Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

• A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal

Watch this!!!

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2XLoQ1xYB0

Motivation

• Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors.

• But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

Drive Reduction Theory

• Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.

• Wants to maintain homeostasis:Biological and Cognitive

• When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive.

• Primary versus Secondary drives

Arousal Theory

• We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.

• Yerkes-Dodson Law

Yerkes-Dodson Law

• The Yerkes-Dodson Law says we perform best under the optimal amount of arousal. (Like Goldilocks)

• Not too much, not too little.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal.

• We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

Transcendence

• To strive for meaning and purpose

• Go beyond self

Motivation of HUNGER

Biological Basis of Hunger

• Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.

It comes from our…• BrainWhat part of the

brain?• The Hypothalamus

Body Chemistry

• Glucose• The hormone insulin

(produced by pancreas)converts glucose to fat.

• When glucose levels drop- hunger increases brain recognizes this you may not.

• Create homeostasis

HypothalamusLateral Hypothalamus• When stimulated it makes

you hungry.• When lesioned (destroyed)

you will never be hungry again.

• Larger Hunger

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

• When stimulated you feel full.

• When lesioned you will never feel full again.

• Very Minute Hunger

Appetite Hormones

• Orexin- triggers hunger• Ghrelin- a hunger

arousing harmone- secreted by a hungry stomach- gastro bypass surgery causes less ghrelin to be produced- less hungry

• Obesatin- suppresses hunger, sends out a fullness signal

• PYY- secreted by digestive tract- informs brain that you are not hungry – drug to suppress appetite – artificial PYY

• Leptin-secreted by fat cells-causes brain to increase metabolism- decrease hunger

Set Point Theory

• The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.

• Wants to maintain a stable weight.

• Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.

• Leptin theory

Settling Point

• A low steady gain of weight changes set point

• Settling point- level at which a person’s weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure

• Environment and biology a factor

• Psychological factors drive our hunger

• Environmental factors drive hunger

Psychological Aspects of Hunger

• Internals versus Externals – Environment

• The Garcia Effect

Preferences• Stressed out eat carbs- boosts

serotonin- which calms us• Sweet and Salty – genetic and

universal- too much salt is conditioned

• Supertasters – more taste buds more women than men

• Tastes are adaptive- hot sauce• Neophobia - dislike of things

unfamiliar protected ancestors carries onto us today.

Culture and Hunger

Criadillas- bull testicles.

Mice Wine

Dog

Fried Frog Legs

Ecology of Eating

• Eating controlled by situations• Eat more when with others• Social facilitation- our behaviors are amplified

when with others• Unit bias affects eating- size of the portions.

Americans typically have much larger portions than the French

• Lose weight use smaller bowls

Eating Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa• Characterized by binging

(eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food,laxatives).

• Characterized by over-exercising,

• Suffer anxiety and depression (after purges)

• Weight fluctuates- easy to hide

• Binge-eating disorder- overeat but do not purge- remorseful

Anorexia Nervosa• Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal

body weight.• See themselves as fat.• Vast majority are women.

• If under 450 calories metabolism slows – slow loss of weight

Explanation

• Not necessarily a sign of sexual abuse

• Family life:• Mother’s obsessed with

weight• Bulimia patients may have

been obese children, negative image

• Anorexia patient families competitive, high-achieving, protective

• Genetic: twin studies- looking for the gene

• Cultural and Gender causes: media, “Fat is bad” culture

Video Clip “Thin”

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fF0lAlo80fU

Obesity

• Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues.

• Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity. Genetic link

• Fat Cells= Adipose Tissue• Require less food to

maintain weight – Lower metabolism

Click on the pictures to see some case studies on obesity.

Fat: The Good , the bad and the Ugly

• Fat is necessary• Allows menstruation• Ideal form of stored

energy in case of famine

• Brain processing• Promotes neural

growth in babies• Needed to start puberty

• Too Much:• Diabetes• High blood pressure• Heart disease• Cancer• Arthritis• DEATH

Sexual OrientationAn enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender.

How is Sexual Orientation Determined

• There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined.

• Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents.

• This it is likely biologically determined.

The Brain

• Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.

Prenatal Environment

• Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment.

• Researchers have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

Fraternal Birth Order

• Men who have older brothers are more likely to be gay

• FBO suggests that it is a defensive maternal immune response to foreign substances produced by male fetuses.

• . May prevent the fetus from developing a typical male pattern

• Older brothers with the same mother

• Not found among sisters

60 Minutes Sexual Orientation

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5vrNYA_nik

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S5QYVe0mJY

Need to Belong

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-365iujWk8

• Humans are social animals• Alfred Adler believed humans have an “urge

to community”• Roy Beumeister and Mark Leary have

evidence for this “deep need to belong”

Ideas for Belonging

• Evolutionary: helped with survival rate- keep children close by

• Also helped with fighting: predators, enemies• The need to belong helped with reproduction

Wanting to belong

• Need to belong is deeper than the need for wealth• The balance of belonging, autonomy and and competence create a sense of well-beingOstracism is to experience real pain. With cyber-ostracism

elicits activity in the anterior cingulate of the brain which is also activated with physical pain

Acceptance may alleviate much of our violence

Spot the Fake Smile

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/

Three theories of emotion Unit 8B

• Emotions a mix of 3 things: • Physiological Heart Racing• Expressive- Running, punch• Consciously experienced thought – I am being

chased

But which came first?

• Arousal or emotional experience?• Does cognition always precede emotion?• As always psychology has several theories to

explain emotions• Here we go!!!

Emotion

• Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.

• We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.

• The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

• Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.

• Based on our autonomic nervous system

• The body changes and our mind interprets those changes as emotion.

• “I’m afraid because I run”

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• Say James-Lange theory is full of wrong.

• How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states.

• The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.

• They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.

• They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

Think – 2 cannons firing at the same time.

Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)

Cognitive awareness

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion• Stanley Schachter

explains emotions more completely than the other two theories.

• They happen at the same time but…

• Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought)

• Includes cognitive appraisal

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion• Stanley Schachter explains

emotions more completely that the other two theories.

• They happen at the same time but…

• People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli.

• Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

• If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun”

Everyone say it loud

Schacter – Two Factor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQBy8nrsriM&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=66&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Link between your emotional arousal and autonomic nervous system

• ANS mobilizes your body to action and calms it when the crisis has passed• Sympathetic system tells your adrenal glands to release epinephrine

(adrenaline) and norepinephrine ( noradrenaline)• Liver pours sugar into blood stream> to burn sugar your respiration

increases for oxygen>heart rate and blood pressure increase diverts blood to muscles> digestion slows> pupils dilate

• Crisis over= PNS calms you but not immediately some hormones linger Arousal is adaptive

• Too much arousal taxes the body- stress• Too little arousal can be disruptive- Sleepy

Emotions and Your Body

Figure 8B.2 Emotional arousal  Like a crisis control center, the autonomic nervous system arouses the body in a crisis and calms it when danger passes.

© 2011 by Worth Publishers

Emotions with similarities

• Anger• Fear• sexual arousal

• Can you match the pictures with the emotion?

Emotions with different physiological differences

• Angry faces show activity in amygdala- the emotional control center in the limbic system

• Negative emotions linked to right hemisphere• Positive ones to the left hemisphere and

frontal lobe activity• Supports James- Lange Theory• Emotions also involve cognition- supporting

Canon Bard’s Theory

Cognition and Emotion: Can we separate what we think and how we feel?

• Emotions a part of thinking or do we become what we think

• Arousal response can spill over into our response to the next event

• Spillover Effect - Schacter and Jerome an emotion from one event can spillover to another event- angry over a team losing – the anger can spillover into the streets or become passion

Cognition does not always precede emotion

• “Low road effect” react before you fully know the situation

• Brains react and process to large amounts of information without our conscious awareness. Neural pathways bypass the cortex (thinking brain)

• Easy for our feelings to hijack our thinking

• Richard Lazarus -brains react to large amounts of information without our conscious awareness

• Much of our life operates on the low road

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Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion

When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).

Courtesy of P

aul J. Whalen, P

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artmouth

College, w

ww

.whalenlab.info

Figure 8B.6 The brain’s shortcut for emotions  In the two-track brain, sensory input may be routed (a) directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction or (b) to the cortex for analysis.

© 2011 by Worth Publishers

Emotional Brains influences our choices

• Emotions such as love and hate influenced by memories, expectations and interpretations

• Highly emotional people personalize events as directed toward them

• Tend to blow an event out of proportion

Expressed Emotions

• Nonverbal language• A handshake conveys a message• Experience helps us to be sensitive to certain

emotions: abused children can spot anger quicker than non-abused children

• Texts etc. allow people to judge others solely on their words- no nuances like sarcasm

Paul Ekman – basis for Lie to Me

• Paul Ekman studied emotions and facial expressions and found there are universal facial expressions. Lying and disgust are the same in the USA and Japan.

• However, the display rules are different for collectivist cultures than individualist cultures. Chinese are not encouraged to display anger like Americans are.

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Emotional Expression and Culture

When culturally diverse people were shown six basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at

recognizing them (Paul Ekman 1989).

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Caucasian F

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Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most ofthem are present in infancy, except for contempt,shame, and guilt. Even blind children display these facial expressions.

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Cultural & Gender Differences

1. Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music.

2. The expression of anger is more encouraged in individualistic cultures (USA) than in cultures that do promote group behavior (China, Japan)

Wolfgang K

aehler

Gender and Emotion

• Women generally surpass men in in reading people’s emotional cues

• Women have greater emotional literacy – can use words

• Women tend to be more emotionally responsive – open to feelings

• Anger associated with men

• Women describe themselves as empathetic

Effects of Facial expressions

• Facial biofeedback- look angry will feel angry

• Happy- Happy • ETC.

Fear

Learned Fear• Alarm system that tells our

body to fight or flee• Fearful of many things-

truth, death etc.• Learned by observation• Evolutionary

Biology• The amygdala associates different

emotions, fear, with certain situations

• Suffer damage to hippocampus (memory)will still show fear but do not know why

• Damage to amygdala no fear• Experience and genes shape our

fears

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx0z9FjxP-Y&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=37

Anger

Short madness• Anger is physically harmful-

heart disease• Expressing anger is

culturally• Individualized cultures

encourage it• Interdependent cultures do

not – threat to group harmony

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Catharsis Hypothesis

Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or

“catharsis.”

Expressing anger breeds more anger, and Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

HAPPINESS

• Benefits of happiness:• See the world as safer• Feel more confident• Make decisions easily• Cooperative• Tolerant• healthier

• Happiness does not just feel good it does good

• Feel-good , do-good phenomenon

• A new positive psychology is on the rise- focus on the positive not negative

• We overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt

Figure 8B.18 Moods across the day  When psychologist David Watson (2000) sampled nearly 4500 mood reports from 150 people, he found this pattern of variation from the average levels of positive and negative emotions.

© 2011 by Worth Publishers

Money Buys Happiness? NOT

• Once basic needs are met more money matters less

• Diminishing returns phenomenon

• More money increases happiness in low income countries but diminishes as income rises

• Could it be that happiness produces greater incomes

Adaption and Comparison

• Adaption-level phenomenon – tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

• Ex: get a raise > really happy> adapt to this increase in money> now need another raise to feel happy again

• Think of first cell phone, Ipod etc

Yea but he has a new car syndrome

• Happiness is relative to our past experiences but also to in comparison to others

• Relative deprivation- we are worse off than others with whom we compare ourselves

• You get $2 million a year to play ball but a friend gets $4 million

• Once Bill gains a comfortable life. He is happy for a while until he compares himself to others who are better off

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Predictors of Happiness

Why are some people generally more Why are some people generally more happy than others?happy than others?