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International Standard Class PioneeringDepartment of Biology Education

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural ScienceGanesha University of Education

2012

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1013041012 ADI PURUSHA

DAS

1013041012

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MUSCLES

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3 BASIC MECHANISMS

AMEBOID MOVEMENT

MUSCULARMOVEMENT

CILIARY LOCOMOTIONhttp://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk

http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk

http://medpediamedia.com.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com

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3 BASIC MECHANISMS

1. Extensivechanges in

cell shape2. Flow of

cytoplasm

3. Pseudopodalactivity

AMEBOID MOVEMENT

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3 BASIC MECHANISMS

1. The characteristic way in which ciliatedprotozoans such as paramecium move.

2. Also found in animal phyla. For example:a. Gills – Bivalvesb. Water-vascular system – Echinodermatac. Respiratory passages of air-breathing –

vertebratesd. The sperm – male animals

CILIARY LOCOMOTION

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3 BASIC MECHANISMS

CILIARY & FLAGELLA LOCOMOTIONFrontal cilia of Perna perna(Gill filament)http://ars.els-cdn.com

The spermshttp://www.ejaculationvolume.org

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3 BASIC MECHANISMS

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu

CILIARY & FLAGELLA LOCOMOTION

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MUSCLE, WHAT IT IS?

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MUSCLE STRUCTURE

http://johnbarban.com

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3 BASIC MECHANISMS

MUSCULAR MOVEMENTMUSCLES TISSUES & MAJOR CATAGORIES OF MUSCLES

Striated Muscle Tissue- A tissue composed of

long, cylindrical,multinucleate muscle

fiber, each withtransverse bands andlongitudinal striaevisible light microscopy

A section of striated muscle tissue. Skeletalmuscles are composed of tissue fibers that arestriated or striped. (Photograph by M. Abbey)

http://www.faqs.org

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Striated Muscle Tissue

The diagram shows the fiber arrangement in a striated muscle.http://phelafel.technion.ac.il

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3 BASIC MECHANISMS

MUSCULAR MOVEMENTMUSCLES TISSUES & MAJOR CATAGORIES OF MUSCLES

A section of cardiac muscle tissue.http://www.flashcardmachine.com

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

- Its cell are generallyuninucleate- Cells are separated by

unique boundaries-intercalated disks

- It can contract withoutnervous stimulation- It is innervated by fibers

of the autonomic nervoussystem

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

The diagram shows the fiber arrangement in a cardiac muscle tissue.

http://faculty.etsu.edu

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

The diagram shows the fiber arrangement in a cardiac muscle tissue.

http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us

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3 BASIC MECHANISMS

MUSCULAR MOVEMENTMUSCLES TISSUES & MAJOR CATAGORIES OF MUSCLES

http://www.google.com

Smooth Muscle Tissue

- Its cell are fusiform- Uninucleate- Have myofibrils

- Lack cross striations- Innervated by the

autonomic nervous systemA section of smooth muscle tissue.

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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

http://www.google.co.id

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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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MUSCLE CONTRACTION THEORY

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• 2 chains of actinmolecules

• Also containtropomyosin &troponin:a. Troponin I (TnI)

b. Troponin C (TnC)c. Troponin T (TnT)

http://images2.wikia.nocookie.net

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http://www.unm.edu

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MUSCLE CONTRACTION

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/

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INVERTEBRATE

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Amphiblastula larva of Sycon sp.Photo courtesy Sally Leys, U Alberta

http://google.com

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http://sumnerlebaronbrien.files.wordpress.com

For example is Hydra- Epidermis:

1. Epithelia-muscular

2. Interstitial cell3. Sensory cell4. Nerve cell5. Germ cell6. Knidoblast

- Endodermis/ Gastrodermis :

1. Nutritive cell2. Endothelia-glandular cell3. Interstitial cell4. Sensory cell5. Nerve cell6. Plastids

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http://sumnerlebaronbrien.files.wordpress.com

Nutritive cell

Epithelia-muscular

Stretched&

Shortens

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http://www.google.com

3 classes:a. Turbellaria

b. Trematodac. Cestoda

2 ways for movement:a. Slide ciliab. Slithering circular

muscle &dorsoventral muscle

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http://gurungeblog.files.wordpress.com http://mycozynook.com

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http://www.google.co.id

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Based on Harris (1992), Phylum Mollusca divided into 7 class. Inthis discussion only 3 class we will discuss for their eachlocomotion/ movement.

http://www.itsnature.org

1. CephalopodaFor examples Loligo .spdoing locomotionperformed by sprayingwater through a siphon.While the “hand” usedto capture prey.

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http://www.unet.univie.ac.at

Based on Harris (1992), Phylum Mollusca divided into 7 class. Inthis discussion only 3 class we will discuss for their eachlocomotion/ movement.

2. BivalviaFor examples Anodonta .spIn dorsal:a. Adductor anterior &

adductor posterior muscleclosed & opened shell

b. Retractor anteriorc. Retractor posterior

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http://guardabosqueusb.files.wordpress.com

Based on Harris (1992), Phylum Mollusca divided into 7 class. Inthis discussion only 3 class we will discuss for their eachlocomotion/ movement.

3. GastropodaFor examples Achantina

fulica doing locomotionperformed by . The

mucus produced bypedal gland to help theymove with wrinkled legmuscle longitudinalmuscle fibers.

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http://1.bp.blogspot.com

Asterias

The movement by foot tube/

podia. Each of ambulacralgroove consist of 4 lines of tubefeet. It also serves to capturefood, the organs of respirationand sensory. Tube feet are soft,thin-walled, tubular, structuredretractile (retractable),equipped with suction discterminal or vanity, which servesto attach the suction cup itself to the surface of the substrate.

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http://www.google.co.id

Synchronous muscleThe muscle that contract withsynchronization of the nerve impulse.

For example : dragonflies, moths,butterflies, and grasshopper.

Asynchronization muscle/ Fibrillar muscleThe fast muscles do have nerves, but thenerve impulses arrive at a lowerfrequency than the contraction. It isfound in four insect orders : flies andmosquitoes ( Diptera), wasps and bees(Hymnoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and

true bugs (Hemiptera).

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VERTEBRATE

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PISCES

3 type of muscles:a. White muscle

• 60% of body mass• 85% of the muscle• A glycolytic fiber type that

is responsible for-highintensity, burst swimming

b. Red muscle• An oxidative fiber type

that support slow, steady-state cruising activity

c. Pink muscle• Intermediate in contractile

properties

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AMPHIBI

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AMPHIBI

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All frogs and toads have the ability to jump,or at the very least, hop.When they jump, theforelimbs push off first, and straighten against the

body, followed by the powerful thrust of the hindlimbs.This action sends the animal in a shallow

arc through the air at a launch angle of about 45degrees. Just before landing, the animal extends itsforelimbs, which flex at the wrist as the animal

lands “hands” first, with the pectoral (shoulder) girdle absorbing the force of the impact.The hind limbs provide the main force in

jumping, and these muscles are particularlypowerful and efficient. A large muscle called thesemimembranosus muscle is connected betweenthe pelvis and a point on the leg just below the

knee.When this muscle contracts, it pulls the

upper part of the hind limb backward.Themuscle generates power throughout its range

of contraction, not just at the beginning; thisis unusual for skeletal muscle in vertebrates.

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Reptile

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Aves

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Aves

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Mamall

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DISCUSSION SESSION