hunger

• Internals versus Externals

• The Garcia Effect-nausea is paired with a food or drink…so we don’t eat that food anymore.

Culture and Hunger

Criadillas- bull testicles.

Mice Wine

Dog

Fried Frog Legs

Eating Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa• Characterized by

binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

Anorexia Nervosa• Starve themselves to below 85% of their

normal body weight.• See themselves as fat.• Vast majority are woman.

Click on the woman to watch a case study of an anorexic.

Obesity

• Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues.

• Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity.Click on the pictures to see

some case studies on obesity.

Sexual Motivation• Sex is natural.• Without sex, none

of us would be here.

• How do scientists (or you) find out about sex?

YOU ASK!!!!!!

Masters and Johnson Study• In the 1960’s William

Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex.

• 382 females and 312 males.

After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

Click on Masters and Johnson to see a more detailed explanation of their research.

Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle

• Initial Excitement• Plateau Phase• Orgasm• Resolution Phase

(with refractory period).

Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation

• Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex.

• Heiman 4 tape study.• People can find

sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

We have discussed the energizing of sexual motivation but have yet to discuss its direction:

Sexual OrientationAn enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender.

Kinsey’s Studies• Confidential interviews

with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s).

• Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female

• Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual.

Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

How is Sexual Orientation Determined

• There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined.

• Not related to traumatic childhood experiences

• Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay than if they were raised by hetero parents.

• This is likely biologically determined.

The Brain

• Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.

Prenatal Environment

• Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment.

• We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

Achievement MotivationWhat motivates us to work?

(School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..)

Intrinsic Motivators• Rewards we get

internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivators• Reward that we get for

accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..)

• Work great in the short run.

Management TheoryManagement/Teaching styles relate closely to

Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators.Theory X

• Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment.

• Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated.

• Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs.

Theory Y• Managers believe that

employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive.

• Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

When Motives Conflict

• approach-approach conflict

• avoidance-avoidance conflict

• approach-avoidance conflict

• Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts

Emotion

• Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.

• We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.

• The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.

• How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states.

• The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.

• They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion• Stanley Schachter explains

emotions more completely that the other two theories.

• They happen at the same time but…

• People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli.

• Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

Stress• Social readjustment

rating scale (SRRS)• Life Changing Units

(LCUs)- marriage, change job, etc…

• The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS.

• Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease.

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome

• Describes our response to a stressful event.

• Three stages1.Alarm2.Resistance3.Exhaustion