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New York Planning Federation Conference

April 14, 2015 The Sagamore Resort

Jaclyn S. Hakes, AICP

M.J. Engineering and Land Surveying, P.C.

Director of Planning Services

Sarah Quandt, P.E.

M.J. Engineering and Land Surveying, P.C.

Planner/Design Engineer

PRESENTERS

Why Talk About Parking Lot Design

Land Use and Parking Requirements

Safety and Security

Basic Design Elements

Stormwater and Green Infrastructure

Incorporating Best Practices into Your Review Process

Wrap up and Questions

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We can do better than this…

“I know I parked here somewhere…”

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…and this.

We want to try and avoid this…

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A parking lot is a place where pedestrians and vehicles are intended to share the same space

We can integrate functionality with safety and aesthetics

Smart Growth / Sustainable Growth

Land use & required number of spaces

Shared parking

Location of parking lots

Screening

1. Community Collaboration 2. Strong, Distinctive Sense of Place 3. Compact Building Design 4. Walkable Neighborhoods 5. Mixed Land Uses 6. Direct Development Toward Existing Communities 7. Diverse Housing Options 8. Transportation Choices (bike, ped, transit, car) 9. Preserve Open Space, Farmland, Historic Resources 10.Predictable, Fair Development Decisions

Different uses have different needs Number of spaces

Time of day

Location of use (downtown?)

Minimum versus Maximum number Minimum often creates excess parking

Sample parking requirements

Use / Activity Minimum Spaces

Automotive sales & service 1 per 200 sf sales; 1 per 660 sf service

Convenience sales 1 per 200 sf plus 1 per 2 employees

Eating and drinking establishments

1 per 4 seats plus 1 per 2 employees

Office 1 per 300 sf

Residences 2 per unit

Consider land uses Uses with daytime parking needs can share

spaces with overnight parking needs

Benefits Less area needed for parking / more opportunity

for infill development

Lot is used more efficiently

Encourage or require parking to the side or rear of a lot

Walking Aisle

Lighting

Signage

Snow removal/storage

Driver Behavior

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Walking Aisle

Striped

Hardscaped, Dedicated area

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Walking Aisle – Try to avoid this situation…

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Lighting for vehicles and pedestrians

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Signage

Place at key locations

Alerting drivers to pedestrians

Wayfinding to guide drivers

Snow removal and storage

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Remove from ingress/egress points to enhance visibility

Driver Behavior

Can’t plan for this!

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Stall Size

Aisle Size

Access

Flow

‘Greenspace’

Handicap Accessibility

Green Infrastructure

Why “green” design?

Green Parking Lot Techniques

Reduced Infrastructure Burden

Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

Green infrastructure practices maintain or restore stormwater's natural flow pattern by allowing the water to slowly permeate into the ground and be used by plants.

NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/58930.html

www.mjels.com

Conventional stormwater infrastructure quickly drains stormwater to rivers and streams, increasing peak flows and flood risk. Green infrastructure can mitigate flood risk by slowing and reducing stormwater discharges.

Impacts of Parking Lots Environmental

Water Quality & Supply

Stormwater Management

Air Emissions

Heat Island Effect

Waste

Habitat and Local Ecology

Decrease in Greenspace

Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

Swales

Bioretention/Rain Gardens

Infiltration Systems

Alternative Parking Surface Material

Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

Maintained, turf-lined swale specifically designed to convey stormwater at a low velocity

Promotes natural treatment and infiltration

Can be used in both residential and non-residential areas

Can serve as alternative to underground storm sewers

When compared to underground pipes or hardened channels, vegetated swales increase the time-of-concentration, reduce the peak discharge and provide infiltration opportunities

NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5

www.mjels.com

This dry swale is an example of green infrastructure in an institutional setting. It uses mosquito control design, no permanent pools (standing water), per Rockland County Regulations.

NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/59332.html

Intent of design: Stormwater quality treatment through filtration and quantity control through detention.

Stormwater management capacity: 1,251 cubic feet

Maintenance: Mowing

Installed: 2007

Zoning change or special permit: None

www.mjels.com

Flat pieces of land with low slopes

Designed to encourage natural sheet flow of storm- water as opposed to channeled runoff

Low-density development or areas with less concentrated amounts of runoff

Pre-treats and removes sediment

Protects riparian areas, habitat creation, and streambank stability

NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5

www.mjels.com

Manages and treats small volumes of stormwater runoff

Variation on bioretention

Combines physical filtering and adsorption with bio-geochemical processes to remove pollutants

System consists of an inflow component, a shallow ponding area over a planted soil bed, mulch layer, gravel filter chamber, attractive shrubs, grasses and flowers, and an overflow mechanism to convey larger rain events to the storm drain system or receiving water

NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5

www.mjels.com

NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5

Profile of a typical rain garden

www.mjels.com

Pollutants are filtered naturally as the rainwater percolates down through the soil and fibrous roots of the native plants - improving the water quality as it recharges the groundwater supply. Native plants, acclimated to local soils and weather conditions, reduce water consumption and the need for fertilizers and provide habitat for wildlife.

NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/84561.html

www.mjels.com

Intent of design: Reduce the flow of stormwater runoff and the pollutants it carries into stormdrains

Size of structure/capacity: 8'w – 48'l – 3"d

Size of drainage area: 1,128 sq. ft.

Maintenance: Weeding, mulching, some deadheading and seasonal cleanup

Maintained by: Rockland Audubon Society & Friends

Installed: May 2010

Zoning change or special permit: None

Project cost: $1,560 - includes garden consultation, native plants & installation.

NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/84561.html

www.mjels.com

Capture and retain stormwater runoff

Water gradually infiltrates into ground

Infiltration basins and infiltration trenches commonly used

Can greatly reduce volume of runoff

Particularly good for groundwater recharge

www.mjels.com Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

www.mjels.com http://www.waterworld.com/articles/2012/08/program-turns-to-nature-to-manage-pollution-stormwater-runoff.html

Onondaga County created favorable ground structures for its trees with the help of DeepRoot, the producers of the Silva Cell.

Tree plantings are important to Syracuse's strategy because they will contribute to the capturing of the 250 million gallons of rain annually.

The new parking lot design includes several features to collect stormwater on-site.

www.mjels.com http://www.conteches.com/products/stormwater-management/biofiltration-bioretention/filterra.aspx

Similar to bioretention

Has been optimized for high volume/flow treatment and high pollutant removal

Small footprint allows it to be used on highly developed sites

www.mjels.com http://www.conteches.com/products/stormwater-management/biofiltration-bioretention/filterra.aspx

Alternative to conventional asphalt/concrete surfaces

Rainfall is conveyed through the surface into underlying reservoir where it can infiltrate

3 main design components: Surface, Storage, Outflow

2 basic design variations: Porous pavement and Permeable

pavers

NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5

www.mjels.com

The construction of the new Comer Geochemistry Building required the relocation of an existing 85 car parking lot. Stormwater management originally required the construction of a new detention basin and 500 feet of drainpipe excavated through rock and the existing main campus thoroughfare. A porous asphalt infiltration design alternative eliminated the drainpipe and detention basin, resulting in a zero net cost, 25% reduction in runoff, and 100% water quality treatment.

NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/74995.html

Intent of design: 85 Car Replacement Parking Lot

Size of structure/capacity: 32,470 sf parking lot

Size of drainage area: 13.65 acres

Maintenance: Salt only for deicing (no sand), routine snow plowing

Maintained by: Building & Grounds Department

Installed: July 2006

Zoning change or special permit: NYSDEC SPEDES Phase II Permit

Project cost: Approximately $500,000

NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/74995.html

www.mjels.com

Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

NYS EFC:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaiZHOODa0w

Additional Techniques

Vegetated Filter Strips/Riparian Buffers

Dry Retention Basins

Wet Retention Basins

Constructed Wetlands

Natural Landscaping

Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

Estimated nearly 25 million acres of impervious cover

By 2030, 50% of the built environment will have been constructed since 2000

Regional stormwater and wastewater impacts

Cost effectiveness

Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA

Comprehensive Plan

Future Land Uses and location of uses

Zoning ordinance

Allowed uses in zoning district

Parking requirements (location, maximum, shared)

Site plan review

•Areas should be representative of the various land uses and street typologies throughout the City •Areas should be representative of the various land uses and street typologies throughout the City

•Areas should be representative of the various land uses and street typologies throughout the City •Areas should be representative of the various land uses and street typologies throughout the City

So let’s do better… Consider allowed land uses in your community

and where they are located Encourage shared parking Create parking lots that are functional and

attractive (innovative stormwater management)

There is no easy solution to parking.

US EPA http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm#tabs-3

http://www.streamteamok.net/Doc_link/Green%20Parking%20Lot%20Guide%20%28final%29.PDF

NYS DEC http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/58930.html

http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/70657.html

http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8694.html

http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/29072.html

www.mjels.com

Jaclyn S. Hakes, AICP

M.J. Engineering and Land Surveying, P.C.

jhakes@mjels.com

Sarah Quandt, P.E.

M.J. Engineering and Land Surveying, P.C.

squandt@mjels.com

THANK YOU!