m_t_ch10_classification_ss10.ppt
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5/17/2018 M_T_Ch10_Classification_SS10.ppt
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Ch 10
Classification
of
Microorganisms
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5/17/2018 M_T_Ch10_Classification_SS10.ppt
2/23Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Student Learning Outcomes
e!ine ta"onomy, ta"on, and phylogeny.
#ist the characteristics o! the Bacteria, $rchaea, and Eu%arya domains.
i!!erentiate among eu%aryotic, pro%aryotic, and &iral species.
E"plain the scienti!ic naming
i!!erentiate bet'een culture, clone, and strain.
Compare and contrast classi!ication and identi!ication.E"plain the purpose o! Bergeys Manual.
escribe ho' staining and biochemical tests are used to identi!y bacteria.
E"plain ho' serological tests and phage typing can be used to identi!y an
un%no'n bacterium.escribe ho' a ne'ly disco&ered microbe can be classi!ied by ribotyping,
($ !ingerprinting, and PC).
escribe ho' microorganisms can be identi!ied by nucleic acid
hybridi*ation, ($ chips, and +I-.
E"plain and apply a dichotomous %ey
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Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Taxonmoy cience o! classi!ying organisms. Pro&ides
uni&ersal names !or organisms.
/a"onomic categories /a"on /a"a
Phylogenyor Systematics E&olutionary history o! group o!
organisms.
/a"onomic hierarchy sho's phylogenetic 1e&olutionary,relationships among organisms.
3464 #i&ing organisms di&ided into !i&e %ingdoms.
345 /'o types o! pro%aryotic cells !ound. Pro%aryoticrelationships determined by r)($ se7uencing.
$ll pecies In&entory 1200382029
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/he /hree:omain ystemFoundation Fig 10.1
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Level Above Kindom: The Three-Domain System
Carl
Woese
1978
Eubacteria 1&irtuosos
$rchaea 1'eirdoes
Eu%arya 1predators and thie&es
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Endosymbiotic /heory ;rigin o! Eu%aryotes
Cyanophora paradoxa:modern example ofpossible evolutionary process
Figs 10.2, 10.3
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Scientific omenclature
Common names
sed 'orld'ide
Escherichia coli
Homo sapiens
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Scientific ames
ScientifcBinomial
Source oGenus Name
Source oSpecifcEpithet
Klebsiellapneumoniae
Honors EdwinKlebs The disease
Pfesteriapiscicida
Honors LoisPfester Disease in fsh
Salmonellatyphimurium
Honors DanielSalmon
Stupor (typh-) inmice (muri-)
Streptococcuspyogenes Chains o cells(strepto-) !orms pus (pyo-)
Penicilliumchrysogenum Tutli"e (penicill-)
Produces a#ellow (chryso-)pi$ment
Trypanosoma Cor"screw-li"e(trypano-% borer& Honors 'swaldo
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!lassification: S"ecies Definition
#u$aryotic s"ecies $ group o! closely related organismsthat breed among themsel&es
Pro$aryotic s"ecies $ population o! cells 'ith similar
characteristics 1Bergeys Manual of ystematic
Bacteriologyis standard re!erence on bacterialclassi!ication. !ulture ?ro'n in laboratory media !lone Population o! cells deri&ed !rom a single cell
Strain ?enetically di!!erent cells 'ithin a clone %iral s"ecies Population o! &iruses 'ith similar
characteristics occupying a particular ecological niche.
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Phylogenetic )elationships o! Pro%aryotes
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Domain #u$arya
Animalia @ulticellularA no cell 'allsAchemoheterotrophic
Plantae @ulticellularA cellulose cell 'allsA
usually photoautotrophic &ungi ChemoheterotrophicA
unicellular or multicellularA cell 'alls o! chitinA
de&elop !rom spores or hyphal !ragments
Protista $ catchall %ingdom !or eu%aryotic
organisms that do not !it other %ingdoms
?rouped into cladesbased on r)($
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!lassification Placing organisms ingroups o! related species. #ists o!
characteristics o! %no'n organisms.'dentification @atching characteristics
o! an un%no'n to lists o! %no'norganisms.
Fig 10.!
!lassification and'dentification
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Applications,
p. 283
'dentifying (acteria
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(ergey)s *anual:!lassifying and 'dentifying Pro$aryotes
Bergeys Manual oDeterminativeBacteriologyProides identifcation
schemes or identi#in$bacteria and archaea
*orpholo$#%di+erential stainin$%
biochemical tests
Bergeys Manual o
SystematicBacteriologyProides phylogeneticinormation on bacteria
and archaea
,ased on r./se0uencin$
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!linical Lab 'dentification
*or"hological
characteristics
>se!ul !or identi!ying
eu%aryotes
Differential staining?ram staining, acid:
!ast staining
(iochemical tests
eterminespresence o! bacterial
en*ymes
(umerical )apid Identi!ication
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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Serology In&ol&es reactions o!
microorganisms 'ithspeci!ic antibodies"om#ine $no%n anti&serum %ith un$no%n#acterium
>se!ul in determining theidentity o! strains andspecies, as 'ell asrelationships amongorganisms.
Fig 10.10'lide $gglutination
E"amples lide agglutination
E#I$ (see la#) Destern blot (no details)
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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Phage Ty"ing Fig 10.13
Identi!ication o!bacterialspecies andstrains bydetermining theirsusceptibility to&arious phages.
@ore details onbacteriophagesin Ch 3
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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
+enetics DA finger"rinting:
(umber and si*es o! ($!ragments 1!ingerprintsproduced by )E digests areused to determine genetic
similarities.
)ibotyping r)($ se7uencing
Polymerase chain reaction
1PC) can be used to ampli!ya small amount o! microbial($ in a sample. /hepresence or identi!ication o!
an organism is indicated byampli!ied ($. (see la#)
Fig 10.1*' Electrophoresis o!)E digest o! plasmid ($
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ucleic Acid ,ybridiation
Fig 10.1+
ingle strands o! ($ or )($, !rom related organisms'ill hydrogen:bond to !orm a double:stranded moleculeA
this bonding is called nucleic acid hybridi*ation.
E"amples o! $pplications
Fouthern blotting,
F($ chips, and
F+I-
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(ucleic $cid -ybridi*ation ($ Chip
Fig 10.1
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+luorescent In itu -ybridi*ation 1+I-
Fig 10.1!a-#
$dd ($ or )($
probe attached to
!luorescent dye
!or . aureus
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Dichotomous Key
ANIMAI!N "ichoto#o$s %&ys: 'ractic&
ANIMAI!N "ichoto#o$s %&ys: (a#pl& )ith
Flo)chart
ANIMAI!N "ichoto#o$s %&ys: !*&r*i&)
http://dichotomous.html/http://dichotomous_sample.html/http://dichotomous_practice.html/
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