mullapperiyar dam case.pdf
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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
ORIGINAL SUIT NO. 3 OF 2006
State of Tamil Nadu Plaitiff
Ve!"u"
State of #e!ala $ A!% Defedat"
JUDGMENT
R.M. LODHA, CJI.
T&i" Cou!t !emai" "ei'ed of t&e (!o)lem *it& !e+a!d to t&e *ate!
le,el of Mulla(e!i-a! dam afte! it &ad "ol,ed o ./%0.%.001 2Mullaperiyar
Environmental Protection Forum13 )e4au"e t&e #e!ala State Le+i"latu!e
ea4ted t&e la* immediatel- t&e!eafte! fi5i+ ad limiti+ Full Re"e!,oi! Le,el
2FRL3 to 671 ft%
Mullaperiyar dam : 1886 Lease Agreement
.% Mulla(e!i-a! dam 8 a ma"o!- dam 8 *a" 4o"t!u4ted (u!"uat
to t&e Pe!i-a! La9e Lea"e A+!eemet dated .:%60%6;;1 2% T&e dam i" "ituated at T&e99ad- Di"t!i4t i
#e!ala ad i" o*ed ad o(e!ated )- t&e Go,e!met of Tamil Nadu% ?- t&e
1 Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum v. Union of India & Ors.; [(!!"# $ % "'$
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6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )et*ee t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad t&e
Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia i Cou4il t&e lea"ed a!ea a" "et out t&e!ei *a"
+!ated o lea"e fo! ::: -ea!" f!om 06%06%6;;1% T&e le+t& of t&e mai dam
i" 6.00 ft% 271>%/1 m%3 ad to( of t&e dam i" 6>> ft% 2B/%.B m%3% T&e to( of "olid
(a!a(et ad ma5imum &ei+&t of t&e dam f!om dee(e"t foudatio a!e 6>; ft%
2B;%61 m%3 ad 6/1 ft% 2>7%1B m%3 !e"(e4ti,el-% T&e FRL of t&e dam i" 6>. ft%
2B1%77 m%3% T&e o!i+ial "(ill*a- 4a(a4it- of t&e dam *a" 60 ,et" of 71 5 61
260%:/ m% 5 B%;; m%3% T&e le+t& of t&e ?a)- dam i" .B0 ft% 2/7%6> m%3%
1979-1980 : Controversy about safety of te !am
7% I 6:/: *it& !e+a!d to t&e "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam t&e
Go,e!met of #e!ala *!ote to t&e Tamil Nadu Go,e!met to ta9e immediate
"te(" to "t!e+t&e t&e dam% Simultaeou"l- t&e #e!ala Go,e!met al"o
!eue"ted t&e Cet!al Go,e!met to de(ute a team f!om Cet!al ate!
Commi""io 2CC3 to i"(e4t t&e dam ad "u++e"t "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e"%
B% I (u!"ua4e of t&e !eue"t f!om t&e #e!ala Go,e!met t&e t&e
C&ai!ma CC i"(e4ted t&e dam ad &eld a meeti+ o .>%66%6:/: i
*&i4& t&e offi4e!" f!om Tamil Nadu ad #e!ala (a!ti4i(ated% I t&at meeti+
t&!ee le,el mea"u!e" 2i3 eme!+e4- 2ii3 medium ad 2iii3 lo+ te!m *e!e
"u++e"ted to "t!e+t&e t&e dam% I t&e meatime it *a" !e4ommeded t&at
*ate! le,el i t&e !e"e!,oi! )e 9e(t at 671 ft% 2B6%B> m%3
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>% I t&e "e4od meeti+ &eld o .:%0B%6:;0 it *a" o(ied t&at
afte! t&e 4om(letio of eme!+e4- ad mediumte!m "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e"
t&e *ate! le,el i t&e !e"e!,oi! 4a )e !e"to!ed u( to 6B> ft% 2BB%. m%3%
1998 : Litigation begins
1% Tamil Nadu "a-" t&at all mea"u!e" 8 eme!+e4- medium ad
lo+ te!m a" "u++e"ted )- t&e CC &a,e )ee ude!ta9e )- it )ut de"(ite
t&at o 4o"e"u" 4ould )e !ea4&ed )et*ee t&e t*o State Go,e!met" 2of
Tamil Nadu ad #e!ala3 to !ai"e t&e *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi!
)e-od 671 ft% T&i" led to t&e fili+ of um)e! of *!it (etitio" i t&e #e!ala
Hi+& Cou!t a" *ell a" i t&e Mad!a" Hi+& Cou!t "ometime i 6::; o t&e i""ue
fo! ad a+ai"t !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi! ad t&e
"afet- of t&e dam% A" t&e 4ot!o,e!"- *a" (edi+ )efo!e t&e t*o Hi+& Cou!t"
ad t&e!e *a" li9eli&ood of 4ofli4ti+ @ud+met" "ome t!a"fe! (etitio" *e!e
filed )efo!e t&i" Cou!t%
/% O .;%0B%.000 i t&e t!a"fe! (etitio" t&i" Cou!t de"i!ed Uio
Mii"te! of ate! Re"ou!4e" to 4o,ee a meeti+ of t&e C&ief Mii"te!" of
#e!ala ad Tamil Nadu to ami4a)l- !e"ol,e t&e i""ue% T&e meeti+ *a"
4o,eed o 6:%0>%.000 )ut o 4o"e"u" 4ould )e !ea4&ed i t&e meeti+
a" *ell% Ho*e,e! i t&at meeti+ t&e Uio Mii"te! of ate! Re"ou!4e"
de4ided to 4o"titute a E5(e!t Committee to +o ito t&e detail" of t&e "afet-
of t&e dam ad ad,i"e &im o !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el i t&e !e"e!,oi!%
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;% O 6B%01%.000 t&e E5(e!t Committee *a" 4o"tituted &a,i+ t&e
follo*i+ te!m" of !efe!e4e%
m3 a" a !e"ult of "t!e+t&ei+ of t&e dam ad it" "afet- a" at 2a3a)o,e%=
:% Afte! iitial !e"i"ta4e t&e Go,e!met of #e!ala omiated oe
Mem)e! to t&e E5(e!t Committee%
60% T&e E5(e!t Committee +a,e it" fial !e(o!t o 61%07%.006% &ile
t&e matte! *a" ude! 4o"ide!atio )- t&e E5(e!t Committee it al"o +a,e
4e!tai ite!im di!e4tio"% I it" !e(o!t t&e E5(e!t Committee &ad o(ied t&at
*ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi! 4ould )e !ai"ed to 6B. ft% 2B7%.; m%3
a" t&at *ill ot eda+e! t&e "afet- of t&e mai dam i4ludi+ "(ill*a- )a)-
dam ad ea!t&e )ud%
"irst litigation before tis Court
66% De"(ite t&e a)o,e !e4ommedatio f!om t&e E5(e!t Committee
t&e Go,e!met of #e!ala 4otiued to !e"i"t !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el i t&e
!e"e!,oi! )e-od 671 ft% It *a" t&e t&at a *!it (etitio *a" filed )-
Mulla(e!i-a! E,i!ometal P!ote4tio Fo!um di!e4tl- )efo!e t&i" Cou!t
*&e!ei di,e!"e (!a-e!" *e!e made% T&i" Cou!t al"o t!a"fe!!ed t&e *!it
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6B% O 6;%07%.001 i le"" t&a t&!ee *ee9" of t&e de4i"io of t&i"
Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum6 t&e #e!ala State
le+i"latu!e ameded .007 A4t )- t&e #e!ala I!!i+atio ad ate! Co"e!,atio
2Amedmet3 A4t .001 fo! "&o!t % I t&e Se4od S4&edule a((eded to t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t
t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam o*ed ad maitaied )- Tamil Nadu i" i4luded a"
Item No% 6 *&e!e t&e &ei+&t of t&e FRL &a" )ee fi5ed at 671 ft%
(e%ond litigation before tis Court : (uit by )amil *adu
*+e salient features of t+e !!" (,mendment# ,ct are as follo-si. In %ection / clause (0a# defines custodian2 to mean a %tate 3overnment-+ic+ +as esta4lis+ed or is runnin5 or ot+er-ise operatin5 any dam in 6erala. Furt+er/ clause (ala#defines %c+eduled 7am2 to mean any dam included in t+e second sc+edule. *+e very first entry int+e %econd %c+edule is t+e Mullai Periyar 7am.ii. In %ection )8 (1# t+e -ords 9%urveillance/ inspection: is replaced 4y9ensurin5 t+e safety and security:iii. Introduction of )8($# in main +apter II < onstitution of 7am %afety,ut+ority2 to 5ive effect to +apter II inspite of any ot+er la-s.iv. =eplacement of e>istin5 section "(1#(a# to (i# 4y ne- section " (1#(a# to
(0#. *+e ne-ly su4stituted %ection "(1#/ in so far as is material/ reads as under"(1# ?ot-it+standin5 anyt+in5 contained in any ot+er la-/ 0ud5ment/ decree or order of any ourtor in any treaty/ a5reement/ contract/ instrument or ot+er document/ t+e aut+ority s+all e>ercise t+efollo-in5 po-ers vi@A
(a#(4#(c# >>> >>> >>>(d# to direct t+e custodians to carry out anyalteration/ improvement/ replacement or stren5t+enin5 measures to any dam found to pose atreat to +uman life or property;(e# to direct t+e custodian to suspend t+efunctionin5 of any dam/ to decommission any dam or restrict t+e functionin5 of any dam if
pu4lic safety or t+reat to +uman life or property/ so reBuires;(f# to advise t+e 3overnment/ custodian/ orot+er a5encies a4out policies and procedures to 4e follo-ed in site investi5ation/ desi5n/construction/ operation and maintenance of dams;(5# to conduct studies/ inspect and adviset+e custodian or any ot+er a5ency on t+e advisa4ility of raisin5 or lo-erin5 of t+e Ma>imumCater Devel or Full =eservoir Devel of any dam not 4ein5 a sc+eduled dam/ tain5 intoaccount t+e safety of t+e dam concerned;(+# to conduct studies/ inspect and adviset+e custodian or any a5ency on t+e sustaina4ility or suita4ility of any dam not 4ein5 asc+eduled dam/ to +old -ater in its reservoir/ to 5et e>pert opinion of international repute/and provide advice 4y damA4rea analysis and independent study and to direct stren5t+enin5measures or reBuire t+e commissionin5 of a ne- dam -it+in a timeframe to 4e prescri4ed toreplace t+e e>istin5 dam;:
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61% T&e State of Tamil Nadu immediatel- t&e!eafte! i"tituted t&e
(!e"et "uit ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio of Idia a+ai"t t&e State of
#e!ala% It i" e4e""a!- to ela)o!ate "ome*&at o fa4t" a" (!o4eedi+" a!e i
t&e atu!e of "uit i o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t% T&e (lait a,e!" t&at o
4omi+ ito fo!4e of t&e State" Reo!+ai"atio A4t 6:>1 2fo! "&o!t
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ad !atified 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *&i4& *a" "tatuto!il- (!ote4ted ad
4otiued )- Se4tio 60; of t&e SR A4t%
+rounds of %allenge to #006 &Amendment' A%t
6;% T&e 4&alle+e to .001 2Amedmet3 A4t to t&e e5tet it affe4t"
Mulla(e!i-a! dam i" laid i t&e (lait o di,e!"e +!oud" "ome of *&i4& a!e
t&e follo*i+
2a3 T&e im(u+ed le+i"latio amout" to u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e!
ia"mu4& a" #e!ala State Le+i"latu!e &a" a!!o+ated to it"elf t&e !ole of a
@udi4ial )od- ad &a" it"elf dete!mied t&e ue"tio" !e+a!di+ t&e dam "afet-
ad !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el *&e "u4& ue"tio" fall e54lu"i,el- *it&i t&e
(!o,i4e of t&e @udi4ia!- ad &a,e al!ead- )ee dete!mied )- t&i" Cou!t i it"
@ud+met dated ./%0.%.001%
2)3 .001 Amedmet A4t i" )e-od t&e le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e of t&e
State of #e!ala i"ofa! a" it affe4t" t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam i ,ie* of Se4tio
60; of t&e SR A4t *&i4& i" a la* made )- Pa!liamet ude! A!ti4le" 7 ad B of
t&e Co"titutio *&i4& 4ofe! (lea!- (o*e! to t!a,e!"e all le+i"lati,e et!ie"
i all t&e t&!ee li"t" i4ludi+ Et!- 6/ Li"t II%
243 T&e im(u+ed le+i"latio i it" a((li4atio to t&e Mulla(e!i-a!
dam ,iolate" t&e !ule of la* ad t&e fede!al "t!u4tu!e ad t&e "e(a!atio of
(o*e! ude! t&e Co"titutio% T&e #e!ala State Le+i"latu!e &a" ta9e t&e la*
i it" o* &ad" afte! t&e de4la!atio of la* )- t&i" Cou!t% #e!ala &a,i+
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Su)"e4tio 273 al"o 4otai" a non-obstante4lau"e ad !eui!e"
(!io! 4o"et i *!iti+ of t&e aut&o!it- fo! i4!ea"i+ "to!a+e
4a(a4it- ad fo! doi+ a- a4t o! *o!9 fo! "u4& (u!(o"e%
Su)"e4tio 2B3 di!e4t" a- a4t o! *o!9 fo! (!e(a!atio )- a-
e5e4utat to "to( t&e *o!9 immediatel- ad to a((l- fo! 4o"et
of t&e aut&o!it-%
Se4tio 1;A (!ote4t" t&e aut&o!it- ad a- offi4e! o! em(lo-ee
f!om a- "uit (!o"e4utio o! ot&e! le+al (!o4eedi+" i !e"(e4t
of a-t&i+ doe ude! t&e A4t ad al"o ou"t" t&e @u!i"di4tio of
4i,il 4ou!t"%
.001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" ot a ,alidatio a4t )ut a me!e de,i4e
to def- o)"t!u4t ad ullif- t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t ad
4o"titutioall- ite!fe!e *it& !e"t!i4t o! e5ti+ui"& t&e le+al !i+&t"
of Tamil Nadu a" u(&eld )- t&i" Cou!t% A Le+i"latu!e 4aot )-
me!e de4la!atio ad ea4tmet o,e!!ule ad ullif- a @udi4ial
de4i"io% T&e di!e4t o)@e4t ad effe4t of t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio
i" to o,e!tu! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t ad to a!!o+ate to #e!ala
t&e (o*e! to (!e,et Tamil Nadu f!om e5e!4i"i+ it" le+al !i+&t"
*&i4& &a,e al!ead- )ee u(&eld )- t&i" Cou!t%
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6:% O t&e a)o,e +!oud" Tamil Nadu &a" "ou+&t t*ofold !elief 2i3
to de4la!e t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t (a""ed )- t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e a"
u4o"titutioal i it" a((li4atio to ad effe4t o t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam ad 2ii3
to (a"" a de4!ee of (e!maet i@u4tio !e"t!aii+ t&e fi!"t defedat f!om
a((l-i+ ad efo!4i+ t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio ite!fe!i+ *it& o! o)"t!u4ti+
t&e (laitiff f!om i4!ea"i+ t&e *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% ad f!om 4a!!-i+ out t&e
!e(ai! *o!9" a" (e! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t dated ./%0.%.001 i % P%
2Ci,il3 No% 7;1 of .006 *it& 4oe4ted matte!"% T&e Uio of Idia &a" )ee
im(leaded a" defedat o% . i t&e "uit%
!efen%e by ,erala
.0% #e!ala &a" t!a,e!"ed t&e 4laim of Tamil Nadu o me!it" ad &a"
al"o !ai"ed o)@e4tio" a)out t&e maitaia)ilit- of t&e "uit% #e!ala" defe4e i"
t&at t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet fo! ::: -ea!" la("ed ude! t&e (!o,i"io" of
Se4tio /2632)3 of t&e Idia Ide(ede4e A4t 6:B/ 20 t&e lea"e *a" 4otiued a" a tem(o!a!- lea"e o aual
)a"i"% Afte! .1%06%6:>0 e,e t&e tem(o!a!- 4otiuatio of t&e lea"e 4ame to
a ed% T&e (o""e""io of t&e lad &eld ad 4otiued )- t&e t&e
Go,e!met of Mad!a" ad o* Tamil Nadu afte! .1%06%6:>0 &a" o @u!idi4al
)a"i"%
.6% #e!ala "tate" t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet o t&e )a"i" of *&i4&
Tamil Nadu &a" laid it" 4laim i" a u4o"4ioa)le 4ot!a4t )e4au"e of it"
du!atio 2::: -ea!"3 a" *ell a" t&e fa4t t&at t&e lea"e 4o,e-" fo! a "mall !et
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a ,ital !e"ou!4e of #e!ala% T&e lea"e *a" o)taied )- t&e Se4!eta!- of State
fo! Idia i E+lad o),iou"l- )- &oldi+ t&!eat of (a!amout4- o,e! Ma&a!a@a
of T!a,a4o!e *&o *a" &i" ,a""al%
..% A" !e+a!d" t&e t*o "u((lemetal a+!eemet" of 6:/0 #e!ala
"tate" t&at t&e"e a+!eemet" &a,e ot )ee e5e4uted i te!m" of madato!-
(!o,i"io" of A!ti4le .:: of t&e Co"titutio ad t&e!efo!e t&e- do ot
4o"titute 4ot!a4t" i t&e e-e of la*% I a- e,et t&e"e a+!eemet" do ot
)id t&e State le+i"latu!e at all%
.7% A)out .001 2Amedmet3 A4t it i" "tated t&at #e!ala le+i"latu!e
ea4ted t&e A4t !e+ulati+ t&e "to!a+e le,el" of .. dam" li"ted i t&e Se4od
S4&edule !ead *it& Se4tio 1.A 263 a" t&e"e dam" fall eti!el- *it&i t&e
te!!ito!- of #e!ala ad t&e"e dam" a!e 4o"ide!ed to )e eda+e!ed o
a44out of t&ei! a+e de+ee!atio de+!adatio "t!u4tu!al o! ot&e!
im(edimet"% #e!ala "tate" t&at "u4& la* i" (e!fe4tl- ,alid% Ude! Se4tio
1.A273 of t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t t&e FRL 4a )e i4!ea"ed )e-od 671
ft% afte! o)taii+ (!io! 4o"et of t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- &eaded )- a
!eti!ed Jud+e of t&e Hi+& Cou!t% If Tamil Nadu a((!oa4&e" ude! Se4tio
1.A273 #e!ala !e"e!,e" it" !i+&t to o((o"e "u4& (lea )- demo"t!ati+ &o*
"u4& i4!ea"e *ould lead to "(!ead of )a49*ate! )e-od t&e 4otou! lie of
6>> ft% ad &o* t&e flo!a ad faua i4ludi+ e4olo+- *ould )e de"t!o-ed% T&e
im(a4t of i4!ea"ed "to!a+e" o t&e "afet- of t&e dam *ill al"o )e
demo"t!ated )efo!e t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it-% T&i" *a" ot t&e matte! t&at
*a" !eui!ed to )e 4o"ide!ed )- t&i" Cou!t i t&e (!e,iou" 4a"e "i4e i t&at
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4a"e t&e fo4al i""ue *a" t&e im(li4atio" of t&e i4!ea"e i &ei+&t u(o t&e
"afet- ad ite+!it- of t&e dam% .001 2Amedmet3 A4t 4!eate" a *o!9i+
me4&ai"m to deal *it& a (!o)lem li9e di"(la4emet of t&o"e *&o"e lad" a!e
li9el- to )e affe4ted )- t&e )a49*ate! effe4t%
.B% T&e 4om(ete4- of #e!ala le+i"latu!e to ea4t t&e .001
2Amedmet3 A4t i" "ou+&t to )e @u"tified )- !el-i+ u(o Et!ie" 6/ ad 6; of
Li"t II 2State Li"t3 ad Et!ie" 6/ 6/A ad 6/? of t&e Co4u!!et Li"t of t&e
Se,et& S4&edule to t&e Co"titutio% #e!ala al"o "tate" t&at it i" 4om(etet
fo! t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e to modif- t&e te!m" of t&e lea"e i (u)li4 ite!e"t 2if
t&e lea"e &a" "u!,i,ed a" 4oteded )- t&e Tamil Nadu3 a" t&e lea"e
i&e!ited ude! A!ti4le .:> of t&e Co"titutio doe" ot )id t&e le+i"latu!e of
t&e "tate ad t&at it i" al*a-" o(e to t&e le+i"latu!e to modif- "u4& 4oditio"
)- la*%
.>% A" !e+a!d" "t!u4tu!e of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam #e!ala" "tad i"
t&at it i" ot 4o"t!u4ted eti!el- *it& !u))le ma"o!- i lime mo!ta!% T&e f!ot
ad !ea! fa4e" a!e 4o"t!u4ted of u4ou!"ed !u))le ma"o!- i lime mo!ta!%
T&e &ea!ti+ 24ete! 4o!e3 i" of lime "u!9&i 4o4!ete t&e!efo!e dam 4aot )e
4o"ide!ed a" &omo+eeou" ma"o!- dam ude! a- 4i!4um"ta4e"% I ,ie*
of #e!ala a dam 4ould e,e! &a,e )ee iteded to !emai fo! lo+ -ea!"
*it&out de4ommi""ioi+ at "ome (oit of time% Fo! t&i" )a49+!oud (eo(le i
#e!ala li,i+ i t&e do*"t!eam !e+io of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam &a,e !ai"ed
"e!iou" a((!e&e"io" a+ai"t t&e "afet- of t&e "t!u4tu!e%
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.1% #e!ala &a" deied t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a ite!"tate !i,e!% It &a"
a""e!ted t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a it!a"tate !i,e! a" it !i"e" i Kuilo Di"t!i4t i
#e!ala ad t!a,e!"e" ol- t&!ou+& t&e te!!ito!- of #e!ala )efo!e falli+ ito t&e
A!a)ia "ea% T&e total 4at4&met of Pe!i-a! )a"i i" >7:; "% 9m% of *&i4&
ol- a)out 667 o! 66B "% 9m% lie *it&i t&e te!!ito!- of Tamil Nadu% E,e t&i"
"mall 4at4&met of 667 "% 9m% l-i+ i Tamil Nadu i" i t&e do*"t!eam
!e+io of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam% T&e!efo!e o *ate! f!om t&i" 4at4&met i"
4ot!i)uted to t&e 9itt- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam%
./% A" !e+a!d" t&e ea!lie! @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t #e!ala" "tad i"
t&at t&e @ud+met 4o4luded t&e i""ue !elati+ to "afet- of t&e (eo(le ad
de+!adatio of t&e e,i!omet a(a!t f!om i""ue a!i"i+ f!om A!ti4le 717 of
t&e Co"titutio% T&e do4t!ie of res judicatao! constructive res judicata&a"
o !ele,a4e to t&e ue"tio of (o*e!" o t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e to !e+ulate
t&e "to!a+e le,el of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam i la!+e! (u)li4 ite!e"t )-
le+i"latio% #e!ala "tate" t&at t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio !emo,e" t&e le+al )a"i"
of t&e @ud+met i%e% t&e !i+&t of Tamil Nadu to "to!e *ate! u( to 6B. ft% i
Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi!% T&e le+i"latu!e i" 4om(etet to !emo,e t&e )a"i" of a-
@ud+met ad t&e!efo!e it i" ot (e!mi""i)le fo! Tamil Nadu to 4laim a- !i+&t
to "to!e *ate! at Mulla(e!i-a! dam )e-od 671 ft% #e!ala &a" a""ailed t&e
fidi+" ad 4o4lu"io" i t&e ea!lie! @ud+met dated ./%0.%.001 o all
(o""i)le +!oud"%
.;% #e!ala &a" !ai"ed t&e o)@e4tio a)out maitaia)ilit- of t&e
(!e"et "uit ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio of Idia% A44o!di+ to #e!ala
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)e4au"e t&e )a"i" of 4laim made )- Tamil Nadu lie" i t&e 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet *&i4& i" a 4ot!a4tual !i+&t leadi+ to 4i,il di"(ute if a- )ut it i"
ot i di"(ute i t&e 4o"titutioal 4ote5t a" !eui!ed ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e
Co"titutio of Idia% #e!ala" fu!t&e! 4a"e i" t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a"
e5e4uted )et*ee t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia
i E+lad ad a" "u4& t&e a+!eemet i" i t&e atu!e of t!eat- ad a4t of
"tate t&e efo!4emet of *&i4& i" )a!!ed )- (!o,i"o to A!ti4le 676 of t&e
Co"titutio% Tamil Nadu t&e!efo!e 4aot "ee9 efo!4emet of 6;;1 lea"e
deed )efo!e t&i" Cou!t%
.:% #e!ala &a" al"o 4&alle+ed t&e !e(o!t of t&e E5(e!t Committee fo!
a""e""i+ t&e "t!u4tu!al "afet- of t&e dam t&at *a" !elied u(o )- t&i" Cou!t i
it" @ud+met o ./%0.%.001% #e!ala "a-" t&at )ot& t&e ite!im !e(o!t ad
fial !e(o!t "u)mitted )- t&e E5(e!t Committee a!e !iddled *it&
i4o"i"te4ie" ad t&e ,ie*" of t&e Committee do ot 4o"titute a
aut&o!itati,e o(iio% #e!ala &a" deied t&at "to!a+e" at Mulla(e!i-a! dam
)e-od 671 ft% *ill ot (o"e a- da+e!%
70% #e!ala "tate" t&at t&e "to!a+e at Mulla(e!i-a! dam )e-od 671 ft%
*ould ot )e !eui!ed to meet t&e i!!i+atio !eui!emet of .0;6BB a4!e" i >
"out&e! di"t!i4t" of Tamil Nadu alt&ou+& t&e i!!i+atio o!i+iall- (laed *a"
ot mo!e t&a 6%> la9& a4!e"% #e!ala &a" deied t&e 4otetio of Tamil Nadu
t&at due to o!e"to!atio of FRL f!om 671 ft% Tamil Nadu" i!!i+atio i"
+etti+ "uffe!ed% A44o!di+ to #e!ala Tamil Nadu *a" a)le to i!!i+ate mo!e
a!ea *it& Mulla(e!i-a! *ate! e,e afte! lo*e!i+ t&e *ate! le,el to 671 ft%
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76% #e!ala &a" t&u" (!a-ed t&at "uit filed )- Tamil Nadu )e
di"mi""ed *it& 4o"t"%
ssues
7.% O 67%6.%.00/ t&e Cou!t f!amed t&e follo*i+ i""ue" fo!
4o"ide!atio i t&e "uit
% &et&e! t&e "uit )a"ed o a le+al !i+&t 4laimed ude! t&e lea"edeed e5e4uted )et*ee t&e Go,e!met of t&e Ma&a!a@a of
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T!a,a4o!e ad t&e Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia o .:%60%6;;1 i")a!!ed )- t&e (!o,i"o to A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio of Idia
1% &et&e! t&e fi!"t defedat i" e"to((ed f!om !ai"i+ t&e (leat&at t&e deed dated .:%60%6;;1 &a" la("ed i ,ie* of "u)"euet4odu4t of t&e fi!"t defedat ad e5e4utio of t&e "u((lemetala+!eemet" dated .:%0>%6:/0 !atif-i+ t&e ,a!iou" (!o,i"io" of t&eo!i+ial Deed dated .:%60%6;;1%
/% &et&e! t&e lea"e deed e5e4uted )et*ee t&e Go,e!met oft&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia o.:%60%6;;1 i" ,alid )idi+ o fi!"t defedat ad efo!4ea)le )-(laitiff a+ai"t t&e fi!"t defedat%
;% &et&e! t&e fi!"t defedat i" e"to((ed f!om 4otedi+ t&atPe!i-a! Ri,e! i" ot a ite!State !i,e!%
:% &et&e! t&e offe! of t&e fi!"t defedat to 4o"t!u4t a e* dama4!o"" Ri,e! Pe!i-a! i t&e do*"t!eam !e+io of Mullai Pe!i-a! Dam*ould meet t&e ed" of @u"ti4e ad !eui!emet" of (laitiff%
60% &et&e! t&e fi!"t defedat 4a o)"t!u4t t&e (laitiff f!omi4!ea"i+ t&e *ate! le,el of Mullai Pe!i-a! Dam to 6B. ft% ad f!om4a!!-i+ out !e(ai! *o!9" a" (e! t&e @ud+met dated ./%.%.001 of t&i"Cou!t i P2C3 No% 7;1.006%
66% To *&at !elief i" t&e (laitiff etitled to=
!o%umentary and oral eviden%e by te parties
77% T&e admi""iodeial of do4umet" tede!ed )- t&e (a!tie" *a"
4om(leted o 61%0>%.00;% Do4umet" E5% P6 to E5% PBB tede!ed )- Tamil
Nadu *e!e admitted )- #e!ala ad do4umet" E5% D6 to D6/ tede!ed )-
#e!ala *e!e admitted )- Tamil Nadu% Tamil Nadu" do4umet" E5% P6 to
PB ad #e!ala" do4umet" E5% D6 to D.B *e!e deied )- t&e ot&e! "ide%
7B% A" !e+a!d" o!al e,ide4e Tamil Nadu (!odu4ed R% Su)!amaia
2P63 a" t&e "ole *ite""% O t&e ot&e! &ad #e!ala (!odu4ed fi,e
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*ite""e" V%#% Ma&aude,a 2D63 #% Ja-a9uma! 2D.3 D!% A%#%
Go"ai 2D73 D!% D&!u)a@-oti G&o"& 2DB3 ad M%#% Pa!ame"*a!a Nai!
2D>3%
.eferen%e to te /-udge Constitution en%
7>% Iitiall- t&e matte! *a" &ea!d )- a t&!eeJud+e ?e4&% O
60%66%.00: matte! *a" !efe!!ed to t&e Co"titutio ?e4& a" "ome of t&e
i""ue" f!amed i t&e "uit i,ol,ed de4i"io o 4e!tai "u)"tatial ue"tio" of
la* 4o4e!i+ ite!(!etatio of t&e Co"titutio ad i (a!ti4ula!
2i3 A!ti4le" 7 ad B !ead *it& A!ti4le .B1 of t&e Co"titutio
2ii3 A!ti4le 676 !ead *it& A!ti4le 7. of t&e Co"titutio 2i t&e
4ote5t of res-judicata3
2iii3 P!o,i"o to A!ti4le 676 !ead *it& A!ti4le" .:> ad 717 of t&e
Co"titutio ad t&e effe4t of t&e Co"titutio 2.1t&
Amedmet3
A4t 6:/6 ad
2i,3 T&e effe4t of de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental
Protection Forum1 i t&e 4ote5t of afo!e!efe!!ed 4o"titutioal
(!o,i"io"%
Constitution of te 2mpo3ered Committee &2C'
71% A ,e!- im(o!tat de,elo(met o44u!!ed *&e t&e matte! *a"
ta9e u( iitiall- )- t&e Co"titutio ?e4&% It *a" felt )- t&e Co"titutio
?e4& t&at e5amiatio of all a"(e4t" of t&e matte! i4ludi+ "afet- of
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Mulla(e!i-a! dam )- a Em(o*e!ed Committee 2EC3 ma- &el( t&e Cou!t i
de4idi+ t&e matte! effe4ti,el-% A44o!di+l- o 6;%0.%.060 t&e Co"titutio
?e4& di!e4ted t&e Cet!al Go,e!met to 4o"titute a EC ude! t&e
C&ai!ma"&i( of D!% A%S% Aad fo!me! C&ief Ju"ti4e of Idia ad 4om(!i"i+
of t*o mem)e!" omiated )- t&e State" of #e!ala ad Tamil Nadu ad t*o
!eo*ed te4&i4al e5(e!t"% T&e EC *a" !eue"ted to &ea! (a!tie" to t&e "uit
o all i""ue" t&at ma- )e !ai"ed )efo!e it *it&out )ei+ limited to t&e i""ue"
t&at &a,e )ee !ai"ed )efo!e t&e Cou!t i t&e matte! ad fu!i"& a !e(o!t a" fa!
a" (o""i)le *it&i "i5 mot&" f!om it" 4o"titutio% It *a" left o(e to t&e EC to
f!ame it" o* (!o4edu!e ad i""ue a((!o(!iate di!e4tio" a" to t&e &ea!i+" a"
*ell a" ,eue of it" "itti+" ad it *a" al"o left to t&e EC to !e4ei,e "u4&
fu!t&e! e,ide4e a" it 4o"ide!ed a((!o(!iate% It *a" &o*e,e! 4la!ified t&at
t&e le+al ad 4o"titutioal i""ue" i4ludi+ ,alidit- of t&e .001 Amedmet
A4t a!e matte!" t&at *ould )e 4o"ide!ed )- t&e Cou!t%
7/% T&e EC "u)mitted "tatu" !e(o!t" f!om time to time% T&e time fo!
+i,i+ fial !e(o!t *a" e5teded al"o% T&e !e(o!t *a" "u)mitted )- t&e
Em(o*e!ed Committee fiall- o .7%0B%.06.%
+eneral observation
7;% A" a +ee!al o)"e!,atio )efo!e *e em)a!9 u(o t&e di"4u""io
o di,e!"e i""ue" it mu"t )e "tated t&at a "uit of t&i" atu!e 4aot ad ou+&t
ot to )e de4ided *it& ,e!- te4&i4al a((!oa4& i"ofa! a" (leadi+" ad
(!o4edu!e a!e 4o4e!ed% A "uit filed i o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t i" ot
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+o,e!ed )- t&e (!o4edu!e (!e"4!i)ed i Ci,il P!o4edu!e Code "a,e ad
e54e(t t&e (!o4edu!e *&i4& &a" )ee e5(!e""l- made a((li4a)le )- t&e
Su(!eme Cou!t Rule"% It i" al"o im(o!tat to )ea! i mid t&at t&e 4ote"t
)et*ee t&e "tate" i" to )e "ettled i t&e la!+e ad am(le *a- t&at aloe
)e4ome" t&e di+it- of liti+at" 4o4e!ed 2State of Andhra Pradesh73%
Ufo!tuatel- t&e!e i" a "&a!( 4ofli4t o,e! ea4& ad e,e!- a"(e4t of t&e
"u)@e4t matte! )et*ee t&e 4ote"ti+ "tate"% E,e i !e"(e4t of t&e !e(o!t
"u)mitted )- t&e EC 4&ai!ed )- a fo!me! C&ief Ju"ti4e of t&i" Cou!t oe
omiee ea4& of t&e t*o "tate" *&o a!e fo!me! @ud+e" of t&i" Cou!t ad t*o
!eo*ed te4&i4al e5(e!t" t&e t*o "tate" &a,e diffe!et ,ie*" alt&ou+& EC
&a" "u)mitted it" !e(o!t afte! a ,e!- tediou" ad miute 4o"ide!atio of fa4t"
o t&e "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam *&i4& em)!a4ed t&e !e(o!t" of te"t"
i,e"ti+atio ad te4&i4al "tudie" 4a!!ied out t&!ou+& t&e t&!ee a(e5
o!+ai'atio" )e"ide" t&!ou+& ot&e! "(e4iali"t o!+ai'atio" of t&e
Go,e!met of Idia ad "(e4iali"t e5(e!t a+e4ie" ad al"o afte! "ite
a((!ai"al% Mo!eo,e! t&e i,e"ti+atio" te"t" ad te4&i4al "tudie" *e!e
di!e4ted to )e 4a!!ied out )- t&e EC i a""o4iatio *it& t&e !e(!e"etati,e" of
)ot& t&e State"%
ssue *os4 15 /5 6 and 7.
7:% T&e"e fou! i""ue" a!e ite!!elated ia"mu4& a" t*o of t&e"e
i""ue" !elate to ,alidit- ad )idi+ atu!e of 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet ad t&e
$%tate of ,nd+ra Prades+ v. %tate of Ma+aras+tra and Ors.; [(!1$# ) % ".
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effe4t of 6:/0 "u((lemetal a+!eemet" ad t&e ot&e! t*o i""ue" 4o4e!
maitaia)ilit- of "uit ude! A!ti4le 676 if 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" &eld ,alid
)idi+ ad efo!4ea)le% E5te"i,e a!+umet" &a,e )ee add!e""ed to u" )-
t&e lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! t&e t*o 4ote"ti+ "tate" i !e"(e4t of t&e"e
i""ue"% Ho*e,e! it mu"t )e oted immediatel- t&at #e!ala did ot di"(ute t&e
(o"itio t&at ude! Se4tio 6// of t&e Go,e!met of Idia A4t 6:7> e5i"ti+
4ot!a4t" made )- t&e Se4!eta!- of State (!io! to 6:7> 2made fo! t&e (u!(o"e"
of t&e Go,e!met of a P!o,i4e3 *ould &a,e effe4t a" if t&e- *e!e made o
)e&alf of t&at P!o,i4e% I ,ie* of t&i" admitted (o"itio )- #e!ala *e "&all
fi!"t "ee *&et&e! 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a" a e5i"ti+ 4ot!a4t made fo!
t&e (u!(o"e" of t&e Go,e!met of P!o,i4e of Mad!a" o t&e 4omme4emet
of 6:7> A4t%
1886 Lease Agreement 3eter an eisting %ontra%t under 19$/ A%t
B0% T&e Mad!a" P!e"ide4- 2Fo!t St% Geo!+e3 *a" e"ta)li"&ed )- t&e
Pitt" A4t 6/;B% T&e!eafte! )- t&e Go,e!met of Idia A4t 6;>; t&e
te!!ito!ie" ude! t&e Go,e!met of Ea"t Idia Com(a- *e!e t!a"fe!!ed fo!
)ei+ ,e"ted i He! Ma@e"t-% Ude! t&i" ea4tmet t&e Se4!eta!- of State i
Cou4il *a" em(o*e!ed to ete! ito 4ot!a4t"% ?- t&e 6;>: 2Amedmet3
A4t t&e ?!iti"& Pa!liamet aut&o!i"ed t&e Go,e!o! i Cou4il of Fo!t St%
Geo!+e to ete! ito 4ot!a4t" !efe!!ed to a" Se4!eta!- of State i Cou4il%
6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a" ete!ed ito )et*ee t&e Se4!eta!- of State i
Cou4il ad Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ude! t&i" (!o,i"io% Go,e!met of Idia
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A4t 6:6: did ot alte! t&e (o"itio *it& !e+a!d to t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet
"i4e P!e"ide4- of Fo!t St% Geo!+e *a" t!eated a" P!o,i4e fo! t&e (u!(o"e"
of lo4al +o,e!met% ?- ,i!tue of Se4tio B1 of t&e 6:7> A4t t&e P!e"ide4- of
Fo!t St% Geo!+e *&i4& *a" deemed to )e a P!o,i4e ude! 6:6: A4t )e4ame
Go,e!o!" P!o,i4e of Mad!a"%
B6% Se4tio 6// of t&e 6:7> A4t omitti+ t&e ue4e""a!- (a!t !ead"
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A4t t&e Go,e!met of t&e P!o,i4e of Mad!a" i" deemed to )e "u)"tituted a"
t&e le""ee i t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet%
2ffe%t and impa%t of events bet3een 184074197 and #6401419/0
B.% I li+&t of t&e a)o,e &oldi+ *e &a,e to "ee t&e effe4t ad im(a4t
of 4e!tai e,et" t&at o44u!!ed )et*ee 6;%0/%6:B/ 2*&e A4t of 6:B/ *a"
ea4ted )- ?!iti"& Pa!liamet3 ad .1%06%6:>0 2t&e date of 4omme4emet of
Co"titutio3%
B.%6% O 6;%0/%6:B/ a )ulleti *a" i""ued )- t&e Ma&a!a@a of
T!a,a4o!e State deou4i+ all a+!eemet"%
B.%.% O ..%0/%6:B/ t&e De*a of T!a,a4o!e i" "aid to &a,e "tated i
&i" ote" "u)mitted to t&e Ma&a!a@a t&at i &i" di"4u""io *it& t&e Vi4e!o- &e
&ad ueui,o4all- deou4ed t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet ad t&at t&e Vi4e!o-
&ad a44e(ted t&e +ood "e"e ude!l-i+ t&e deou4emet%
B.%7% O 60%0;%6:B/ i &i" lette! M!% C%C% De"ai Additioal Se4!eta!-
+a,e a a""u!a4e t&at all a+!eemet" *ould )e !ee+otiated%
B.%B% O 6.%0;%6:B/ I"t!umet of A44e""io *a" e5e4uted )- t&e
Rule! of T!a,a4o!e de4la!i+ t&at T!a,a4o!e &a" a44eded to t&e Domiio of
Idia%
B.%>% Follo*i+ I"t!umet of A44e""io o 6.%0;%6:B/ it"elf a
"tad"till a+!eemet *a" ete!ed ito )et*ee State of T!a,a4o!e ad t&e
Domiio of Idia%
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aut&o!it- o! @u!i"di4tio e5e!4i"a)le )- Hi" Ma@e"t- at t&at date i o! i!elatio to Idia State" )- t!eat- +!at u"a+e "uffe!a4e o!ot&e!*i"e ad
243 t&e!e la("e al"o a- t!eatie" o! a+!eemet" i fo!4e at t&edate of t&e (a""i+ of t&i" A4t )et*ee Hi" Ma@e"t- ad a- (e!"o"&a,i+ aut&o!it- i t&e t!i)al a!ea" a- o)li+atio" of Hi" Ma@e"t-e5i"ti+ at t&at date to a- "u4& (e!"o" o! *it& !e"(e4t to t&e t!i)ala!ea" ad all (o*e!" !i+&t" aut&o!it- o! @u!i"di4tio e5e!4i"a)le att&at date of Hi" Ma@e"t- i o! i !elatio to t&e t!i)al a!ea" )- t!eat-+!at u"a+e "uffe!a4e o! ot&e!*i"e
P!o,ided t&at ot*it&"tadi+ a-t&i+ i (a!a+!a(& 2)3 o!(a!a+!a(& 243 of t&i" "u)"e4tio effe4t "&all a" ea!l- a" ma- )e4otiued to )e +i,e to t&e (!o,i"io" of a- "u4& a+!eemet a" i"t&e!ei !efe!!ed to *&i4& !elate to 4u"tom" t!a"it ad4ommui4atio" (o"t" ad tele+!a(&" o! ot&e! li9e matte!" util t&e
(!o,i"io" i ue"tio a!e deou4ed )- t&e !ule! of t&e Idia Stateo! (e!"o &a,i+ aut&o!it- i t&e t!i)al a!ea" o t&e oe &ad o! )-t&e Domiio o! P!o,i4e o! ot&e! (a!t t&e!eof 4o4e!ed o t&e ot&e!&ad o! a!e "u(e!"eded )- "u)"euet a+!eemet"%2.3 %=
B>% A" oted a)o,e A4t of 6:B/ 4ame ito effe4t f!om 6>%0;%6:B/%
Se4tio / deal" *it& t&e 4o"eue4e" of t&e "etti+ u( of t&e e* domiio"%
Clau"e 2)3 of "u)"e4tio 263 of Se4tio / de4la!e" t&at "u'e!ait- of Hi"
Ma@e"t- o,e! t&e Idia State" la("e"% O la("i+ of "u'e!ait- it (!o,ide" fo!
la("i+ of all t!eatie" ad a+!eemet" i fo!4e )et*ee Hi" Ma@e"t- ad t&e
Rule!" of Idia State" f!om t&at date% P!o,i"o a((eded to "u)"e4tio 263
&o*e,e! 4otiue" "u4& a+!eemet" ule"" t&e (!o,i"io" i "u4& a+!eemet
a!e deou4ed )- t&e Rule! of t&e Idia State o! a!e "u(e!"eded )- a
"u)"euet a+!eemet%
B1% It i" t&e 4otetio of M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e t&at fi!"tl- 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet la("ed )- ,i!tue of mai (!o,i"io of Se4tio /2632)3 of t&e A4t of
6:B/ a" it 4om(!e&ed" all t!eatie" ad a+!eemet" ad "e4odl- t&e
)
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Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e deou4ed all a+!eemet" i4ludi+ 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet%
B/% It i" t!ue t&at Se4tio /2632)3 of A4t of 6:B/ A4t u"e" t&e
e5(!e""io
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Se4tio / i ou! o(iio !efe!" to uam)i+uou" ueui,o4al ad e5(!e""
deou4emet% #e!ala &a" ot (!odu4ed a- mate!ial o! do4umet to "&o*
t&at t&e!e *a" e5(!e"" deou4emet of t&at atu!e )- t&e Rule! of
T!a,a4o!e i"ofa! a" 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" 4o4e!ed% e do ot t&i9
t&at t&e )ulleti i""ued o 6;%0/%6:B/ 4lea!l- o! fiall- deou4ed t&e 6;;1
Lea"e A+!eemet%
>6% Mo!eo,e! to )e a ,alid ad effe4ti,e deou4emet of t&e
a+!eemet )et*ee t&e Rule! ad Hi" Ma@e"t- "u4& deou4emet mu"t )e
made afte! 6:B/ A4t 4ame ito effe4t% Admittedl- t&e!e i" o deou4emet of
6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )- t&e T!a,a4o!e Rule! afte! 6>%0;%6:B/%
>.% T&e !ele,at (o!tio of t&e "tad"till a+!eemet dated 6.%0;%6:B/
!ead" a" follo*"
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>7% It i" a!+ued )- M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e t&at t&e "tad"till a+!eemet
*&i4& i" )et*ee (a!tie" diffe!et f!om t&o"e *&o &ad e5e4uted t&e 6;;1
Lea"e A+!eemet i" a f!e"& a+!eemet *&i4& )!ou+&t ito fo!4e fo! t&e time
)ei+ 4ot!a4tual o)li+atio" )et*ee t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad t&e
Domiio of Idia% A" t&e (a!tie" *e!e diffe!et ad t&e A4t of 6:B/ (!o,ided
fo! t&e la("e of t&e ?!iti"& "u'e!ait- o,e! t&e P!i4el- State" t&e ue"tio of
4otiua4e of 6;;1 lea"e a+!eemet doe" ot a!i"e% I a- 4a"e lea!ed
"eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala a!+ue" t&at "tad"till a+!eemet 4ould ot "u!,i,e
afte! t&e deletio of Se4tio 6// of t&e 6:7> A4t% e fid o me!it i t&e"e
a!+umet"% T&e "tad"till a+!eemet i" ot a f!e"& a+!eemet )et*ee
Domiio of Idia ad State of T!a,a4o!e a" "u++e"ted )- M!% Ha!i"& N%
Sal,e% T&e "tad"till a+!eemet *a" iteded fo! t&e )eefit of t&e (a!tie" *&o
*e!e (a!tie" to t&e a+!eemet" ad a!!a+emet" *&i4& *e!e matte!" of
4ommo 4o4e! e5i"ti+ )et*ee t&e C!o* ad t&e State of T!a,a4o!e% I
t&e )a49+!oud of I"t!umet of A44e""io it )e4ame e4e""a!- to &a,e
"ome a!!a+emet "o t&at t&e e5i"ti+ a+!eemet" ad a!!a+emet"
)et*ee t&e C!o* ad t&e Idia State" 4otiued% e do ot t&i9 t&at
"tad"till a+!eemet i" (oliti4al i atu!e a" 4oteded o )e&alf of #e!ala%
>B% T&e a!+umet t&at "tad"till a+!eemet 4ould ot "u!,i,e afte! t&e
deletio of Se4tio 6// *it& effe4t f!om 6>%0;%6:B/ )- ,i!tue of Idia
2P!o,i"ioal Co"titutio3 O!de! 6:B/ i" al"o *it&out "u)"ta4e% Se4tio 6//
*a" deleted )e4au"e it 4ould o lo+e! *o!9 ad )e4au"e Domiio of Idia
*a" to 4ome ito )ei+ *it& (!o,i4e" a" (a!t of t&e Domiio ad t&e!e *a"
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to )e o Se4!eta!- of State i Cou4il% e a!e i a+!eemet *it& M!% Viod
?o)de lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu t&at deletio of Se4tio 6//
*a" (!o"(e4ti,e ad it did ot affe4t t&e deemi+ t&at &ad al!ead- ta9e (la4e
i 6:7>% T&e "tad"till a+!eemet i ou! ,ie* 4aot )e "aid to &a,e )ee
*i(ed out )- t&e deletio of Se4tio 6//%
>>% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e i" !i+&t i "u)mitti+ t&at ude! Se4tio 6//
e5i"ti+ 4ot!a4t" made )- t&e Se4!eta!- of State (!io! to 6:7> *ould &a,e
effe4t a" if t&e- *e!e made o )e&alf of t&e 4o4e!ed P!o,i4e ad )- ,i!tue
of t&i" (!o,i"io t&e P!o,i4e of Mad!a" *a" a )eefi4ia!- of "tad"till
a+!eemet )ut &e doe" ot "eem to )e !i+&t *&e &e "a-" t&at t&i" "ituatio
4&a+ed o 6B%0;%6:B/ *&e t&e Idia 2P!o,i"ioal Co"titutio3 O!de! 6:B/
*a" i""ued ad t&e "tad"till a+!eemet a!!i,ed at o 6.%0;%6:B/ 4ea"ed to
)e fo! t&e )eefit of P!o,i4e of Mad!a"% A" "tated )- u" ea!lie! t&e deletio
of Se4tio 6// i" (!o"(e4ti,e ad did ot udo *&at &ad al!ead- ta9e (la4e%
T&i" al"o e+ate" t&e a!+umet of M!% Sal,e t&at t&e !i+&t" of t&e C!o*
*&i4& *e!e e@o-ed )- t&e P!o,i4e of Mad!a" ude! Se4tio 6// o deletio
of t&e "aid Se4tio &ad 4ome to a ed a" t&e!e *a" o "u44e""o! to t&e
C!o*%
>1% T&e a!+umet t&at t&e!e i" o "u44e""o! of C!o* i" i!!ele,at
)e4au"e )- ,i!tue of Se4tio 6// t&e Go,e!met of P!o,i4e of Mad!a" &ad
al!ead- )e4ome le""ee i t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )- deemi+ i 6:7>
it"elf% T&e "tad"till a+!eemet 4otiued 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )et*ee
t&e P!o,i4e of Mad!a" ad t&e State of T!a,a4o!e% 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet
G
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did ot la("e ude! t&e mai (!o,i"io of Se4tio /2i32)3 of t&e A4t of 6:B/%
T&e!e *a" o ueui,o4al ad uam)i+uou" deou4emet of 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet )- t&e Rule! of T!a,a4o!e ude! (!o,i"o to Se4tio /2i32)3% T&e
P!o,i4e of Mad!a" *a" )eefi4ia!- of t&e "tad"till a+!eemet% Su!el-
deletio of Se4tio 6// &a" ot affe4ted t&e !i+&t" of P!o,i4e of Mad!a"%
>/% Rel-i+ u(o Babu Ram Sasena!" it i" ,e&emetl- a!+ued )- M!%
Ha!i"& N% Sal,e lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala t&at u(o me!+e! of t*o
"tate" 8 T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i 8 i 6:B: all t!eatie" ete!ed ito )- t&e
Rule!" of e!"t*&ile "tate" la("ed% Hi" "u)mi""io i" t&at t&e "tad"till
a+!eemet *&et&e! it *a" a ide(edet a+!eemet o! i 4otiuatio of
6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet 4ame to a ed i li+&t of t&e le+al (o"itio e5(o"ited
i Babu Ram Sasena!% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el i t&i" !e+a!d al"o !elied u(o
t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i State of #imachal Pradesh$%
abu .am (a;sena
>;% Let u" 4a!efull- 4o"ide! Babu Ram Sasena!% T&e fa4t" i
Babu Ram Sasena! *e!e a" follo*" ?a)u Ram Sa9"ea *a" a mem)e! of
Utta! P!ade"& Ci,il Se!,i4e ad "e!,ed To9 State i ,a!iou" 4a(a4itie"% It
*a" alle+ed t&at du!i+ "e!,i4e &e &el(ed t&e Na*a) of To9 i o)taii+ t&e
"a4tio of t&e Go,e!met of Idia to t&e (a-met of R"%6B00000 to t&e
Na*a) out of State t!ea"u!- fo! t&e di"4&a!+e of &i" de)t" ad idu4ed t&e
Na*a) )- t&!eat" ad de4e(tio to (a- &im i !etu! fo! "u4& &el( "um"
'7r. Ha4u =am %asena v. %tate; [,I= 1G)! % 1)))%tate of imac+al Prades+ v. Union of India & Ors.; [(!11# 1$ % $''
$!
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totali+ R"%700000 o ,a!iou" date"% D!% ?a)u Ram Sa9"ea *a" 4&a!+ed
*it& t&e offe4e" ude! Se4tio" 7;7 >/> ad B.0 of t&e Idia Peal Code%
T&e"e offe4e" *e!e e5t!adita)le offe4e" ude! t&e Idia E5t!aditio A4t
6:07 2fo! "&o!t 6:07 A4t3% T&e *a!!at *a" i""ued ude! Se4tio / of t&e
6:07 A4t to t&e Di"t!i4t Ma+i"t!ate Naiital *&e!e t&e a44u"ed *a" !e"idi+
afte! !e,e!ti+ to t&e "e!,i4e of t&e Utta! P!ade"& Go,e!met to a!!e"t ad
deli,e! &im u( to t&e Di"t!i4t Ma+i"t!ate of To9% T&e a44u"ed !ai"ed defe4e"
o me!it" a" *ell a" to t&e ,alidit- of t&e *a!!at ad 4&alle+ed t&e
@u!i"di4tio of t&e Ma+i"t!ate at Naiital to ta9e 4o+i'a4e of t&e matte! ad
a!!e"t t&e a((ellat% T&e Hi+& Cou!t o,e!!uled all t&e o)@e4tio" ad
di"mi""ed t&e a((li4atio fo! t&e !elea"e of t&e a((ellat% T&e matte! *a"
4a!!ied to t&i" Cou!t% &nter alia t&e 4otetio o )e&alf of t&e a((ellat
)efo!e t&i" Cou!t *a" t&at t&e t!eat- ete!ed ito )et*ee t&e ?!iti"&
Go,e!met ad t&e To9 "tate o .;%06%6;1: alt&ou+& de4la!ed )- Se4tio
/ of t&e 6:B/ A4t to &a,e la("ed a" f!om 6>%0;%6:B/ *a" 4otiued i fo!4e
)- t&e "tad"till a+!eemet ete!ed ito o 0;%0;%6:B/ t&at t&at t!eat-
e54lu"i,el- +o,e!ed all matte!" !elati+ to e5t!aditio )et*ee t&e t*o "tate"
ad t&at ia"mu4& a" it did ot 4o,e! t&e offe4e" o* 4&a!+ed a+ai"t t&e
a((ellat o e5t!aditio of t&e a((ellat 4ould )e demaded o! o!de!ed% T&e
Atto!e- Gee!al o t&e ot&e! &ad !e"(oded )- 4otedi+ t&at t&e
"tad"till a+!eemet ete!ed ito *it& ,a!iou" Idia State" *e!e (u!el-
tem(o!a!- a!!a+emet" de"i+ed to maitai t&e status 'uo ante i !e"(e4t
of 4e!tai admii"t!ati,e matte!" of 4ommo 4o4e! (edi+ t&e a44e""io of
$1
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t&o"e State" to t&e Domiio of Idia ad t&e- *e!e "u(e!"eded )- t&e
i"t!umet of A44e""io e5e4uted )- t&e Rule!" of t&o"e "tate"% To9 &a,i+
a44eded to t&e Domiio o 61%0;%6:B/ t&e "tad"till a+!eemet !elied o )-
t&e a((ellat mu"t )e ta9e to &a,e la("ed a" f!om t&at date% Se4odl- t&e
t!eat- *a" o lo+e! "u)"i"ti+ ad it" e5e4utio )e4ame im(o""i)le a" t&e
To9 State 4ea"ed to a44ede (oliti4all- ad a" "u4& "o,e!ei+t- a" it
(o""e""ed *a" e5ti+ui"&ed *&e it 4o,eated *it& 4e!tai ot&e! "tate"
*it& t&e 4o4u!!e4e of t&e Idia Go,e!met
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ue4e""a!- to (!oou4e o t&e ot&e! (oit" !ai"ed )- t&e Atto!e- Gee!al
e"(e4iall- a" t&e i""ue" i,ol,ed a!e ot (u!el- le+al )ut al"o of a (oliti4al
4&a!a4te! ad *e &a,e ot &ad t&e ,ie*" of t&e a44u"ed 4o4e!ed o t&o"e
(oit"=% Ha,i+ "aid t&at Pata@ali Sa"t!i J% 4o"ide!ed t&e ue"tio *&et&e!
e5t!aditio ude! Se4tio / of t&e 6:07 A4t fo! a offe4e *&i4& i" ot
e5t!adita)le ude! t&e t!eat- i" i a- "e"e a de!o+atio f!om t&e (!o,i"io"
of t&e t!eat- *&i4& (!o,ide" fo! t&e e5t!aditio of offede!" fo! 4e!tai "(e4ified
offe4e" 4ommitted i t&e !e"(e4ti,e te!!ito!ie" of t&e &i+& 4ot!a4ti+ (a!tie"%
>:%6% I t&e ot&e! o(iio +i,e )- Mu9&e!@ea J% a" !e+a!d" t&e
ue"tio &o* fa! *a" t&e E5t!aditio T!eat- )et*ee t&e To9 State ad t&e
?!iti"& Go,e!met affe4ted )- !ea"o of t&e me!+e! of t&e To9 State alo+
*it& ei+&t ot&e! State" i ,ie* of a 4o,eat ete!ed ito )- t&e Rule!" of
t&e"e ie State" ito t&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&a it &a" )ee &eld t&at a"
a !e"ult of amal+amatio o! me!+e! a State lo"e" it" full ad ide(edet
(o*e! of a4tio o,e! t&e "u)@e4t matte! of a t!eat- (!e,iou"l- 4o4luded t&e
t!eat- mu"t la("e% Mu9&e!@ea J% oted A!ti4le 1 of t&e me!+e! ad t&e +ee!al
o(iio of t&e ite!atioal @u!i"t" t&at *&e a State !eliui"&e" it" life a"
"u4& t&!ou+& i4o!(o!atio ito o! a)"o!(tio )- aot&e! State eit&e!
,oluta!il- o! a" a !e"ult of 4oue"t o! ae5atio t&e t!eatie" of t&e fo!me!
a!e automati4all- te!miated% Mu9&e!@ea J% o)"e!,ed a" follo*"
Q%%T&e !e"ult i" "aid to )e (!odu4ed )- !ea"o of 4om(lete lo"" of(e!"oalit- 4o"euet o e5ti4tio of State life% T&e 4a"e" di"4u""edi t&i" 4oe4tio a!e +ee!all- 4a"e" *&e!e ide(edet State" &a,e4ea"ed to )e "u4& t&!ou+& 4o"t!aied o! ,oluta!- a)"o!(tio )-aot&e! *it& attedat e5ti4tio of t&e fo!me!" t!eatie" *it& ot&e!
$$
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State"% T&u" t&e fo!4ea)le i4o!(o!atio of Hao,e! ito t&e P!u""ia#i+dom de"t!o-ed t&e (!e,iou" t!eatie" of Hao,e!% T&e admi""io ofTe5a" ito t&e Uited State" of Ame!i4a )- @oit !e"olutio e5ti+ui"&edt&e T!eatie" of t&e Ide(edet Re(u)li4 of Te5a"% T&e (o"itio i" t&e"ame *&e #o!ea me!+ed ito Ja(a% A44o!di+ to O((e&eim *&o"eo(iio &a" )ee !elied u(o )- Si! Alladi o "u44e""io of !i+&t" addutie" o!dia!il- ta9e" (la4e i "u4& 4a"e" ad a" (oliti4al ad (e!"oalt!eatie" (!e"u((o"e t&e e5i"te4e of a 4ot!a4ti+ State t&e- a!ealto+et&e! e5ti+ui"&ed% It i" a de)ata)le (oit *&et&e! "u44e""io ta9e"(la4e i 4a"e" of t!eatie" !elati+ to 4omme!4e o! e5t!aditio )ut &e!ea+ai t&e ma@o!it- of *!ite!" a!e of o(iio t&at t&e- do ot "u!,i,eme!+e! o! ae5atio=
>:%.% T&e a)o,e o)"e!,atio" of Mu9&e!@ea J% *e!e )a"ed o t&e t*o
!eo*ed )oo9" 2oe3 H-de o Ite!atioal La* Vol% III P+% 6>.: ad 2t*o3
O((e&eim o Ite!atioal La* Vol% I P+% 6>.%
>:%7% Deali+ *it& t&e 4o,eat ude! 4o"ide!atio Mu9&e!@ea J%
*et o to "tate a" follo*"
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&a" )e4ome eti!el- i4a(a)le of e5e4utio% It i" ot (o""i)le fo! t&eTo9 State *&i4& i" oe of t&e 4ot!a4ti+ (a!tie" to a4t i a44o!da4e*it& t&e te!m" of t&e t!eat- fo! it &a" o lo+e! a- ide(edetaut&o!it- o! "o,e!ei+ !i+&t" o,e! t&e To9 te!!ito!- ad 4a eit&e!ma9e o! demad e5t!aditio% &e a" a !e"ult of amal+amatio o!me!+e! a State lo"e" it" full ad ide(edet (o*e! of a4tio o,e! t&e"u)@e4tmatte! of a t!eat- (!e,iou"l- 4o4luded t&e t!eat- mu"te4e""a!il- la("e% It 4aot )e "aid t&at t&e "o,e!ei+t- of t&e To9State i t&i" !e"(e4t i" o* ,e"ted i t&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&a% T&eaut&o!it- "o fa! a" e5t!aditio *a" 4o4e!ed *a" al!ead- "u!!ede!ed)- t&e To9 State i fa,ou! of t&e Domiio Go,e!met )- t&eI"t!umet of A44e""io% ?ut e,e a""umi+ t&at t&e"e t!eat- !i+&t"4ould de,ol,e u(o t&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&a )- !ea"o of A!ti4le 1of t&e Co,eat of Me!+e! t&e latte! it "eem" to me 4ould )e totall-i4a(a)le of +i,i+ effe4t to t&e te!m" of t&e t!eat-% A" &a" )ee "aidal!ead- t&e!e 4ould )e o "u4& t&i+ a" a "u)@e4t of t&e To9 State att&e (!e"et momet ad A!ti4le . of t&e T!eat- *&i4& (!o,ide" fo!
e5t!aditio of To9 "u)@e4t" a44u"ed of &a,i+ 4ommitted &eiou"offe4e" *it&i To9 te!!ito!- ad "ee9i+ a"-lum el"e*&e!e *ould )e*&oll- if!u4tuou"% T&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&a 4ould ot (o""i)l-demad e5t!aditio o t&e )a"i" of t&i" a!ti4le ad if !e4i(!o4it- *&i4&i" t&e e""e4e of a E5t!aditio A+!eemet i" +oe t&e T!eat- mu"t )edeemed to )e ,oid ad io(e!ati,e%=
>:%B% T&e ,ie* of Mu9&e!@ea J% *a" 4o4u!!ed *it& )- Ma&a@a J%
Da" J% "u)"tatiall- a+!eed *it& t&e !ea"oi+ of Mu9&e!@ea J% Fa'l Ali J%
a+!eed *it& t&e lie of !ea"oi+ i )ot& t&e @ud+met" deli,e!ed )- Pata@ali
Sa"t!i J% ad Mu9&e!@ea J%
>:%>% A 4a!eful 4o"ide!atio of t&e @ud+met )- Mu9&e!@ea J% i Babu
Ram Sasena! *ould "&o* t&at Hi" Lo!d"&i(" o(iio &a" o a((li4atio to a
o(oliti4al a+!eemet "u4& a" 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet% T&e o)"e!,atio of
Mu9&e!@ea J%
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Co"titutio of Idia al"o iitiall- ?ila"(u! 4otiued to )e admii"te!ed a"t&e C&ief Commi""ioe!" P!o,i4e ad *a" i4luded i t&e Fi!"t S4&eduleto t&e Co"titutio a" a Pa!t C State% Ude! A!ti4le .:B2b3 all !i+&t"lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e Go,e!met of t&e Domiio of Idia*&et&e! a!i"i+ out of a- 4ot!a4t o! ot&e!*i"e )e4ame t&e !i+&t"lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e Go,e!met of Idia% T&e"e (!o,i"io" oft&e ?ila"(u! Me!+e! A+!eemet dated 6>;6:B; 2E5t% DB6A3 t&e State"Me!+e! 2C&ief Commi""ioe!" P!o,i4e"3 O!de! 6:B: t&e Fi!"t S4&eduleto t&e Co"titutio ad A!ti4le .:B2b3 of t&e Co"titutio ma9e it 4lea! t&at?ila"(u! )e4ame t&e (a!t of t&e Domiio of Idia ad t&e!eafte! *a"admii"te!ed a" a C&ief Commi""ioe!" P!o,i4e )- t&e Go,e!met ofIdia ad all !i+&t" of t&e Ra@a of ?ila"(u! ,e"ted i t&e Go,e!met ofIdia% e t&e!efo!e &old t&at t&e (laitiff *ill ot &a,e a- 4au"e of a4tioto ma9e a- 4laim o t&e )a"i" of a- !i+&t of t&e Ra@a of ?ila"(u! (!io! tot&e me!+e! of ?ila"(u! State *it& t&e Domiio of Idia%=
16% T&e a)o,e o)"e!,atio" i State of #imachal Pradesh>mu"t )e
!ead i t&e 4ote5t of ?ila"(u! Me!+e! A+!eemet dated 6>%0;%6:B; *&e!e)-
t&e Ra@a of ?ila"(u! 4eded to t&e Domiio Go,e!met full ad e54lu"i,e
aut&o!it- @u!i"di4tio ad (o*e!" fo! ad i !elatio to t&e +o,e!a4e of t&e
State ad all !i+&t" of Ra@a of ?ila"(u! &ad ,e"ted i t&e Go,e!met of Idia%
e fid it diffi4ult to a((!e4iate &o* t&e"e o)"e!,atio" &a,e a- a((li4atio
i"ofa! a" t&e 4otiua4e of t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet afte! t&e me!+e! of
t&e T!a,a4o!e State ad t&e Co4&i State ito a e* "tate amel- Uited
State of T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i a!e 4o4e!ed% T&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i
State of #imachal Pradesh$ i ou! ,ie* &a" o a((li4atio to t&e "u)mi""io
ad,a4ed o )e&alf of #e!ala%
(tatus of ndian (tates on a%%ession
1.% It i" im(o!tat to )ea! i mid t&at a44e""io of Idia State" to
t&e Domiio of Idia did ot e5ti+ui"& t&o"e State" a" etitie"% T&e- ol-
$8
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fidi+ t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet 4otiued o ad f!om 6>%0;%6:B/ ad
"e4odl- i ,ie* of t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i State of Andhra Pradesh(
*&e!ei a t&!eeJud+e ?e4& of t&i" Cou!t "(ea9i+ t&!ou+& oe of u" 2R%M%
Lod&a J% a" &e t&e *a"3 o)"e!,ed
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@u!i"di4tio to i,e"ti+ate ad a"4e!tai ol- "u4& !i+&t" a" t&e e* "o,e!ei+
&a" 4&o"e to !e4o+i"e o! a49o*led+e )- le+i"latio a+!eemet o!
ot&e!*i"e ad t&at "u4& a !e4o+itio ma- )e e5(!e"" o! ma- )e im(lied f!om
t&e 4i!4um"ta4e"% 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" a o!dia!- 4ot!a4t of lea"e%
Me!el- )e4au"e t&e 4ot!a4t *a" a!!i,ed at )et*ee t&e C!o* t&!ou+& t&e
Se4!eta!- of State ad t&e T!a,a4o!e State 8 a (!i4el- Idia State 8 t&e
atu!e of 4ot!a4t i" ot 4&a+ed ad it doe" ot )e4ome a (oliti4al
a!!a+emet% A" oted a)o,e t&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental
Protection Forum6 &a" al!ead- de4la!ed t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" ot
(oliti4al i atu!e% e a!e i a+!eemet *it& t&i" ,ie*% T&e "ame !ea"oi+
a((lie" euall- to "tad"till a+!eemet%
>irendra (ing
1>% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala !elied u(o
t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i )irendra Sin*h+% T&e Co"titutio ?e4& i
)irendra Sin*h+ *a" 4o4e!ed *it& t&e ue"tio a)out t&e (o"tCo"titutioal
!i+&t" to (!o(e!t- "ituate i Idia State" t&at *e!e ot (a!t of ?!iti"& Idia
)efo!e t&e Co"titutio )ut *&i4& a44eded to t&e domiio of Idia "&o!tl-
)efo!e t&e Co"titutio ad )e4ame a ite+!al (a!t of t&e Idia Re(u)li4
afte! it% C&a!9&a!i ad Sa!ila *e!e ide(edet State" ude! t&e (a!amout4-
of t&e ?!iti"& C!o*% T&e- a49o*led+ed t&e ?!iti"& C!o* a" t&e "u'e!ai
(o*e!% Idia o)taied Ide(ede4e ad )e4ame a Domiio )- !ea"o of
"Jirendra %in5+ & Ors. v. %tate of Uttar Prades+; [(1G))# 1 %= '1) ,I= 1G)' % ''8
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A4t of 6:B/% T&e t*o State" 8 C&a!9&a!i ad Sa!ila 8 e5e4uted I"t!umet" of
A44e""io ad a44eded to domiio% I t&e I"t!umet of A44e""io t&e
"o,e!ei+t- of t&e a44edi+ State" *a" e5(!e""l- !e4o+i"ed ad
"afe+ua!ded% T&e Rule! of Sa!ila +!ated o .;%06%6:B; oe ,illa+e to t&e
*!it (etitioe!" ad t&e Rule! of C&a!9&a!i al"o +!ated 4e!tai ,illa+e" to t&e
(etitioe!"% O 67%07%6:B; t&i!t-fi,e State" i ?udel9&ad ad
?a+&el9&ad 2i4ludi+ C&a!9&a!i ad Sa!ila3 a+!eed to uite t&em"el,e" i
oe State *&i4& *a" to )e 4alled Uited State of Vid&-a P!ade"&% Fe* da-"
late! (u!"uat to t&e a)o,e a+!eemet a 4o,eat *a" "i+ed )- all t&e
t&i!t-fi,e Rule!" *&i4& )!ou+&t t&e e* State ito )ei+% T&i" a!!a+emet
*a" dome"ti4 a!!a+emet ad ot a t!eat- *it& t&e domiio of Idia% Soo
afte! t&i" t&e Re,eue Offi4e!" of t&e e*l- fo!med Vid&-a P!ade"& Uio
t!ied to ite!fe!e *it& t&e +!at" made )- t&e a)o,e Rule!"% T&e ite+!atio
did ot *o!9 "ati"fa4to!il-% So o .1%6.%6:B: t&e "ame t&i!t-fi,e Rule!"
ete!ed ito aot&e! a+!eemet a)!o+ati+ t&ei! 4o,eat ad di""ol,i+ t&e
e*l- 4!eated State a" f!om 06%06%6:>0% ?- t&e "ame i"t!umet ea4& Rule!
4eded to t&e Go,e!met of t&e Idia Domiio a" f!om t&e "ame date% T&e
i"t!umet *a" 4alled t&e Vid&-a P!ade"& Me!+e! A+!eemet% T&e
Go,e!met of Idia Domiio *a" al"o (a!t- to t&e a+!eemet% T&e
Domiio Go,e!met too9 o,e! t&e admii"t!atio of t&e State" *&i4& fo!med
Vid&-a P!ade"& o 06%06%6:>0 ad de4ided to fo!m t&em ito a C&ief
Commi""ioe!" (!o,i4e% T&e Co"titutio 4ame ito fo!4e o .1%06%6:>0%
T&e +!at" of Ja+i!" ad Muafi" made )- t&e Rule!" of C&a!9&a!i ad Sa!ila
'1
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(%ope of Arti%le $6$ and Arti%le 1$1
11% A!ti4le 717/ of t&e Co"titutio i" a em)a!+o fo! t&e 4ou!t"
i4ludi+ Su(!eme Cou!t to deal *it& a- di"(ute a!i"i+ out of a t!eat-
a+!eemet 4o,eat e+a+emet "aad o! ot&e! "imila! i"t!umet *&i4&
*a" ete!ed ito o! e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of t&e Co"titutio )-
a- Rule! of a Idia "tate ad to *&i4& t&e Go,e!met of t&e domiio of
Idia o! a- of it" (!ede4e""o!" Go,e!met *a" a (a!t- ad it &a" o! &a"
)ee 4otiued i o(e!atio afte! "u4& 4omme4emet% T&e @u!i"di4tio of t&e
4ou!t" i" al"o )a!!ed to ite!fe!e i a- di"(ute i !e"(e4t of a- !i+&t a44!ui+
ude! a- lia)ilit- o! o)li+atio a!i"i+ out of a- of t&e (!o,i"io" of t&i"
Co"titutio !elati+ to a- "u4& t!eat- a+!eemet 4o,eat e+a+emet
"aad o! ot&e! "imila! i"t!umet%
1/% A (lai !eadi+ of A!ti4le 717 lea,e" o mae! of dou)t t&at if
t&e di"(ute a!i"e" i !e"(e4t of a do4umet of t&at de"4!i(tio ad if "u4&
do4umet &ad )ee e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of Co"titutio t&e
ite!fe!e4e )- 4ou!t" i" )a!!ed% T&e do4umet" !efe!!ed to i A!ti4le 717 a!e
t&o"e *&i4& a!e (oliti4al i atu!e% A- di"(ute !e+a!di+ "u4& do4umet" i"
8 $"$. Har to interference 4y courts in disputes arisin5 out of certain treaties/ a5reements/ etc. < (1#?ot-it+standin5 anyt+in5 in t+is onstitution 4ut su40ect to t+e provisions of ,rticle 1'$/ neit+er t+e %upremeourt nor any ot+er court s+all +ave 0urisdiction in any dispute arisin5 out of any provision of a treaty/a5reement/ covenant/ en5a5ement/ sanad or ot+er similar instrument -+ic+ -as entered into or e>ecuted
4efore t+e commencement of t+is onstitution 4y any =uler of an Indian %tate and to -+ic+ t+e 3overnment oft+e 7ominion of India or any of its predecessor 3overnment -as a party and -+ic+ +as or +as 4een continuedin operation after suc+ commencement/ or in any dispute in respect of any ri5+t accruin5 under or any lia4ilityor o4li5ation arisin5 out of any of t+e provisions of t+is onstitution relatin5 to any suc+ treaty/ a5reement/covenant/ en5a5ement/ sanador ot+er similar instrument
(# In t+is article A(a# 9Indian %tate: means any territory reco5nised 4efore t+e commencement of t+is onstitution 4y
is Ma0esty or t+e 3overnment of t+e 7ominion of India as 4ein5 suc+ a %tate; and(4# 9=uler: includes t+e Prince/ +ief or ot+er person reco5nised 4efore suc+ commencement 4y is
Ma0esty or t+e 3overnment of t+e 7ominion of India as t+e =uler of any Indian %tate.
'$
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o@u"ti4ia)le% T&e o)@e4t )e&id A!ti4le 717 i" to )id t&e Idia Rule!" *it&
t!eatie" a+!eemet" 4o,eat" e+a+emet" "aad" o! ot&e! "imila!
i"t!umet" ete!ed ito o! e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of t&e
Co"titutio ad to (!e,et t&e Idia Rule!" f!om !e"ili+ f!om "u4&
a+!eemet" a" t&e ite+!it- of Idia *a" to )e maitaied at all 4o"t ad 4ould
ot )e affe4ted )- !ai"i+ 4e!tai di"(ute"% It ma- )e of !ele,a4e to !efe! to
t&e &ite Pa(e! o Idia State" (!e(a!ed )- t&e Go,e!met of Idia i
6:B; *&i4& )!i+" out t&e &i"to!i4al (e!"(e4ti,e *&i4& e4e""itated t&e
ado(tio of t&e (!o,i"io" i A!ti4le 717% It "a-"
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t&e!eto t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t i" )a!!ed if t&e di"(ute to *&i4& a State
"(e4ified i Pa!t ? of t&e Fi!"t S4&edule i" a (a!t- if t&e di"(ute a!i"e" out of
a- (!o,i"io of a t!eat- a+!eemet 4o,eat e+a+emet "aad o! ot&e!
"imila! i"t!umet *a" ete!ed ito o! e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of
t&e Co"titutio ad &a" o! &a" )ee 4otiued i o(e!atio afte! "u4&
4omme4emet%
1:% T&e!e i" "imila!it- of (!o,i"io i A!ti4le 717 ad (!o,i"o to A!ti4le
676% T&e o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio 4ofe!!ed o t&i" Cou!t )- t&e mai (!o,i"io
4otaied i A!ti4le 676 i" e54e(ted )- ,i!tue of (!o,i"o i t&e matte!" of
(oliti4al "ettlemet"% ?- ma9i+ (!o,i"io" "u4& a" A!ti4le 717 ad (!o,i"o to
A!ti4le 676 t&e (oliti4al "ettlemet" &a,e )ee ta9e out of (u!,ie* of @udi4ial
(!oou4emet"% P!o,i"o a((eded to A!ti4le 676 !ede!" a di"(ute a!i"i+
out of a- t!eat- a+!eemet 4o,eat e+a+emet "aad o! "imila!
i"t!umet *&i4& i" (oliti4al i atu!e e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of
t&e Co"titutio ad *&i4& &a" o! &a" )ee 4otiued i o(e!atio o
@u"ti4ia)le ad @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t i" )a!!ed% T&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t
i" ot ta9e a*a- i !e"(e4t of t&e di"(ute a!i"i+ out of a o!dia!-
a+!eemet% T&e i"t!umet" !efe!!ed to ad de"4!i)ed i (!o,i"o a!e ol-
t&o"e *&i4& a!e (oliti4al i atu!e% No(oliti4al i"t!umet" a!e ot 4o,e!ed
)- t&e (!o,i"o%
/0% 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet doe" (!o,ide fo! !e"olutio of di"(ute"
)et*ee t&e (a!tie" to t&e a+!eemet )- *a- of a!)it!atio it 4otai" a
a!)it!atio 4lau"e% T&e "u)mi""io of #e!ala t&at efo!4emet of a- a*a!d
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ude! t&e a!)it!atio 4lau"e *ould )e (oliti4al i atu!e i" mi"(la4ed% T&e
a""um(tio of #e!ala t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a" ot @u"ti4ia)le ad
efo!4ea)le i 4ou!t of la* (!io! to t&e Co"titutio a" o 4ou!t i T!a,a4o!e
*ould o),iou"l- ete!tai a 4laim a+ai"t Ma&a!a@a ad o 4ou!t out"ide t&e
State of T!a,a4o!e &a,e @u!i"di4tio o,e! t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e i" ot
!ele,at at all ad de,oid of a- me!it%
/6% e a!e i 4om(lete a+!eemet *it& t&e ,ie* ta9e )- t&i" Cou!t
i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum1 t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet
*ould ot 4ome *it&i t&e (u!,ie* of A!ti4le 717 ad @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t
i" ot )a!!ed% A" a e4e""a!- 4o!olla!- t&e di"(ute a!i"i+ out of 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet i" ot )a!!ed ude! A!ti4le 676 (!o,i"o a" *ell% Mo!eo,e! t&e
(!i4i(al 4&alle+e laid i t&e "uit (e!tai" to 4o"titutioal ,alidit- of .001
2Amedmet3 A4t fo! *&i4& A!ti4le 717 o! fo! t&at matte! ude! A!ti4le 676
(!o,i"o doe" ot 4ome ito o(e!atio at all%
Arti%le #9 and Arti%le #9/
/.% ?- ,i!tue of A!ti4le .:B: all (!o(e!tie" immediatel- )efo!e t&e
4omme4emet of t&e Co"titutio *&i4& ,e"ted i Hi" Ma@e"t- fo! t&e
(u!(o"e" of t&e Go,e!met of t&e Domiio of Idia ,e"t i t&e Uio ad all
GG'. %uccession to property/ assets/ ri5+ts/ lia4ilities and o4li5ations in certain cases.K,s from t+ecommencement of t+is onstitutionK
(a# ............... (4# all ri5+ts/ lia4ilities and o4li5ations of t+e 3overnment of t+e 7ominion of India and of t+e
3overnment of eac+ 3overnor2s Province/ -+et+er arisin5 out of any contract or ot+er-ise/ s+all 4e t+e ri5+ts/lia4ilities and o4li5ations respectively of t+e 3overnment of India and t+e 3overnment of eac+ correspondin5%tate/
su40ect to any ad0ustment made or to 4e made 4y reason of t+e creation 4efore t+e commencement oft+is onstitution of t+e 7ominion of Paistan or of t+e Provinces of Cest Hen5al/ East Hen5al/ Cest Pun0a4and East Pun0a4.
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Clau"e 62)3 (!o,ide" t&at all !i+&t" ad lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e
Go,e!met of a- Idia State 4o!!e"(odi+ to a State "(e4ified i Pa!t ? of
t&e Fi!"t S4&edule *&et&e! a!i"i+ out of a- 4ot!a4t o! ot&e!*i"e "&all )e
t&e !i+&t" lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e Go,e!met of Idia if t&e (u!(o"e"
fo! *&i4& "u4& !i+&t" *e!e a4ui!ed o! lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" *e!e i4u!!ed
)e (u!(o"e" of t&e Go,e!met of Idia% Clau"e 2.3 of t&i" A!ti4le (!o,ide"
t&at Go,e!met of ea4& State "(e4ified i Pa!t ? of t&e Fi!"t S4&edule "&all
)e t&e "u44e""o! of t&e 4o!!e"(odi+ State a" !e+a!d" all (!o(e!t- ad
a""et" ad all !i+&t" lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" *&et&e! a!i"i+ out of a-
4ot!a4t o! ot&e!*i"e ot&e! t&a t&o"e !efe!!ed to i 4lau"e 263% T&i" i" "u)@e4t
to a- a+!eemet ete!ed ito t&at )e&alf )- t&e Go,e!met of Idia *it& t&e
Go,e!met of t&e State 4o4e!ed% T&e e5(!e""io Go,e!met of t&e
4o!!e"(odi+ Idia State= i A!ti4le .:>2.3 i ou! o(iio *it& !efe!e4e to
Go,e!met of Pa!t ? State of T!a,a4o!eCo4&i meat ot ol- t&e
me!+ed e!"t*&ile State of T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i )ut al"o it" 4om(oet"%
See t&u" )- ,i!tue of A!ti4le .:>2.3 t&e Go,e!met of Pa!t ? State of
T!a,a4o!e 8 Co4&i )e4ame "u44e""o! of t&e 4o!!e"(odi+ State of
T!a,a4o!e a" !e+a!d" all !i+&t" lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" a!i"i+ out of 6;;1
Lea"e A+!eemet%
"indings on issue *os4 15 /5 6 and 7
/B% I li+&t of t&e a)o,e ou! fidi+ o i""ue No"% 6 > 1 ad / a!e
'
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*it& *&i4& it *a" ea4ted ad t&e "u!!oudi+ 4i!4um"ta4e" a!e !ele,at
4i!4um"ta4e"%
/;% It i" a!+ued )- lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu t&at t&e te"t
fo! dete!mii+ *&et&e! a @ud+met i" ullified i" to "ee *&et&e! t&e la* ad
t&e @ud+met a!e i4o"i"tet ad i!!e4o4ila)le "o t&at )ot& 4aot "tad
to+et&e!% T&e fidi+ of fa4t )- t&i" Cou!t i .001 @ud+met t&at t&e dam i"
"afe 4a e,e! )e deemed to )e ima+ia!- )- le+al fi4tio *&i4& t&e
(!o4eed" to deem t&e o((o"ite to )e !eal amel- t&at t&e dam i"
eda+e!ed% T&e (!o,i"io limiti+ t&e &ei+&t of *ate! le,el to 671 ft ea4ted
*it&i 6> da-" afte! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t fidi+ t&e dam to )e "afe ad
allo*i+ t&e *ate! le,el to )e !ai"ed to 6B. ft% "&o*" t&e t!ue (u!(o"e of t&e
le+i"latio t&e "ituatio to *&i4& it *a" di!e4ted ad t&e 4lea! itetio to def-
ad a4t a" a @udi4ial aut&o!it- "itti+ i a((eal o,e! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t%
/:% M!% Viod ?o)de "u)mit" t&at )et*ee ./%0.%.001 *&e t&e
@ud+met *a" !ede!ed )- t&i" Cou!t ad 6>%07%.001 *&e .001
2Amedmet3 A4t *a" ea4ted )- #e!ala State le+i"latu!e o e* fa4t"
eme!+ed o! t&e!e *a" a- 4&a+e i 4i!4um"ta4e"% #e!ala Go,e!met ad
#e!ala State Le+i"latu!e did ot &a,e a "i+le (ie4e of ifo!matio of fa4t
)efo!e it 4o4e!i+ "ei"mi4 4oeffi4iet ,alue" P!o)a)le Ma5imum Flood
2PMF3 le,el" o! a- ot&e! matte! o! mate!ial 4ot!adi4ti+ o! e,e dou)ti+ t&e
fidi+ of t&i" Cou!t i .001 @ud+met *&i4& *a" )a"ed o t&e fidi+" of t&e
E5(e!t Committee%
)1
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;0% It i" "t!euou"l- u!+ed )- lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu
t&at o4e a di"(ute i" )efo!e a 4ou!t ad (a!tie" a!e at i""ue o a- ue"tio
of fa4t t&e de4i"io o t&at ue"tio 4a )e !ede!ed ol- )- t&e 4ou!t ad ot
)- t&e le+i"latu!e o! t&e e5e4uti,e% T&e le+i"latu!e 4aot de4ide t&at t&e
*ate! le,el "&all ot e54eed 671 ft% *&e t&e ,e!- i""ue &ad )ee ad@udi4ated
u(o )- t&e 4ou!t%
;6% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu a!+ue" t&at t&e fidi+ of
fa4t a)out "afet- of t&e dam fo! *ate! le,el u(to 6B. ft% i" res judicata ad
)id" t&e t*o State"% It i" ot *it&i t&e (!o,i4e of t&e #e!ala Le+i"latu!e to
"it i @ud+met o t&e fidi+ of t&i" Cou!t ad (u!(o!t to !e,e!"e t&e "ame )-
di!e4ti+ t&at *ate! le,el "&all !emai at 671 ft% A44o!di+ to Tamil Nadu t&i"
i" ot a le+i"latio it i" t&e e5e!4i"e of
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to "uffe! f!om a- 4o"titutioal ,i4e o! defe4t 2ii3 t&e!e *a" o o44a"io at all
to !emo,e a- ,i4e o! 4u!e a- defe4t i a- la* ad (e!fo!m a ,alidati+
e5e!4i"e ad 2iii3 i fa4t t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t doe" ot (u!(o!t to 4u!e
a- defe4t foud )- t&i" Cou!t i a- la*% I t&i" !e+a!d !elia4e i" (la4ed
u(o de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t i Prithvi ,otton11 Madan Mohan Patha1!"
People0s nion for ,ivil iberties 2P,31$" Municipal ,orporation of the ,ity of
Ahmedabad and Anr%1+ad 4anapada Sabha15%
;B% It i" a!+ued )- M!% Viod ?o)de t&at ,alidati+ la*" a!e (a""ed
)- t&e le+i"latu!e afte! 4u!i+ t&e defe4t" i t&e la* *&i4& &a,e )ee "t!u49
do* )ut *&e!e a fa4t i" ad@udi4ated u(o t&e!e i" o (o*e! i t&e le+i"latu!e
o! e5e4uti,e to "it i @ud+met u(o a de4i"io o a di"(uted ue"tio of fa4t
ad "u)"titute it" o*
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;1% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala o t&e
ot&e! &ad a!+ue" t&at #e!ala le+i"latu!e i" 4om(etet to o,e!!ide t&e
4ot!a4t" ad !e+ulate t&e "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam "ituated *it&i it"
te!!ito!- a4!o"" !i,e! Pe!i-a!% E,e a+!eemet" ete!ed ito )et*ee fo!ei+
"o,e!ei+" 4a )e o,e!!idde i e5e!4i"e of le+i"lati,e (o*e!"% He !elie" u(o
t&e de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t i 7haur 4a*annath Bash18" Maharaj me*
Sin*h.9" Mani*ault.1ad a a!ti4le )- Rode!i49 E% al"to titled
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a((lied i t&e "u)"euet 4a"e" ,i'% 7he ,linton Brid*e(9" #od*es(1 ad
,harles B% Miller(.%
:.% S&!i Ha!i"& N% Sal,e a!+ue" t&at .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" ot a
Validatio A4t i a stricto sensu% &ile ad@udi4ati+ u(o 4o"titutioal ,alidit-
&e a!+ue" t&at t&e 4ou!t mu"t (!o4eed o t&e (!emi"e t&at t&e le+i"latu!e
ude!"tad" ad 4o!!e4tl- a((!e4iate" t&e eed" of it" o* (eo(le ad it"
la*" a!e di!e4ted to t&e (!o)lem" made maife"t )- it" e5(e!ie4e ad a!e
)a"ed o adeuate +!oud"% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala !elie" u(o t&e
de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i Elphinstone Spinnin*(( *&i4& a((!o,ed t&e ea!lie!
de4i"io" i Sanjeev ,oe(!ad :oypac Systems($%
ndian Constitution : (eparation of po3ers
:7% Idia Co"titutio uli9e Co"titutio of Uited State" of
Ame!i4a ad Au"t!alia doe" ot &a,e e5(!e"" (!o,i"io of "e(a!atio of
(o*e!"% Ho*e,e! t&e "t!u4tu!e (!o,ided i ou! Co"titutio lea,e" o mae!
of dou)t t&at t&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" !u" t&!ou+& t&e Idia
Co"titutio% It i" fo! t&i" !ea"o t&at t&i" Cou!t &a" !e4o+i'ed "e(a!atio of
(o*e! a" a )a"i4 featu!e of t&e Co"titutio ad a e""etial 4o"tituet of
t&e !ule of la*% T&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" i" t&ou+& ot e5(!e""l-
e+!afted i t&e Co"titutio it" "*ee( o(e!atio ad ,i"i)ilit- a!e a((a!et$! *+e linton Hrid5e case; [(18!# 88 U% ')'$1 od5es et al. v. %nyder et al.; [(1G$# "1 U% "!!$ +arles H. Miller/ %uperintendent/ Pendleton orrectional Facility et al. v. =ic+ard ,. Frenc+ et al.;[(!!!#
)$! U.%. $8$$ Union of India v. Elp+instone %pinnin5 and Ceavin5 o. Dtd. and Ors.; [(!!1# ' % 1$G.$' %an0eev oe Manufacturin5 o. v. Ms. H+arat oin5 oal Dtd. and ,nr.; [(1G$# 1 % 1'8$) Ms. 7oypac %ystems Pvt. Dtd. v. Union of India and Ors.; [(1G# % GG
)8
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f!om t&e Co"titutio% Idia Co"titutio &a" made dema!4atio *it&out
d!a*i+ fo!mal lie" )et*ee t&e t&!ee o!+a" 8 le+i"latu!e e5e4uti,e ad
@udi4ia!-%
Maal Cand (etia
:B% I Mahal ,hand Sethia71" *&ile deali+ *it& t&e a!+umet t&at
alt&ou+& it *a" o(e to t&e State le+i"latu!e )- a A4t ad t&e Go,e!o! )- a
O!dia4e to amed t&e e"t ?e+al C!imial La* Amedmet 2S(e4ial
Cou!t"3 A4t 6:B: it *a" i4om(etet fo! eit&e! of t&em to ,alidate a o!de! of
t!a"fe! *&i4& &ad )ee ua"&ed )- t&e i""ue of a *!it of certiorari)- t&e Hi+&
Cou!t ad t&e o!de! of t!a"fe! )ei+ ,i!tuall- dead 4ould ot )e !e"u"4itated
)- t&e Go,e!o! o! le+i"latu!e ad t&e ,alidati+ mea"u!e" 4ould ot tou4&
a- ad@udi4atio )- t&e Cou!t% Mitte! J% "(ea9i+ fo! t&e Cou!t "tated t&e
le+al (o"itio
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T&e Co"titutio ?e4& e5(o"ited t&at t&e ,alidit- of a ,alidati+ la*
de(eded u(o *&et&e! t&e le+i"latu!e (o""e""e" t&e 4om(ete4e *&i4& it
4laim" o,e! t&e "u)@e4t matte! ad *&et&e! i ma9i+ t&e ,alidatio it !emo,ed
t&e defe4t *&i4& t&e 4ou!t" &ad foud i t&e e5i"ti+ la* ad made adeuate
(!o,i"io" i t&e ,alidati+ la* fo! a ,alid im(o"itio of t&e ta5e"% I t&e *o!d"
of t&e Co"titutio ?e4&
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o,e! t&e "u)@e4tmatte! ad *&et&e! i ma9i+ t&e ,alidatio it!emo,e" t&e defe4t *&i4& t&e 4ou!t" &ad foud i t&e e5i"ti+ la* adma9e" adeuate (!o,i"io" i t&e Validati+ La* fo! a ,alid im(o"itioof t&e ta5%=
2em(&a"i" "u((lied3
anapada (aba
:1% T&e Co"titutio ?e4& i 4anapada Sabha15" 4o"ide!ed t&e
(o"itio *it& !e+a!d to le+i"lati,e (o*e! ad a de4i"io of t&e Su(!eme Cou!t
ad made t&e follo*i+ *ei+&t- o)"e!,atio"
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t&i" Cou!t de4la!ed t&e O!dia4e u4o"titutioal a" it "ou+&t to ullif- t&e
o!de! of t&e T!i)ual im(i+i+ o t&e @udi4ial (o*e! of t&e State%
=?CL
606% I People0s nion for ,ivil iberties 2P,31$ t&e ue"tio ude!
4o"ide!atio )efo!e t&e t&!eeJud+e ?e4& of t&i" Cou!t *a" t&e ,alidit- of
t&e Re(!e"etatio of t&e Peo(le 2Amedmet3 O!dia4e .00.% T&e
amedmet follo*ed t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t iAssociation for :emocratic
Reforms!9% M%?% S&a& J% "(ea9i+ fo! t&e ma@o!it- oti4ed t&e ea!lie!
de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t i P% Sambamurthy(8" ,auvery reference16 Municipal
,orporation of the ,ity of Ahmedabad1+ Prithvi ,otton11 ad Mahal ,hand
Sethia71 ad "tated
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,ie*" of Si9!i J% "aid t&at dema!4atio of (o*e! )et*ee t&e le+i"latu!e t&e
e5e4uti,e ad t&e @udi4ia!- 4ould )e !e+a!ded a" )a"i4 elemet" of t&e
Co"titutioal "t!u4tu!e% T&e "ame ,ie* i" e5(!e""ed i "u)"euet de4i"io"
of t&i" Cou!t i &ndira @ehru ?andhi!." Bal Muund Sah!(and &%R% ,oelho!!%
T&e ieJud+e Co"titutio ?e4& i &%R% ,oelho!! &a" de"4!i)ed t&at
eualit- !ule of la* @udi4ial !e,ie* ad "e(a!atio of (o*e!" fo!m (a!t" of t&e
)a"i4 "t!u4tu!e of t&e Co"titutio% T&e Cou!t i &%R% ,oelho!! "aid
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(a!tie" ad t!a"a4tio" ad to !eui!e t&e 4ou!t to +i,e effe4t to t&atla*%..% &ile i ,ie* of t&i" di"ti4tio )et*ee le+i"lati,e ad @udi4ialfu4tio" t&e le+i"latu!e 4aot )- a )a!e de4la!atio *it&out mo!edi!e4tl- o,e!!ule !e,e!"e o! o,e!!ide a @udi4ial de4i"io it ma- at a-time i e5e!4i"e of t&e (lea!- (o*e!" 4ofe!!ed o it )- A!ti4le" .B>ad .B1 of t&e Co"titutio !ede! a @udi4ial de4i"io ieffe4ti,e )-ea4ti+ a ,alid la* o a to(i4 *it&i it" le+i"lati,e field fudametall-alte!i+ o! 4&a+i+ *it& !et!o"(e4ti,e 4u!ati,e o! eut!ali"i+ effe4tt&e 4oditio" o *&i4& "u4& de4i"io i" )a"ed% A" (oited out )- Ra-C%J% i &ndira @ehru ?andhi,% Raj @arain"t&e !ede!i+ ieffe4ti,e of
@ud+met" o! o!de!" of 4om(etet 4ou!t" ad T!i)ual" )- 4&a+i+t&ei! )a"i" )- le+i"lati,e ea4tmet i" a *ell9o* (atte! of all,alidati+ A4t"% Su4& ,alidati+ le+i"latio *&i4& !emo,e" t&e 4au"e"fo! ieffe4ti,ee"" o! i,alidit- of a4tio" o! (!o4eedi+" i" ot ae4!oa4&met o @udi4ial (o*e!%=
607%6% I &%@% Sasena!$" t&i" Cou!t!efe!!ed to a ea!lie! de4i"io
i #ari Sin*h!+*&e!ei a ?e4& of "e,e Jud+e" of t&i" Cou!t oted t&e t*o
te"t" fo! @ud+i+ t&e ,alidit- of a ,alidati+ la* 2i3 *&et&e! t&e le+i"latu!e
(o""e""e" 4om(ete4e o,e! t&e "u)@e4tmatte! ad 2ii3 *&et&e! )-
,alidatio t&e le+i"latu!e &a" !emo,ed t&e defe4t *&i4& t&e 4ou!t" &a,e foud
i t&e (!e,iou" la*% &ile follo*i+ t&e"e t*o te"t" t&e fou!Jud+e ?e4& i
&%@% SasenaB>added a t&i!d te"t *&et&e! it i" 4o"i"tet *it& t&e (!o,i"io" of
Pa!t III of t&e Co"titutio%
=4 ,annadasan
60B% Prithvi ,otton11 &a" )ee follo*ed i #industan ?um and
,hemicals!5 )ijay Mills ,ompany!6ad P% =annadasan!8% It i" ot e4e""a!-
to )u!de t&i" @ud+met *it& all t&e t&!ee @ud+met" a" i ou! ,ie* !efe!e4e
'" ari %in5+ and Ors. v. Military Estate Officer and ,nr.; [(1G8# % $G'8 industan 3um and +emicals Dtd. v. %tate of aryana and Ot+ers; [(1G)# ' % 1''Ji0ay Mills ompany Dimited and Ot+ers v. %tate of 3u0arat and Ors.; [(1GG$# 1 % $')'GP. 6annadasan and Ot+ers v. %tate of *.?. and Ot+ers; [(1GG"# ) % "8!
""
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60>% I &ndian Aluminium ,ompany$9" oe of t&e 4otetio"
add!e""ed to t&i" Cou!t *a" t&at t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e &ad o (o*e! to ea4t
Se4tio 66 of t&e im(u+ed A4t ,alidati+ t&e le,- *it& !et!o"(e4ti,e effe4t a"
it amouted to e4!oa4&met u(o @udi4ial (o*e! of t&e 4ou!t"% &ile deali+
*it& t&i" 4otetio t&e Cou!t !efe!!ed to ea!lie! de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t ad
4ulled out t&e follo*i+ (!i4i(le" 2(a!a >1 P+"% 11.117 of t&e Re(o!t3
ad .B1 ad ot&e! 4om(aio a!ti4le"!ead *it& t&e et!ie" i t&e !e"(e4ti,e li"t" i t&e Se,et& S4&edule toma9e t&e la* *&i4& i4lude" (o*e! to amed t&e la*%2B3 Cou!t" i t&ei! 4o4e! ad edea,ou! to (!e"e!,e @udi4ial (o*e!euall- mu"t )e +ua!ded to maitai t&e deli4ate )ala4e de,i"ed )-t&e Co"titutio )et*ee t&e t&!ee "o,e!ei+ fu4tioa!ie"% I o!de!t&at !ule of la* (e!meate" to fulfil 4o"titutioal o)@e4ti,e" ofe"ta)li"&i+ a e+alita!ia "o4ial o!de! t&e !e"(e4ti,e "o,e!ei+
fu4tioa!ie" eed f!ee (la- i t&ei! @oit" "o t&at t&e ma!4& of "o4ial(!o+!e"" ad o!de! !emai" uim(eded% T&e "moot& )ala4e )uilt *it&deli4a4- mu"t al*a-" )e maitaied2>3 I it" a5iet- to "afe+ua!d @udi4ial (o*e! it i" ue4e""a!- to )eo,e!'ealou" ad 4o@u!e u( i4u!"io ito t&e @udi4ial (!e"e!,ei,alidati+ t&e ,alid la* 4om(etetl- made213 T&e 4ou!t t&e!efo!e eed" to 4a!efull- "4a t&e la* to fid out 2 a3*&et&e! t&e ,i4e (oited out )- t&e 4ou!t ad i,alidit- "uffe!ed )-(!e,iou" la* i" 4u!ed 4om(l-i+ *it& t&e le+al ad 4o"titutioal!eui!emet" 2b3 *&et&e! t&e le+i"latu!e &a" 4om(ete4e to ,alidatet&e la* 2c3 *&et&e! "u4& ,alidatio i" 4o"i"tet *it& t&e !i+&t"+ua!ateed i Pa!t III of t&e Co"titutio%
2/3 T&e 4ou!t doe" ot &a,e t&e (o*e! to ,alidate a i,alid la* o! tole+ali"e im(o"t of ta5 ille+all- made ad 4olle4ted o! to !emo,e t&eo!m of i,alidatio o! (!o,ide a !emed-% T&e"e a!e ot @udi4ialfu4tio" )ut t&e e54lu"i,e (!o,i4e of t&e le+i"latu!e% T&e!efo!e t&e-a!e ot e4!oa4&met o @udi4ial (o*e!%2;3 I e5e!4i"i+ le+i"lati,e (o*e! t&e le+i"latu!e )- me!e de4la!atio*it&out a-t&i+ mo!e 4aot di!e4tl- o,e!!ule !e,i"e o! o,e!!ide a
)! Indian ,luminium ompany and Ot+ers v. %tate of 6erala and Ot+ers; [(1GG"# 8 % "$8
"
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ue"tioed ad 4&alle+ed ule"" t&e 4ou!t i" of t&e ,ie* t&at "u4& e5e!4i"e i"
i ,iolatio of A!ti4le 6B of t&e Co"titutio% It eed ot )e im(!e""ed t&at
*&ee,e! a- A4t o! amedmet i" )!ou+&t i fo!4e !et!o"(e4ti,el- o! a-
(!o,i"io of t&e A4t i" deleted !et!o"(e4ti,el- i t&i" (!o4e"" !i+&t" of "ome
a!e )oud to )e affe4ted oe *a- o! t&e ot&e!% I e,e!- 4a"e it 4aot )e
u!+ed t&at t&e e5e!4i"e )- t&e le+i"latu!e *&ile it!odu4i+ a e* (!o,i"io o!
deleti+ a e5i"ti+ (!o,i"io *it& !et!o"(e4ti,e effe4tper se"&all )e ,iolati,e
of A!ti4le 6B of t&e Co"titutio% If t&at "tad i" a44e(ted t&e t&e e4e""a!-
4o!olla!- "&all )e t&at le+i"latu!e &a" o (o*e! to le+i"late !et!o"(e4ti,el-
)e4au"e i t&at e,et a ,e"ted !i+&t i" effe4ted of 4ou!"e i a "(e4ial
"ituatio t&i" Cou!t &a" &eld t&at "u4& e5e!4i"e *a" ,iolati,e of A!ti4le 6B of
t&e Co"titutio%%= % T&e Co"titutio ?e4& &eld t&at t&e (!o,i"io" of t&e
im(u+ed A4t do ot (u!(o!t to affe4t a- ,e"ted o! a4ui!ed !i+&t it ol-
!e"to!e" t&e (o"itio *&i4& e5i"ted *&e t&e (!i4i(al A4t *a" i fo!4e% It
fu!t&e! &eld t&at t&e Amedi+ A4t did ot a"9 t&e i"t!umetalitie" of t&e
State to di"o)e- o! di"!e+a!d t&e de4i"io +i,e )- t&e Hi+& Cou!t )ut *&at it
&a" doe i" t&at it &a" !emo,ed t&e )a"i" of it" de4i"io%
2lpinstone (pinning and eaving Company
60/% T&e Co"titutio ?e4& of t&i" Cou!t i Elphinstone Spinnin* and
;eavin* ,ompany(( laid do* 2a3 t&e!e i" al*a-" a (!e"um(tio t&at t&e
le+i"latu!e doe" ot e54eed it" @u!i"di4tio 2)3 t&e )u!de of e"ta)li"&i+ t&at
t&e le+i"latu!e &a" t!a"+!e""ed 4o"titutioal madate" i" al*a-" o t&e
8!
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(e!"o *&o 4&alle+e" it" ,i!e" ad 243 ule"" it )e4ome" 4lea! )e-od
!ea"oa)le dou)t t&at t&e le+i"latio i ue"tio &a" t!a"+!e""ed t&e
4o"titutioal limit" it mu"t )e allo*ed to "tad%
!aram !utt
60;% T&e (!i4i(le t&at t&e do4t!ie of 4olo!a)le le+i"latio doe" ot
i,ol,e )oa fide" o! mala fide" o t&e (a!t of t&e le+i"latu!e i" &i+&li+&ted )-
t&i" Cou!t i :haram :utt>.% Rel-i+ u(o ea!lie! de4i"io" i =%,% ?ajapati
@arayan :eo$(
ad Ayurvedic and nani 7ibia ,olle*e$!
t&e Cou!t i
:haram :utt52fu!t&e! o)"e!,ed
73 of t&e Re(o!t a" follo*"
)7+aram 7utt and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors.; [(!!'# 1 % 81)$ %ri %ri %ri 6.. 3a0apati ?arayan 7eo v. %tate of Orissa; [,I= 1G)$ % $8))' Hoard of *rustees/ ,yurvedic and Unani *i4ia olle5e/ 7el+i v. %tate of 7el+i (no- 7el+i ,dministration#
and ,nr.; [,I= 1G" % ')
81
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73 of t&e Re(o!t
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(!e"et 4a"e% T&e im(u+ed A4t i" ot lia)le to )e aulled o t&e+!oud of ,iolatio of t&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!"%=
>irender (ing
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!et!o"(e4ti,e effe4t )ut &a" o (o*e! to 4&a+e a @ud+met of 4ou!t of la*
eit&e! !et!o"(e4ti,el- o! (!o"(e4ti,el-% T&e Co"titutio 4lea!l- defie" t&e
limit" of le+i"lati,e (o*e! ad @udi4ial (o*e!% Noe 4a e4!oa4& u(o t&e
field 4o,e!ed )- t&e ot&e!% T&e la*" made )- t&e le+i"latu!e &a,e to 4ofo!m
to t&e 4o"titutioal (!o,i"io" %=%
60:%6 T&e Cou!t fu!t&e! "aid
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"tated
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4la""i4 e5am(le of u"u!(atio of @udi4ial fu4tio )- t&e le+i"latu!e i a
(edi+ 4a"e% I t&at 4a"e t&e Judi4ial Committee of t&e P!i,- Cou4il &eld
t&at t&e C!imial La* 2S(e4ial P!o,i"io"3 A4t No% 6 of 6:1. u"u!(ed ad
if!i+ed @udi4ial (o*e! ad *a" t&e!efo!e i,alid% T&i" A4t modified t&e
C!imial P!o4edu!e Code a((li4a)le i Ce-lo )- (u!(o!ti+ to le+ali"e e
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+!a,e ad deli)e!ate i4u!"io i t&e @udi4ial "(&e!e% It i" *o!t& oti4i+ t&e
follo*i+ (a""a+e f!om iyana*e1.
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"e(a!atio of (o*e!"% It la-" do* t&at u"u!(atio o44u!" *&e t&e le+i"latu!e
&a" e5e!4i"ed @udi4ial (o*e! o it" o* )e&alf%
eeling ridge
667% T&e de4i"io of t&e US Su(!eme Cou!t i ;heelin* Brid*e.8
de"e!,e" a little ela)o!ate 4o"ide!atio "i4e a +!eat deal of !elia4e &a"
)ee (la4ed )- M!% Ha!i"& Sal,e o t&i" @ud+met% T&e di"(ute i t&at 4a"e
4o4e!ed a,i+atio o t&e O&io Ri,e!% I t&e ea!lie! de4i"io i,ol,i+ t&e
"ame (a!tie" t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!t &ad &eld t&e defedat" )!id+e to )e
a ula*ful "t!u4tu!e to t&e e5tet t&at it o)"t!u4ted a,i+atio o t&e O&io
Ri,e! i )!ea4& of t&e fede!al "tatute" ad t&e!e)- o)"t!u4ti+ (u)li4 !i+&t of
f!ee a,i+atio% T&e State of Pe"-l,aia *&i4
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