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CopyrightNFPA
NFPA85BoilerandCombustionSystemsHazardsCode
2007Edition
Copyright2007NationalFireProtectionAssociation.AllRightsReserved.
ThiseditionofNFPA85,BoilerandCombustionSystemsHazardsCode,waspreparedbytheTechnicalCommitteesonFluidizedBedBoilers,FundamentalsofCombustionSystemsHazards,HeatRecoverySteamGeneratorsandOtherCombustionTurbineExhaustSystems,MultipleBurnerBoilers,PulverizedFuelSystems,SingleBurnerBoilers,andStokerOperationsandreleasedbytheTechnicalCorrelatingCommitteeonBoilerCombustionSystemHazards.ItwasissuedbytheStandardsCouncilonDecember1,2006,withaneffectivedateofDecember20,2006,andsupersedesallpreviouseditions.
ThiseditionofNFPA85wasapprovedasanAmericanNationalStandardonDecember20,2006.
OriginandDevelopmentofNFPA85
NFPA85hashadalonghistoryofdocumentsthathavebeencreatedandcombinedtoformthepresentdayNFPA85.(SeeAnnexM,OriginandDevelopmentofNFPA85,BoilerandCombustionSystemsHazardsCode,whichisaflowchartdepictingthecomplexdevelopmentovertheyears.)ThefirstofthesedocumentswasNBFU60,RegulationsoftheNationalBoardofFireUnderwritersfortheInstallationofPulverizedFuelSystemsasRecommendedbytheNationalFireProtectionAssociationfrom1924thatchangedfrom anNBFU/NFPAdocumenttoanNFPAcodein1946.
The2001editionofNFPA85wasacompilationofthefollowingsixstandards:
NFPA8501,StandardforSingleBurnerBoilerOperation
NFPA8502,StandardforthePreventionofFurnaceExplosions/ImplosionsinMultipleBurnerBoilers
NFPA8503,StandardforPulverizedFuelSystems
NFPA8504,StandardonAtmosphericFluidizedBedBoilerOperation
NFPA8505,StandardforStokerOperation
NFPA8506,StandardonHeatRecoverySteamGeneratorSystems
Inthe2001edition,significantnewmaterialwasaddedformultipleburnerboilers,including
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requirementsforreburnsystems.Forheatrecoverysteamgenerators,theminimumpurgeflowrequirementspriortostartingthecombustionturbinewerereduced.
The2004editionwasorganizedtoprovideadministrativerequirementsinChapters1,2,and3andcommonrequirementsinChapter4,FundamentalsofBoilerCombustionSystems.Subsequentchapterscoveredthespecificrequirementsforeachoftheboilerandcombustionsystemscoveredbythisdocument.The2004editionalsoprovidednewrequirementsthataddressedselectivecatalyticreduction(SCR)systemsformultipleburnerboilers.
Inthe2001edition,AnnexMwasaddedtoassistuserstobetterunderstandthecomplexdevelopmentofwhatisnowknownasNFPA85.
The2007editionincludesthefollowingmajorchanges,bychapter:
Chapter4:
(1) ThespecificrequirementsforfurnacestructuraldesignhavebeenremovedfromChapter4andrelocatedasappropriatetotheindividualchapters.
(2) Requirementsforfluegaspathauxiliarysystemshavebeenaddedalongwithsupportingannexmaterial.
(3) ThesectionpreviouslytitledProgrammableLogicControllerswasmergedintothedesignrequirementsforthelogicsystem.
(4) Newflameprovingrequirementshavebeenadded.
(5) Commissioningandinstallationrequirementshavebeenconsolidatedintoasinglesection.
Chapter5:Theuseofvalveprovingsystemsinfuelgastrainshasbeenadded.
Chapter6:
(1) ThescopeofChapter6hasbeenclarifiedasapplyingfromtheforceddraftfaninletstothestackinlet.
(2) Requirementsforfluegaspathauxiliarysystemsspecifictomultipleburnerboilershavebeenadded.
(3) Purgerequirementshavebeenrewrittenandconsolidated.
(4) Furnacestructuraldesignrequirementsformultipleburnerboilershavebeenaddedandnowincludetheimpactofboosterfans.Implosionprotectionhasbeenclarifiedasnotbeingrequiredonunitsthathavenofaninthefluegasstreamdownstreamoftheboiler.Inconjunctionwiththesechanges,adefinitionof boosterfanhasbeenaddedtoChapter3.
(5) Requirementsforfuelgasandfueloilsafetyshutoffvalveswereadded.
(6) Sections6.6,6.7,and6.8havebeenmodifiedforconsistencyinnumberingandcontent.
Chapter7:
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(1) Requirementsforlanceandburnersafetyshutoffvalveshavebeenadded.
(2) Requirementsforfluegaspathauxiliarysystemshavebeenadded.
Chapter8:
(1) ThescopeofChapter8hasbeenexpandedfromheatrecoverysteamgeneratorstoincludeothercombustionturbineexhaustsystemsthatpresentsimilarfireandexplosionhazards,includingthosewithnoheatrecovery.Adefinitionof combustionturbineexhaustsystemshasbeenaddedtoChapter3,andotherchangesweremadethroughoutthecodeasrequiredforconsistency.
(2) Additionalcombustionturbineinterlockshavebeenaddedtoensurefuelgasinleakageisnotoccurringduringthecombustionturbinepurgeandthatexcessivefuelisnotbeingintroducedduringcombustionturbinelightoff.
(3) Specificrequirementsforheatrecoverysteamgenerator(HRSG)implosionprotectionhavebeenadded.
Chapter9:ThefuelstowhichChapter9applieshavebeenrevised.
Chapter10:Transientdesignpressurerequirementsspecifictostokershavebeenadded.
TechnicalCorrelatingCommitteeonBoilerCombustionSystemHazards(BCSAAC)
MichaelC.Polagye, ChairFMGlobal,MA[I]
BillBass, ForneyCorporation,TX[M]
JamesR.Bostick, ABBAutomation,OH[M]
DaleE.Dressel, SolutiaIncorporated,MO[U]
DavidS.Eason, DetroitEdisonCompany,MI[U]
RonaldE.Fringeli, MarshUSAIncorporated,OH[I]
GordonG.Gaetke, TheDowChemicalCompany,TX[U]
MasaakiKinoshita, MitsubishiHeavyIndustriesLimited,Japan[M]
RobertMalanga, FireandRiskEngineering,NJ[SE]
JerryJ.Moskal, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M]
NancyC.Polosky, Babcock&WilcoxCompany,OH[M]
PeterJ.Willse, GEInsuranceSolutions,CT[I]
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HenryK.Wong, WashingtonGroupInternational,NJ[SE]
Alternates
RonaldJ.Fleming, ABBIncorporated,OH[M](Alt.toJ.R.Bostick)
RichardL.Haman, DTEEnergy/DetroitEdisonCompany,MI[U](Alt.toD.S.Eason)
Takayoshi(Ted)Isoda, MitsubishiPowerSystems,Incorporated,CA[M](Alt.toM.Kinoshita)
GeraldE.McCullion, Honeywell,Incorporated,GA[M](VotingAlt.toHoneywellRep.)
MichaelR.Mulherin, TheDowChemicalCompany,TX[U](Alt.toG.G.Gaetke)
JohnP.O'Rourke, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M](Alt.toJ.J.Moskal)
CelsoG.Schmidt, ForneyCorporation,TX[M](Alt.toB.Bass)
Nonvoting
JohnC.deRuyter, TheDuPontCompany,Incorporated,DE[U]Rep.TConStokerOperations
MichaelB.Doherty, AmericanElectricPowerServiceCorporation,OH[U]Rep.TConPulverizedFuelSystems
JohnJ.Eibl, TheDuPontCompany,Incorporated,TN[U]Rep.TConSingleBurnerBoilers
DaleP.Evely, SouthernCompanyServices,Incorporated,AL[U]Rep.TConFundamentalsofCombustionSystemsHazards
BrianW.Moore, HartfordSteamBoilerInspection&InsuranceCompany,CT[I]Rep.TConFluidizedBedBoilers
JohnVanName, WashingtonGroupInternational,NY[SE]Rep.TConHeatRecoverySteamGenerators
HaroldR.Yates, HRY,Inc.,MI[SE]
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Rep.TConMultipleBurnerBoilers
AmyB.Spencer, NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentsonthereductionofcombustionsystemhazardsinsingleandmultipleburnerboilerswithaheatinputrateof12,500,000Btu/hrandabove.Thisincludesallfuels.ThisCommitteealsoisresponsiblefordocumentsonthereductionofhazardsinpulverizedfuelsystems,fluidizedbedboilers,heatrecoverysteamgeneratorsandothercombustionturbineexhaustsystems,andstokerfiredboilers,atanyheatinputrate.
TechnicalCommitteeonFluidizedBedBoilers(BCSFBB)(Chapter7,andAnnexesHandL)
BrianW.Moore, ChairHartfordSteamBoilerInspection&InsuranceCompany,CT[I]
P.K.Chelian, FosterWheelerPowerGroup,Incorporated,NJ[M]
JosephN.Darguzas, EnviroPower,LLC,IL[IM]
SheltonEhrlich, PaloAlto,CA[SE]
WilliamBradleyGeorge, NovaScotiaPowerIncorporated,Canada[U]
DavidHabenicht, GlobalRiskConsultantsCorporation,IL[SE]
VicL.Jones, MerrickIndustriesIncorporated,FL[M]
DavidL.Kraft, Babcock&WilcoxCompany,OH[M]
DonaldL.Lueckenotte, Burns&McDonnellEngineeringCompany,MO[SE]
PaulH.Miller, SouthernCompanyServices,Incorporated,AL[U]
GaryE.Norman, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M]
Alternates
KevinM.Estes, FosterWheelerPowerGroup,Incorporated,FL[M](Alt.toP.K.Chelian)
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JohnP.O'Rourke, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M](Alt.toG.E.Norman)
JamesM.Witt,Jr., SouthernCompanyServices,Incorporated,AL[U](Alt.toP.H.Miller)
AmyB.Spencer, NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentsontheoperationandreductionofcombustionsystemhazardsandthepreventionofboilerfurnaceexplosionsoffluidizedbedboilers.Thisincludesallfuelsatanyheatinputrate.
TechnicalCommitteeonFundamentalsofCombustionSystemsHazards(BCSFUN)(Chapters14andAnnexesI,J,andK)
DaleP.Evely, ChairSouthernCompanyServices,Incorporated,AL[U]
KevinA.Alexeff, StockEquipmentCompany,OH[M]
CourtneyD.Alvey, Baltimore,MD[SE]
CarltonA.Bosfield, GrandBahamaPowerCompany,FL[U]
DavidA.Cowdrick, TampaElectricCompany,FL[U]
RichardA.Gallagher, ZurichServicesCorporation,DE[I]
ThomasB.George, MarshUSAIncorporated,MI[I]
TedJablkowski, NorthAmericanManufacturingCompany,CT[M]
RandyJ.Kleen, GeneralElectricCompany,TX[M]
RichardT.Long,Jr., Exponent,Incorporated,MD[SE]
PeterB.Matthews, HartfordSteamBoilerInspection&InsuranceCompany,CT[I]
FranciscoA.Palacios, BabcockPower,Incorporated,MA[M]
JohnR.Puskar, CECCombustionSafety,Incorporated,OH[SE]
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CelsoG.Schmidt, ForneyCorporation,TX[M]
FranklinR.Switzer,Jr., Safe,Incorporated,IN[SE]
MichaelA.Walz, Burns&McDonnellEngineeringCompany,MO[SE]
HaroldR.Yates, HRY,Incorporated,MI[SE]
AllanJ.Zadiraka, TheBabcock&WilcoxCompany,OH[M]
Alternates
BryanR.Baesel, CECCombustionSafety,Incorporated,OH[SE](Alt.toJ.R.Puskar)
BarryJ.Basile, BabcockPower,Incorporated,MA[M](Alt.toF.A.Palacios)
AmyB.Spencer, NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentsorportionsofdocumentsonfundamentals,maintenance,inspection,training,andsafetyforthereductionofcombustionsystemhazards.Fundamentalsshallspecificallyinclude definitions,furnaceexplosion/implosionprevention,manufacture,designandengineering,installation,coordinationofdesign,constructionandoperation,basicoperatingobjectives,equipmentrequirements,andcommissioning.
TechnicalCommitteeonHeatRecoverySteamGeneratorsandOtherCombustionTurbineExhaustSystems(BCSHRS)(Chapter8)
JohnVanName, ChairWashingtonGroupInternational,NY[SE]
HaroldHonath, SecretaryCoenCompanyIncorporated,CA[M]
DonaldW.Bairley, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M]
RobertR.Balsbaugh, Burns&McDonnellEngineeringCompany,MO[SE]
RichardA.Brown, JohnZinkCompany,LLC,OK[M]
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JohnH.Conroy, ForneyCorporation,TX[M]
DaleP.Evely, SouthernCompanyServices,Incorporated,AL[U]
GordonG.Gaetke, TheDowChemicalCompany,TX[U]
GeorgeY.Keller, Burns&RoeEnterprises,Incorporated,NJ[SE]
StevenA.Lefton, AptechEngineeringServices,CA[SE]
BrianW.Moore, HartfordSteamBoilerInspection&InsuranceCompany,CT[I]
MartinC.Nygard, Nooter/Eriksen,MO[M]
MichaelC.Polagye, FMGlobal,MA[I]
JimmieJ.Schexnayder, EntergyCorporation,LA[U]
PhilipF.Souers, SiemensPowerCorporation,FL[M]
JosephM.Vavrek, Sargent&Lundy,LLC,IL[SE]
JamesP.Walawender, Black&VeatchCorporation,KS[SE]
Alternates
AlfredJ.Beaty, ForneyCorporation,TX[M](Alt.toJ.H.Conroy)
SandaBrumaru, Burns&RoeEnterprises,NJ[SE](Alt.toG.Y.Keller)
RodneyT.Crockett, JohnZinkCompany,LLC,OK[M](Alt.toR.A.Brown)
RickFiorenza, CoenCompanyIncorporated,CA[M](Alt.toH.Honath)
RobertP.Kaltenbach, Burns&McDonnellEngineeringCompany,MO[SE](Alt.toR.R.Balsbaugh)
ChristopherJ.Lech, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M](Alt.toD.W.Bairley)
MichaelR.Mulherin, TheDowChemicalCompany,TX[U](Alt.toG.G.Gaetke)
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GeorgeN.Pyros, SiemensPowerGeneration,FL[M](Alt.toP.F.Souers)
RonaldRispoli, EntergyCorporation,AR[U](Alt.toJ.J.Schexnayder)
AmyB.Spencer, NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentscoveringtheoperationofheatrecoverysteamgeneratorsandothercombustionturbineexhaustsystems,andtherelatedreductionofcombustionsystemhazardsandpreventionofexplosions.Thisincludesallfuelsatanyheatinputrate.
TechnicalCommitteeonMultipleBurnerBoilers(BCSMBB)(Chapter6andAnnexesB,C,andD)
HaroldR.Yates, ChairHRY,Incorporated,MI[SE]
BernardHrul, SecretaryAllenBradleyCompany,MI[U]
CourtneyD.Alvey, Baltimore,MD[SE]
BillBass, ForneyCorporation,TX[M]
FrankJ.Bennett, MirantMidAtlantic,MD[U]
DaleE.Dressel, SolutiaIncorporated,MO[U]
JohnJ.Eibl, TheDuPontCompany,TN[U]
DaleP.Evely, SouthernCompanyServices,Incorporated,AL[U]
KennethJoeFrazier, SaltRiverProject,AZ[U]
GordonG.Gaetke, TheDowChemicalCompany,TX[U]
KrisA.Gamble, Black&VeatchCorporation,KS[SE]
GeorgeY.Keller, Burns&RoeEnterprises,Incorporated,NJ[SE]
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RichardKimball, HFControlsCorporation,TX[M]
DanielJ.Lee, ABBIncorporated,OH[M]
W.ScottMatz, InvensysProcessSystems,TX[M]
PeterMcKenna, Stone&Webster,Incorporated,MA[SE]
LalitM.Mehta, CoenCompany,Incorporated,CA[M]
TerryA.Nelson, YokogawaCorporationofAmerica,TX[M]
JohnP.O'Rourke, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M]
FranciscoA.Palacios, BabcockPower,Incorporated,MA[M]
MichaelC.Polagye, FMGlobal,MA[I]
GlennA.Raney, PremierConsultingServices,TX[SE]
ThomasD.Russell, Honeywell,Incorporated,TX[M]
JimmieJ.Schexnayder, EntergyCorporation,LA[U]
FranklinR.Switzer,Jr., Safe,Incorporated,IN[SE]
JosephM.Vavrek, Sargent&Lundy,LLC,IL[SE]
MichaelA.Walz, Burns&McDonnellEngineeringCompany,MO[SE]
PeterJ.Willse, GEInsuranceSolutions,CT[I]
HenryK.Wong, WashingtonGroupInternational,NJ[SE]
AllanJ.Zadiraka, TheBabcock&WilcoxCompany,OH[M]
Alternates
JohnE.Bollinger, TheBabcock&WilcoxCompany,OH[M](Alt.toA.J.Zadiraka)
JohnC.deRuyter, TheDuPontCompany,Incorporated,DE[U](Alt.toJ.J.Eibl)
RonaldJ.Fleming, ABBIncorporated,OH[M](Alt.toD.J.Lee)
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StevenL.Hawkins, Black&VeatchCorporation,KS[SE](Alt.toK.A.Gamble)
KennethHurlburt, BabcockPower,Incorporated,MA[M](Alt.toF.A.Palacios)
RobertP.Kaltenbach, Burns&McDonnellEngineeringCompany,MO[SE](Alt.toM.A.Walz)
MichaelR.Mulherin, TheDowChemicalCompany,TX[U](Alt.toG.G.Gaetke)
GaryE.Norman, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M](Alt.toJ.P.O'Rourke)
MarkA.Ratcliffe, InvensysProcessSystems,TX[M](Alt.toW.S.Matz)
RonaldRispoli, EntergyCorporation,AR[U](Alt.toJ.J.Schexnayder)
WesleyJ.Schulze, CoenCompany,Incorporated,CA[M](Alt.toL.M.Mehta)
GeorgeP.Seroka, DTEEnergy/DetroitEdisonCompany,MI[U](VotingAlt.toDTEEnergyRep.)
JamesM.Witt,Jr., SouthernCompanyServices,Incorporated,AL[U](Alt.toD.P.Evely)
Nonvoting
S.Dharmalingam, BharatHeavyElectricalsLimited,India[M]
AmyB.Spencer, NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentscoveringthereductionofcombustionsystemhazardsandthepreventionofboilerfurnaceexplosionsandimplosionsinmultipleburnerboilerswithaheatinputrateof12,500,000Btu/hrandabove.Thisincludesallfuels.
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TechnicalCommitteeonPulverizedFuelSystems(BCSPFS)(Chapter9)
MichaelB.Doherty, ChairAmericanElectricPowerServiceCorporation,OH[U]
CourtneyD.Alvey, Baltimore,MD[SE]
DavidA.Cowdrick, TampaElectricCompany,FL[U]
JohnC.deRuyter, TheDuPontCompany,Incorporated,DE[U]
RoryG.Eastman, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M]
KennethL.Gardner, MetsoIndustries,PA[M]
RoderickJ.Hossfeld, Jenike&Johanson,Incorporated,MA[SE]
WalterE.Keiser, GeorgiaPowerCompany,GA[U]
KiranR.Patel, BabcockPower,Incorporated,MA[M]
JonathanR.Pranitis, FosterWheelerEnergyCorporation,NJ[M]
ClevelandB.Skinker, BechtelPowerCorporation,MD[SE]
WilliamA.(Andy)Smith, GlobalRiskConsultantsCorporation,GA[SE]
Alternates
AlanJ.Seibert, ALSTOMPowerIncorporated,CT[M](Alt.toR.G.Eastman)
AmyB.Spencer, NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentsontheoperationanddesignrequirementsofpulverizedfuelsystemsandreductionofhazardsassociatedwiththosesystems.Thisincludesallcarbonaceoussolidfuelsatanyheatinputrate.
TechnicalCommitteeonSingleBurnerBoilers(BCSSBB)(Chapter5)
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JohnJ.Eibl, ChairTheDuPontCompany,TN[U]
CourtneyD.Alvey, Baltimore,MD[SE]
CarltonA.Bosfield, GrandBahamaPowerCompany,FL[U]
JohnT.Connor, Burns&McDonnellEngineeringCompany,MO[SE]
DaleE.Dressel, SolutiaIncorporated,MO[U]
G.F.(Jerry)Gilman, SISTech,OH[SE]
TedJablkowski, NorthAmericanManufacturingCompany,CT[M]
RobertA.Koehler, LibertyMutualProperty,TX[I]Rep.PropertyCasualtyInsurersAssociationofAmerica
GlennA.Raney, PremierConsultingServices,TX[SE]
GaryJ.Shrider, Babcock&WilcoxCompany,OH[M]
FranklinR.Switzer,Jr., Safe,Incorporated,IN[SE]
JacquesVanHeijningen, SiemensBuildingTechnologies,Inc.,IL[M]
J.A.RedWagner, Fireye,NJ[M]
ChrisWille, CoenCompany,Incorporated,CA[M]
PeterJ.Willse, GEInsuranceSolutions,CT[I]
Alternates
AmyB.Spencer, NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentsonthereductionofcombustionsystemhazardsandthepreventionofboilerfurnaceexplosionsinsingleburnerboilerswithaheatinputrateof12,500,000Btu/hrandabove.Thisincludesallfuels.
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TechnicalCommitteeonStokerOperations(BCSSTO)(Chapter10andAnnexesFandG)
JohnC.deRuyter, ChairTheDuPontCompany,Incorporated,DE[U]
J.MikeCantrell, TheMcBurneyCorporation,GA[IM]
AndrewK.Dant, CogentrixEnergy,Incorporated,NC[U]
JohnHoh, NationalBoardofBoiler&PressureVesselInspectors,OH[E]
Alternates
AmyB.Spencer, NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentscoveringtheoperationofstokersandrelatedfuelburningequipment.Thisincludesallfuelsatanyheatinputrate.
NFPA85BoilerandCombustionSystemsHazardsCode
2007Edition
IMPORTANTNOTE:ThisNFPAdocumentismadeavailableforusesubjecttoimportantnoticesandlegaldisclaimers.ThesenoticesanddisclaimersappearinallpublicationscontainingthisdocumentandmaybefoundundertheheadingImportantNoticesandDisclaimersConcerningNFPADocuments.TheycanalsobeobtainedonrequestfromNFPAorviewedatwww.nfpa.org/disclaimers.
NOTICE:Anasterisk(*)followingthenumberorletterdesignatingaparagraphindicatesthatexplanatorymaterialontheparagraphcanbefoundinAnnexA.
Changesotherthaneditorialareindicatedbyaverticalrulebesidetheparagraph,table,orfigureinwhichthechangeoccurred.Theserulesareincludedasanaidtotheuserinidentifyingchangesfromthepreviousedition.Whereoneormorecompleteparagraphshavebeendeleted,thedeletionisindicatedbyabullet()betweentheparagraphsthatremain.
Areferenceinbrackets[]followingasectionorparagraphindicatesmaterialthathasbeenextractedfromanotherNFPAdocument.Asanaidtotheuser,thecompletetitleandedition
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ofthesourcedocumentsforextractsinmandatorysectionsofthedocumentaregiveninChapter2andthoseforextractsininformationalsectionsaregiveninAnnexN.Editorialchangestoextractedmaterialconsistofrevisingreferencestoanappropriatedivisioninthisdocumentortheinclusionofthedocumentnumberwiththedivisionnumberwhenthereferenceistotheoriginaldocument.Requestsforinterpretationsorrevisionsofextractedtextshallbesenttothetechnicalcommitteeresponsibleforthesourcedocument.
InformationonreferencedpublicationscanbefoundinChapter2andAnnexN.
Chapter1Administration
1.1*Scope.
Thiscodeshallapplytosingleburnerboilers,multipleburnerboilers,stokers,andatmosphericfluidizedbedboilerswithafuelinputratingof3.7MWt(12.5millionBtu/hr)orgreater,topulverizedfuelsystems,tofiredorunfiredsteamgeneratorsusedtorecoverheatfromcombustionturbines[heatrecoverysteamgenerators(HRSGs)],andtoothercombustionturbineexhaustsystems.
1.1.1 Thiscodeshallcoverdesign,installation,operation,maintenance,andtraining.
1.1.2 Thiscodeshallcoverstrengthofthestructure,operationandmaintenanceprocedures,combustionanddraftcontrolequipment,safetyinterlocks,alarms,trips,andotherrelatedcontrolsthatareessentialtosafeequipmentoperation.
1.1.3 CoordinationofthedesignandoperatingproceduresoftheboilerfurnaceorHRSGsystemandanyfluegascleanupsystemsdownstreamofthepostcombustiongaspassesshallberequired.Suchcoordinationshallincluderequirementsforensuringacontinuousflowpathfromthecombustionairinletthroughthestack.
1.1.4 Chapter5,SingleBurnerBoilers,coverssingleburnerboilersthatfirethefollowingfuels:
(1) Fuelgasasdefinedin 3.3.74.
(2)* Othergashavingacalorificvalueandcharacteristicssimilartonaturalgas
(3) Fueloilasdefinedin 3.3.73.3
(4) Fuelgasandfueloilthatarefiredsimultaneouslyforfueltransfer
(5) Fuelgasandfueloilthatarefiredsimultaneouslyandcontinuously
1.1.5 Chapter6,MultipleBurnerBoilers,coversmultipleburnerboilersfiringoneormoreofthefollowing:
(1) Fuelgas,asdefinedin 3.3.74
(2) Fueloil,asdefinedin 3.3.73.3
(3) Pulverizedcoal,asdefinedin 3.3.73.2.1
(4) Simultaneousfiringofmorethanoneofthefuelsstatedin1.1.5(1)through1.1.5(3)
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1.1.6 Chapter7,AtmosphericFluidizedBedBoilers,coversatmosphericfluidizedbedboilers.
1.1.7* Chapter8,HeatRecoverySteamGeneratorsandOtherCombustionTurbineExhaustSystems,coversHRSGsystemsorothercombustionturbineexhaustsystems.
1.1.8 Chapter9,PulverizedFuelSystems,coverspulverizedfuelsystems,beginningwiththerawfuelbunker,whichisupstreamofthepulverizer,andisthepointatwhichprimaryairentersthepulverizingsystem,andterminatingatthepointwherepressurecanberelievedbyfuelbeingburnedorcollectedinadevicethatisbuiltinaccordancewiththiscode.Thepulverizedfuelsystemshallincludetheprimaryairducts,whichareupstreamofthepulverizer,toapointwherepressurecanberelieved.
1.1.9 Chapter10,Stokers,coversboilersusingastokertofirethefollowingfuels:
(1) Coal
(2) Wood
(3) Refusederivedfuel(RDF)
(4) Municipalsolidwaste(MSW)
(5) Othersolidfuels
1.1.9.1 Wheresolidfuelisfiredsimultaneouslywithotherfuels(e.g.,asolidfuelstokerfiredincombinationwithfuelgas,fueloil,orpulverizedauxiliaryfuel),additionalcontrolsandinterlocksshallincludethosecoveredinChapters5,6,and9.
ExceptionNo.1:ThepurgerequirementsofChapters5and6shallnotberequiredwhenthestokerisfiringandtheboilerisonline.Inthosecases,ifnocoolingairisbeingprovidedtotheauxiliaryburners,apurgeoftheirassociatedairsupplyductsshallbeprovided.
ExceptionNo.2:WherefueloilorfuelgasisfiredinasupervisedmanualsysteminaccordancewithChapter5,theexcessivesteampressureinterlockshallnotberequired.
1.2*Purpose.
Thepurposeofthiscodeshallbetocontributetooperatingsafetyandtopreventuncontrolledfires,explosions,andimplosionsinequipmentdescribedinSection 1.1.
1.2.1 Thiscodeshallestablishminimumrequirementsforthedesign,installation,operation,training,andmaintenanceofpulverizedfuelsystems,boilers,HRSGs,combustionturbineexhaustsystems,andtheirsystemsforfuelburning,airsupply,andcombustionproductsremoval.
1.2.2 Thiscodeshallrequirethecoordinationofoperatingprocedures,controlsystems,interlocks,andstructuraldesign.
1.2.3 Thiscodeshallnotbeusedasadesignhandbook.
1.2.3.1 Adesignercapableofapplyingmorecompleteandrigorousanalysistospecialor
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unusualproblemsshallhavelatitudeinthedevelopmentofsuchdesigns.
1.2.3.2 Insuchcases,thedesignershallberesponsiblefordemonstratinganddocumentingthevalidityoftheproposeddesign.
1.3Application.
1.3.1 Thiscodeshallapplytonewinstallationsandtomajoralterationsorextensionsthatarecontractedforsubsequenttotheeffectivedateofthiscode.
1.3.2 Processheatersusedinchemicalandpetroleummanufacture,whereinsteamgenerationisincidentaltotheoperationofaprocessingsystem,shallnotbecoveredbythiscode.
1.4*Retroactivity.
Theprovisionsinthiscodereflectaconsensusofwhatisnecessarytoprovideanacceptabledegreeofprotectionfromthehazardsaddressedinthiscode,atthetimethecodewasissued.
1.4.1 Unlessotherwisespecified,theprovisionsinthiscodeshallnotapplytofacilities,equipment,structures,orinstallationsthatexistedorwereapprovedforconstructionorinstallationpriortotheeffectivedateofthecode.Wherespecified,theprovisionsinthiscodeshallberetroactive.
1.4.2 Inthosecaseswheretheauthorityhavingjurisdictiondeterminesthattheexistingsituationpresentsanunacceptabledegreeofrisk,theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshallbepermittedtoapplyretroactivelyanyportionsofthiscodedeemedappropriate.
1.4.3 Theretroactiverequirementsofthiscodeshallbepermittedtobemodifiediftheirapplicationclearlywouldbeimpracticalinthejudgmentoftheauthorityhavingjurisdiction,andonlywhereitisclearlyevidentthatareasonabledegreeofsafetyisprovided.
1.5Equivalency.
Nothinginthiscodeisintendedtopreventtheuseofsystems,methods,ordevicesofequivalentorsuperiorquality,strength,fireresistance,effectiveness,durability,andsafetyoverthoseprescribedbythiscode.
1.5.1 Technicaldocumentationshallbesubmittedtotheauthorityhavingjurisdictiontodemonstrateequivalency.
1.5.2 Thesystem,method,ordeviceshallbeapprovedfortheintendedpurposebytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
1.6Enforcement.
Thiscodeshallbeadministeredandenforcedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdictiondesignatedbythegoverningauthority.(SeeAnnexIforsamplewordingforenablinglegislation.)
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Chapter2ReferencedPublications
2.1General.
Thedocumentsorportionsthereoflistedinthischapterarereferencedwithinthiscodeandshallbeconsideredpartoftherequirementsofthisdocument.
2.2NFPAPublications.
NationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA021697471.
NFPA30,FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode,2003edition.
NFPA31,StandardfortheInstallationofOilBurningEquipment,2006edition.
NFPA54,NationalFuelGasCode,2006edition.
NFPA69,StandardonExplosionPreventionSystems,2002edition.
NFPA70,NationalElectricalCode,2005edition.
2.3OtherPublications.
2.3.1AISCPublications.
AmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction,OneEastWackerDrive,Suite700,Chicago,IL60601.
AISCASD,SpecificationsforStructuralSteelBuildingsAllowableStressDesignandPlasticDesign,1989,includingsupplementNo.1,2001.
AISCLRFD,LoadandResistanceFactorDesignforStructuralSteelBuildings,1999.
2.3.2ANSIPublications.
AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc.,25West43rdStreet,4thFloor,NewYork,NY10036.
ANSIK61.1,SafetyRequirementsfortheStorageandHandlingofAnhydrousAmmonia,1999.
ANSI/FCI702,ControlValveSeatLeakage,2006.
2.3.3ASCEPublications.
AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,1801AlexanderBellDrive,Reston,VA201914400.
ASCE7,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures,2002.
2.3.4ASMEPublications.
AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,ThreeParkAvenue,NewYork,NY100165990.
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ASMEB31.1,PowerPiping,1998.
ASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping,1999.
2.3.5ASTMPublications.
ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,P.O.BoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA194282959.
ASTMD388,StandardClassificationofCoalsbyRank,1999.
ASTMD396,StandardSpecificationforFuelOils,1998.
ASTMD409,StandardTestMethodforGrindabilityofCoalbytheHardgroveMachineMethod,1997.
ASTMD1655,StandardSpecificationforAviationTurbineFuels,1998.
ASTMD2880,StandardSpecificationforGasTurbineFuelOils,1998.
2.3.6MilitarySpecifications.
DepartmentofDefenseSingleStockPoint,DocumentAutomationandProductionService,Building4/D,700RobbinsAvenue,Philadelphia,PA191115094.
MILT5624,TurbineFuel,Aviation,GradeJP4,JP5,andJP5/JP8ST,1995.
2.3.7OtherPublications.
MerriamWebstersCollegiateDictionary,11thedition,MerriamWebster,Inc.,Springfield,MA,2003.
2.4ReferencesforExtractsinMandatorySections.
NFPA13D,StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystemsinOneandTwoFamilyDwellingsandManufacturedHomes,2007edition.
NFPA40,StandardfortheStorageandHandlingofCelluloseNitrateFilm,2007edition.
NFPA69,StandardonExplosionPreventionSystems,2002edition.
NFPA72,NationalFireAlarmCode,2007edition.
NFPA850,RecommendedPracticeforFireProtectionforElectricGeneratingPlantsandHighVoltageDirectCurrentConverterStations,2005edition.
NFPA853,StandardfortheInstallationofStationaryFuelCellPowerSystems,2007edition.
Chapter3Definitions
3.1General.
Thedefinitionscontainedinthischaptershallapplytothetermsusedinthiscode.Where
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termsarenotdefinedinthischapterorwithinanotherchapter,theyshallbedefinedusingtheirordinarilyacceptedmeaningswithinthecontextinwhichtheyareused.MerriamWebstersCollegiateDictionary,11thedition,shallbethesourcefortheordinarilyacceptedmeaning.
3.2NFPAOfficialDefinitions.
3.2.1*Approved.Acceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
3.2.2*AuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ).Anorganization,office,orindividualresponsibleforenforcingtherequirementsofacodeorstandard,orforapprovingequipment,materials,aninstallation,oraprocedure.
3.2.3*Code.Astandardthatisanextensivecompilationofprovisionscoveringbroadsubjectmatterorthatissuitableforadoptionintolawindependentlyofothercodesandstandards.
3.2.4Labeled.Equipmentormaterialstowhichhasbeenattachedalabel,symbol,orotheridentifyingmarkofanorganizationthatisacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdictionandconcernedwithproductevaluation,thatmaintainsperiodicinspection ofproductionoflabeledequipmentormaterials,andbywhoselabelingthemanufacturerindicatescompliancewithappropriatestandardsorperformanceinaspecifiedmanner.
3.2.5*Listed.Equipment,materials,orservicesincludedinalistpublishedbyanorganizationthatisacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdictionandconcernedwithevaluationofproductsorservices,thatmaintainsperiodicinspectionofproduction oflistedequipmentormaterialsorperiodicevaluationofservices,andwhoselistingstatesthateithertheequipment,material,orservicemeetsappropriatedesignatedstandardsorhasbeentestedandfoundsuitableforaspecifiedpurpose.
3.2.6Shall.Indicatesamandatoryrequirement.
3.2.7Should.Indicatesarecommendationorthatwhichisadvisedbutnotrequired.
3.2.8Standard.Adocument,themaintextofwhichcontainsonlymandatoryprovisionsusingthewordshalltoindicaterequirementsandwhichisinaformgenerallysuitableformandatoryreferencebyanotherstandardorcodeorforadoptionintolaw.Nonmandatoryprovisionsshallbelocatedinanappendixorannex,footnote,orfineprintnoteandarenottobeconsideredapartoftherequirementsofastandard.
3.3GeneralDefinitions.
3.3.1Agglomerating.Acharacteristicofcoalthatcausescokingonthefuelbedduringvolatilization.
3.3.2Agglomeration.Alkalicompoundscanattachtobedmaterialparticles.Thesecompoundscanhavelowmeltingpointsandcausethebedparticlestosticktoeachothertoformagglomerates.
3.3.3Air.
3.3.3.1AuxiliaryAir.Airthatissuppliedfromanauxiliarysourcetomaintainaminimum
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fuelmixturevelocityinburnerpiping.
3.3.3.2CombustionAir.Airusedtoreactwiththefuelinthecombustionprocess.Forductburners,thisgenerallyiscombustionturbineexhaust.
3.3.3.3DesignFullLoadMassAirflow.Theairflowrequiredtoachievenameplatefullload.ForthepurposesofChapter6,MultipleBurnerBoilers,itistheflowrequiredtoachievenameplatefullloadbasedontheoriginaldesignfuelasdefinedbytheboilerequipmentmanufacturer.
3.3.3.4*ExcessAir.Airsuppliedforcombustioninexcessoftheoreticalair.
3.3.3.5OverfireAir.Airsuppliedforcombustionthatisadmittedintothefurnaceatapointabovetheburnersorfuelbed.
3.3.3.6PrimaryAir.Airsuppliedforcombustionthatisadmittedintothefurnacethroughaburnerpremixedwiththefuel.
3.3.3.6.1PrimaryAir(inaBubblingFluidizedBed).Thatportionoftotalairusedtotransportorinjectfuelorsorbentandtorecyclematerialtothebed.
3.3.3.6.2PrimaryAir(inaCirculatingFluidizedBed).Thatportionoftotalairintroducedatthebaseofthecombustorthroughtheairdistributor.
3.3.3.6.3PrimaryAir(forthepurposesofequipmentwithinthescopeofChapter8,HeatRecoverySteamGeneratorsandOtherCombustionTurbineExhaustSystems).Theairthatiscontainedinthecombustionturbineexhaust.
3.3.3.6.4PrimaryAir(inaPulverizedFuelSystem).Inapulverizedfuelsystem,canbeeitherairorafluegas/airmixture,andcansimultaneouslyalsobepulverizerairand/ortransportair.
3.3.3.7PulverizerAir.Airorinertgasthatisintroducedintothepulverizertodrythefuel,aidinpulverizationandclassification,andconveythepulverizedfuelfromthepulverizer.
3.3.3.8SealAir.Airorinertgassuppliedtoanydeviceatsufficientpressureforthespecificpurposeofminimizingcontamination.
3.3.3.9SecondaryAir.Airforcombustionsuppliedtotheburnersorfuelbedinadditiontotheprimaryair.
3.3.3.9.1SecondaryAir(inaBubblingFluidizedBed).Thatportionoftheairintroducedthroughtheairdistributor.
3.3.3.9.2SecondaryAir(inaCirculatingFluidizedBed).Thatairthatentersthecombustoratlevelsabovetheairdistributor.
3.3.3.9.3SecondaryAir(inaSingleorMultipleBurnerBoiler).Thatportionoftheairenteringthroughtheairregisters.
3.3.3.10TemperingAir.Coolairaddedtothehotprimaryairorgastomodifyitstemperature.
3.3.3.11TheoreticalAir.Thechemicallycorrectquantityofairneededforcomplete
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combustionofagivenquantityofaspecificfuel.
3.3.3.12TransportAir.Airorinertgasthatisusedtoconveypulverizedfuel.
3.3.3.12.1TransportAir(inaFluidizedBed).Theairusedtoconveyorinjectsolidfuelorsorbentortorecyclematerial.
3.3.3.13UndergrateAir.Combustionairintroducedbelowthegrate.
3.3.4AirChange.Aquantityofair,providedthroughafuelburner,equaltothevolumeoffurnaceandboilergaspasses.
3.3.5AirRich.Aratioofairtofuelsuppliedtoacombustionchamberthatprovidesmorethantheminimumexcessairneededforoptimumcombustionofthefuel.
3.3.6Alarm.Anaudibleorvisiblesignalindicatinganoffstandardorabnormalcondition.
3.3.7Alteration.Achangeormodificationthatresultsinadeviationfromtheoriginaldesignspecificationsorcriteria.
3.3.8Annunciator.Adeviceindicatinganoffstandardorabnormalconditionbybothvisualandaudiblesignals.
3.3.9AtmosphericFluidizedBedCombustion.Afuelfiringtechniqueusingafluidizedbedoperatingatnearatmosphericpressureonthefireside.
3.3.10Atomizer.Thedeviceinaburnerthatbreaksdownliquidfuelintoafinelydividedstate.
3.3.10.1MechanicalAtomizer.Thedeviceinaburnerthatbreaksdownliquidfuelintoafinelydividedstatewithoutusinganatomizingmedium.
3.3.11AtomizingMedium.Asupplementaryfluid,suchassteamorair,thatassistsinbreakingdownliquidfuelintoafinelydividedstate.
3.3.12AugmentedAirFiring.Supplementaryfiringwiththeadditionofairattheductburnerstosupportandstabilizecombustionortoreduceemissions.
3.3.13*AutoignitionTemperature(AIT).Theminimumtemperaturerequiredtoinitiateorcauseselfsustainedcombustionofasolid,liquid,orgasindependentlyoftheheatingorheatedelement.
3.3.14BedCompartment.Segmentsofafluidizedbed,whichmightbeindividuallycontrolledwithrespecttocombustionairflowandfuelfeed.
3.3.15BedDrain.Anopeningprovidedintheenclosureofafluidizedbedfortheremovalofspentbedmaterialandanytrampmaterial.
3.3.16BedMaterial.Granularparticlesthatcomposeafluidizedbed.
3.3.17BedTemperature.Theaveragetemperatureofafluidizedbed.
3.3.18Bin.Anenclosuretostorepulverizedfuel.
3.3.19BinSystem(StorageSystem).Asysteminwhichthefuelispulverizedandstoredin
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binsfromwhichitiswithdrawnthroughfeeders,asneeded,forburning.
3.3.20Boiler.Aclosedvesselinwhichwaterisheated,steamisgenerated,steamissuperheated,oranycombinationthereofbytheapplicationofheatfromcombustiblefuelsinaselfcontainedorattachedfurnace.
3.3.21BoilerEnclosure.Thephysicalboundaryforallboilerpressurepartsandforthecombustionprocess.
3.3.22BottomAirAdmission.Amethodofintroducingairtoachainortravelinggratestokerunderthestoker.
3.3.23BubblingFluidizedBed(BFB).Afluidizedbedinwhichthefluidizingvelocityislessthantheterminalvelocityofindividualbedparticlesandinwhichpartofthefluidizinggaspassesthroughthebedasbubbles.
3.3.24Bunker.Anenclosuretostorerawfuel.
3.3.25Burner.Adeviceorgroupofdevicesfortheintroductionoffuelandairintoacombustionchamberatthevelocity,turbulence,andconcentrationrequiredtomaintainignitionandcombustionoffuel.
3.3.25.1AuxiliaryLoadCarryingBurner.Inafluidizedbedboiler,aburnerwhoseprimarypurposeisloadcarrying,locatedoverthebedandhavingitsownairsupply.
3.3.25.2*DuctBurner.Aburner,mountedinaductordischargingintoaduct,usedtoheattheair,fluegas,orcombustionturbineexhaustgasintheduct.
3.3.25.3OverBedBurner.Inafluidizedbedboiler,awarmupburnerlocatedabovethebedandfiringoverorintothebed.
3.3.25.4WarmUpBurner(WarmUpGun).Aburner,usuallysmallerthanthemainburner,thatisignitedbyanotherignitionsourceandisusedtowarmuptheboiler.Incaseswhereitisusedasanigniter,itsclassificationshallbeverifiedbytest.
3.3.25.4.1WarmUpBurner(inaFluidizedBedBoiler).Aburnerhavingitsownairsupplyusedtowarmupthebedtotheignitiontemperatureofthemainfuel.Thewarmupburneralsocanbeusedforlimitedloadcarrying.
3.3.26*BurnerManagementSystem.Thecontrolsystemdedicatedtocombustionsafetyandoperatorassistanceinthestartingandstoppingoffuelpreparationandburningequipmentandforpreventingmisoperationofanddamagetofuelpreparationandburningequipment.
3.3.26.1AutomaticBurnerManagementSystemNonrecycling.Aburnermanagementsystembywhichafurnaceispurgedandaburnerisstarted,ignited,andstoppedautomaticallybutdoesnotrecycleautomatically.
3.3.26.2AutomaticBurnerManagementSystemRecycling.Aburnermanagementsystembywhichafurnaceispurgedandaburnerisstarted,ignited,andstoppedautomaticallyandrecyclesonapresetpressurerange.
3.3.26.3ManualBurnerManagementSystem.Aburnermanagementsystembywhichafurnaceispurgedandaburnerisstarted,ignited,andstoppedmanually.
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3.3.26.4Manual,SupervisedBurnerManagementSystem.Aburnermanagementsystembywhichafurnaceispurgedandaburnerisstarted,ignited,andstoppedmanually.Interlocksareincludedtoensurethattheoperationfollowsestablished,properprocedures.
3.3.27BypassStack.AstackappliedinadditiontoandseparatefromthenormalHRSGexhauststackthatallowscombustionturbineexhaustgastoflowindependentlytotheatmosphere.
3.3.28Calcination.Theendothermicchemicalreactionthattakesplacewhenconvertingcalciumcarbonateorcalciumhydroxidetocalciumoxide.
3.3.29CalciumtoSulfurMolarRatio(Ca/S).Theratioofthetotalmolesofcalciuminthesorbentfedtotheboilertothetotalmolesofsulfurinthefuelfedtotheboiler.
3.3.30Char.Theunburnedcombustiblesinsolidformcombinedwithaportionofthefuelashandsorbent.
3.3.31CinderReturn.Inastokerfiredboiler,anapparatusforthereturnofcollectedcinderstothefurnace,eitherdirectlyorwiththefuel.
3.3.32CirculatingFluidizedBed(CFB).Afluidizedbedinwhichthefluidizingvelocitiesexceedtheterminalvelocityofindividualbedparticles.
3.3.33Classifier.Adevicetocontrolpulverizedfuelparticlesizedistribution.
3.3.34Coal.See3.3.73.2.
3.3.35CokingPlate.Aplateadjacenttoagratethroughwhichnoairpassesandonwhichcoalisplacedfordistillingthecoalvolatilesbeforethecoalismovedontothegrate.
3.3.36CombustionChamber.TheportionoftheboilerorHRSGenclosureintowhichthefuelisfed,ignited,andburned.
3.3.37CombustionTurbine.Aturbineinwhichtherotatingelementisactuatedbythepressureofcombustiongasesoncurvedvanes.
3.3.38CombustionTurbineExhaustSystems.Allductworkfromthecombustionturbineexhausttothestack,includinganyemissioncontrolsystemscontainedwithintheexhaustflowpath.
3.3.39CombustionTurbineRunback.ThecontrolledunloadingofacombustionturbinetoalevelrequiredbyHRSGorotherequipmentcontroldemands.
3.3.40CommercialOperation.Thedatethatthefullplantcapacityisformallyaddedtothepowergrid.
3.3.41Commissioning.Thetimeperiodofplanttestingandoperationbetweeninitialoperationandcommercialoperation.
3.3.42ConfinedSpace.Anyworklocationorenclosureinwhicheitherofthefollowingexists:(1)thedimensionsaresuchthatapersonwhois1.8m(6ft)tallcannotstandupinthemiddleofthespaceorextendhisorherarmsinalldirectionswithouthittingtheenclosure,(2)accesstoorfromtheenclosureisbymanhole,hatch,port,orotherrelatively
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smallopeningthatlimitsingressandegresstoonepersonatatime.Confinedspacesincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing:pulverizers,ducts,heaters,windboxes,cyclones,coaldustcollectors,furnaces,bunkers,binsandHRSGs.
3.3.43ContinuousTrendDisplay.Adedicatedvisualdisplayofanoperatingtrend(s)byanyinstrumentsuchasacathoderaytube(CRT),chartrecorder,orotherdevicetoquantifychangesinthemeasuredvariable(s).
3.3.44ControlSystem.
3.3.44.1BoilerControlSystem.Thegroupofcontrolsystemsthatregulatestheboilerprocess,includingthecombustioncontrolsystembutnottheburnermanagementsystem.
3.3.44.2CombustionControlSystem.Thecontrolsystemthatregulatesthefurnacefuelandairinputstomaintaintheairfuelratiowithinthelimitsthatarerequiredforcontinuouscombustionandstableflamethroughouttheoperatingrangeoftheboilerinaccordancewithdemand.
3.3.44.2.1CombustionControlSysteminaFluidizedBed.Inafluidizedbed,thecontrolsystemthatregulatesthefurnacefuelinput,furnaceairinput,bedinventory,andotherbedheattransfermechanismstomaintainthebedtemperatureandtheairfuel ratiowithinthelimitsnecessaryforcontinuouscombustionandstablebedoperationthroughouttheoperatingrangeoftheboilerinaccordancewithdemand.
3.3.44.2.2CombustionControlSysteminHRSGSystems.InHRSGsystems,thecontrolsystemthatregulatesthefuelinputandair,whereapplicable,tomaintaincontinuouscombustionandstableflame.
3.3.44.3HRSGControlSystem.ThegroupofcontrolsystemsthatregulatetheHRSGprocess,includingthecombustioncontrolsystembutnottheburnermanagementsystem.
3.3.44.4StartUpCombustionControlSystem.Acontrolsystemusedtoregulateandmaintainproperairfuelratioduringthestartupperiodwherethecustomaryindexes,suchaspressure,temperature,load,orflow,thatmotivatethenormalautomaticcombustioncontrolsystemarenotavailableorsuitable.
3.3.45Crusher.Adeviceforreducingthesizeofsolidfuels.
3.3.46Damper.Avalveorplateforcontrollingdraftortheflowofgases,includingair.[853,2007]
3.3.46.1ShutoffDamper.Aclosefittingdampertopreventflowandminimizeleakageofairorfluegasintoanysystemcomponent.
3.3.47DesignFullLoadMassAirflow.See3.3.3.3.
3.3.48DirectFiredSystem(UnitSystem).Asysteminwhichthefuelispulverizedanddeliveredinsuspensiondirectlytotheburner(s).
3.3.49DirectionalBlocking.Aninterlockthat,upondetectionofasignificanterrorinfurnacepressureorHRSGprocessvariables,actstoinhibitthemovementofallappropriatefinalcontrolelementsinthedirectionthatwouldincreasetheerror.
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3.3.50Distributor/Divider.Adevicethatsplitsasinglestreamofpulverizedcoalandprimaryairintotwoormorestreams.
3.3.51DragSeal.Inachaingratestoker,thehingedplaterestingagainstthereturningchainandusedtosealtheaircompartments.
3.3.52DripLeg.Achamberofamplevolume,withsuitablecleanoutanddrainconnections,overwhichfuelgasispassedsothatliquidsandsolidsaretrapped.
3.3.53DumpPlate.Inastokerfiredfurnace,anashsupportingplatefromwhichashescanbedischargedfromonesideoftheplatebyrotationoftheplate.
3.3.54DustCollector.Anauxiliaryseparatorthatisusedtoseparatethefueldustfromtheairorinertgaspriortodischargeofthelatterfromthesystem.
3.3.55Elutriation.Theselectiveremovaloffinesolidsfromafluidizedbedbyentrainmentintheupwardflowingproductsofcombustion.
3.3.56Exhauster.See3.3.60.2,ExhausterFan.
3.3.57ExplosionVent.Aventtorelieveexplosionpressuresresultingfromignitionofamixtureofdecompositiongasesandair.[40,2007]
3.3.58ExplosiveMixture.Aflammableorcombustiblemixtureinaconfinedspace.
3.3.59FalseStart.Aconditionwherethecombustionturbinefailstocompleteitsignitionsequence(failuretostart)andcanresultinunburnedfuelsenteringtheHRSGenclosureorothercombustionturbineexhaustsystems.
3.3.60Fan.
3.3.60.1BoosterFan.Adeviceusedtoassistinthesupplyofairto,ortheremovaloffluegasproductsfrom,thecombustionchamberortosupplementdraftcapabilitytoachieverequiredflowthroughthecombustionairorfluegasflowpath.
3.3.60.2ExhausterFan.Afanlocatedatthepulverizeroutletusedtodrawtheprimaryairthroughthepulverizerandtodelivertheprimaryairfuelmixturetotheburner(s)orotherapparatus.
3.3.60.3ForcedDraft(FD)Fan.Adeviceusedtopressurizeandsupplyambientairtothecombustionchambertosupportcombustion.Inafluidizedbedboiler,FDfansgenerallyincludebothprimaryairandsecondaryairfans.
3.3.60.4InducedDraft(ID)Fan.AdeviceusedtoremovetheproductsofcombustionfromtheboilerorHRSGbyintroducinganegativepressuredifferential.
3.3.60.5PrimaryAirFan.Afanusedtosupplycoaltransportairtothepulverizerortotheburnerlinesofastoragesystem.
3.3.60.6SealAirFan.Afanusedtosupplysealingair.
3.3.61FanOverrideAction.Acontrolthat,upondetectionofsignificanterrorincombustionchamberpressure,actstorepositiontheinduceddraftfancontroldevice(s)inadirectionto
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reducetheerror.
3.3.62FanTestBlockCapability.Thepointonthefanheadversusflowcharacteristiccurveatwhichthefanisselected.ThisisthecalculatedoperatingpointassociatedwiththemaximumcontinuousratingoftheboilerorHRSG,plustheheadandflowmargins.
3.3.63FeedForwardSignal.Asignalusedtoanticipateachangeinthemeasuredvariable.
3.3.64Flame.Abodyorstreamofgaseousmaterialinvolvedinthecombustionprocessandemittingradiantenergyatspecificwavelengthbandsdeterminedbythecombustionchemistryofthefuel.Inmostcases,someportionoftheemittedradiantenergyisvisibletothehumaneye.[72,2007]
3.3.65FlameDetector.Adevicethatsensesthepresenceorabsenceofflameandprovidesausablesignal.
3.3.65.1SelfCheckingFlameDetector.Aflamedetectorthatautomatically,andatregularintervals,teststheentiresensingandsignalprocessingsystemoftheflamedetector.
3.3.66FlameEnvelope.Theconfines(notnecessarilyvisible)ofanindependentprocessthatconvertsfuelandairintoproductsofcombustion.
3.3.67Fluidize.Tomaintainabedoffinelydividedsolidparticlesinamobilesuspensionbyblowingairorgasthroughthebedatsuchavelocitythattheparticlesseparateandbehavemuchlikeafluid.
3.3.68FluidizedBed.Abedofgranularparticlesmaintainedinamobilesuspensionbythevelocityofanupwardflowofairorgas.
3.3.69FlyCarbonReinjection.Inastokerfiredboiler,theprocessofremovingthecoarsecarbonbearingparticlesfromtheparticulatemattercarriedoverfromthefurnaceandreturningthecarbonaceousmaterialtothefurnacetobecombusted.
3.3.70Freeboard.Inafluidizedbedboiler,thespaceorvolumeabovetheuppersurfaceofthebubblingbedandbelowtheentrancetotheconvectionpass.
3.3.71FreshAirFiring.TheoperationofanHRSGwithairinsteadofcombustionturbineexhaust.
3.3.72Friability.Thetendencyofcoaltocrumbleorbreakintosmallpieces.
3.3.73Fuel.
3.3.73.1AuxiliaryFuel.Inafluidizedbedboiler,generallyagaseousorliquidfuelusedtowarmthebedmaterialsufficientlytoallowignitionofthemainfueluponinjectionintotheheatedbedmaterial.
3.3.73.2Coal.Asolidfuelclassifiedaslignite,subbituminous,bituminous,oranthraciteasdefinedbyASTMD388,StandardClassificationofCoalsbyRank.
3.3.73.2.1PulverizedCoal.Coalthatisreducedtoasizesuchthatatleast50percentcanpassthrougha200mesh(74microns)sieve.
3.3.73.3FuelOil(OilFuel).LiquidfuelsdefinedasGrades2,4,5,or6inASTMD396,
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StandardSpecificationforFuelOils,orasGrade2GTinASTMD2880,StandardSpecificationforGasTurbineFuelOils.
3.3.73.4HoggedFuel.Woodrefusethathasbeenchippedorshreddedbyamachineknownasahog.
3.3.73.5JP4.Alight,volatilefuelwithaboilingpointbetweengasolineandlightdistillate.ItspropertiesaredefinedinMILT5624,TurbineFuel,Aviation,GradeJP4,JP5,andJP5/JP8ST,andaresimilartoASTMD1655,StandardSpecificationforAviationTurbineFuels(JetB),andASTMD2880,StandardSpecificationforGasTurbineFuelOils.
3.3.73.6Kerosene.Alight,highlyrefinedfuelthatisslightlymorevolatilethanNo.2fueloil.ItspropertiesaredefinedinASTMD396,StandardSpecificationforFuelOilsASTMD1655,StandardSpecificationforAviationTurbineFuelsorASTMD2880,StandardSpecificationforGasTurbineFuelOils.
3.3.73.7LPGas.Amaterialthatiscomposedpredominantlyofanyofthefollowinghydrocarbonsormixturesofthem:propane,propylene,nbutane,isobutane,andbutylenes.
3.3.73.8MainFuel.Inafluidizedbedboiler,gaseous,liquid,orsolidfuelintroducedintothebedafterthebedtemperaturehasreachedavaluesufficienttosupportitscombustionandthatisusedduringthenormaloperationoftheboiler.Mainfuelsnecessitatetheuseofthefluidizedhotbedastheirignitionsource.
3.3.73.9MunicipalSolidWaste(MSW).Solidwastematerialsconsistingofcommonlyoccurringresidentialandlightcommercialwaste.[850,2005]
3.3.73.10NaturalGas.Agaseousfueloccurringinnatureandconsistingmostlyofamixtureoforganiccompounds,normallymethane,ethane,propane,andbutane.Thecalorificvalueofnaturalgasesvariesbetweenabout26.1MJ/m3and55.9MJ/m3(700Btuperft3and1500Btuperft3),themajorityaveraging37.3MJ/m3(1000Btuperft3).
3.3.73.11PulverizedFuel.Solidfuelthatisreducedtoasizesuchthatatleast50percentwillpassthrougha200mesh(74microns)sieve.
3.3.73.12RefuseDerivedFuel(RDF).Asolidfuelpreparedfrommunicipalsolidwaste.Thewastematerialisusuallyrefinedbyshredding,airclassification,magneticseparation,orothermeans.Thefuelcanbepacked,chopped,pelletized,pulverized,orsubjecttoothermechanicaltreatment.
3.3.73.13SupplementaryFuel.Fuelburnedtosupplyadditionalheattothesteamgeneratorortosupportcombustion.
3.3.74FuelGas(GasFuel).GaseousfuelsdefinedasNaturalGas(see3.3.73.10)orLPGas(see3.3.73.7).
3.3.75FuelRich.Indicatesaratioofairtofuelsuppliedtoafurnacethatprovideslessthantheminimumexcessairneededforoptimumcombustionofthefuel.
3.3.76FuelTrip.Theautomaticshutoffofaspecificfuelastheresultofaninterlockoroperatoraction.
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3.3.77Furnace.Theportionoftheboilerenclosurewithinwhichthecombustionprocesstakesplaceandwhereinheattransferoccurspredominantlybyradiation.
3.3.78Gate(forRawFuel)(SiloGateBunkerGate).Ashutoffgatebetweentherawfuelbunkerandtherawfuelfeeder.
3.3.79Grate.Thesurfaceonwhichfuelissupportedandburnedandthroughwhichairispassedforcombustion.
3.3.79.1BarsorKeysGrate.Thosepartsofthefuelsupportingsurfacearrangedtoadmitairforcombustion.
3.3.79.2HandFiredGrate.Agrateonwhichfuelisplacedmanually,usuallybymeansofashovel.
3.3.80Grindability.Thecharacteristicofsolidfuelthatindicatesitsrelativeeaseofpulverization,asdefinedbyASTMD409,StandardTestMethodforGrindabilityofCoalbytheHardgroveMachineMethod.
3.3.81Header.Apipeorductthroughwhichliquidorgasisconveyedandsuppliedtoorreceivedfrommultiplebranches.
3.3.82HeatRecoverySteamGenerator(HRSG).Aheatexchangerthatusesaseriesofheattransfersections(e.g.,superheater,evaporator,andeconomizer)positionedintheexhaustgasflowofacombustionturbinetorecoverheatandsupplyaratedsteamflowatarequiredtemperatureandpressure.
3.3.82.1HRSGEnclosure.Allductworkfromthecombustionturbineexhaustthroughthesteamgeneratortothestack,includinganybypassductconnection.
3.3.82.2HRSGPurge.See3.3.117.1,CombustionTurbinePurge 3.3.117.2,DuctBurner(HRSG)Purgeand3.3.118,PurgeRate.
3.3.82.3HRSGSystem.Theunitassemblyfromthecombustionturbineinlettothefluegasoutlettotheatmosphere.
3.3.83HoggedFuel.See3.3.73.4.
3.3.84Igniter.Apermanentlyinstalleddevicethatprovidesprovenignitionenergytolightoffthemainburner.
3.3.84.1Class1Igniter.Anigniterthatisappliedtoignitethefuelinputthroughtheburnerandtosupportignitionunderanyburnerlightofforoperatingconditions.Itslocationandcapacityaresuchthatitwillprovidesufficientignitionenergy,generallyinexcessof10percentoffullloadburnerinput,atitsassociatedburnertoraiseanycrediblecombinationofburnerinputsofbothfuelandairabovetheminimumignitiontemperature.
3.3.84.2Class2Igniter.Anigniterthatisappliedtoignitethefuelinputthroughtheburnerunderprescribedlightoffconditions.Itisalsousedtosupportignitionunderlowloadorcertainadverseoperatingconditions.Therangeofcapacityofsuchignitersisgenerally4percentto10percentoffullloadburnerfuelinput.
3.3.84.3Class3Igniter.Asmalligniterappliedparticularlytofuelgasandfueloilburnersto
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ignitethefuelinputtotheburnerunderprescribedlightoffconditions.Thecapacityofsuchignitersgenerallydoesnotexceed4percentofthefullloadburnerfuelinput.
3.3.84.4Class3SpecialIgniter.AspecialClass3highenergyelectricalignitercapableofdirectlyignitingthemainburnerfuel.
3.3.85InertGas.Anygasthatisnonflammable,chemicallyinactive,noncontaminatingfortheuseintended,andoxygendeficienttotheextentrequired.[69,2002]
3.3.86InitialOperation.Thefirstcoordinatedoperationoftheunit.
3.3.87Interlock.Adevice,oranarrangementofdevices,inwhichtheoperationofonepartoronemechanismofthedeviceorarrangementcontrolstheoperationofanotherpartofanothermechanism.
3.3.88JP4.See3.3.73.5.
3.3.89Kerosene.See3.3.73.6.
3.3.90Lance.Adevice,withoutitsownairsupply,thatprovidesfuelinputdirectlyintoafluidizedbed.
3.3.91LedgePlate.Aformofplatethatisadjacentto,andoverlaps,theedgeofastoker.
3.3.92LightOffTimeLimitTimer.Adevicethatisusedonsupervisedmanualburnermanagementsystemsandlimitstheallowabletimebetweencompletionofpurgeandlightoff.
3.3.93LockHopper.Afeedingdevicethatincorporatesadoublepressureseal,thusenablingsolidstobefedintoasystemwithahigherpressurethanthepressureexistinginthesolid'sstoragearea.Also,aletdowndevicethatincorporatesadoublepressureseal,thusenablingsolidstobewithdrawnfromasystemwithahigherpressurethanthatexistingdownstreamofthelockhopper.
3.3.94LogicSystem.Thedecisionmakingandtranslationelementsoftheburnermanagementsystem.Alogicsystemprovidesoutputsinaparticularsequenceinresponsetoexternalinputsandinternallogic.Logicsystemsarecomprisedofthefollowing:(1)hardwiredsystemsindividualdevicesandinterconnectingwiringand(2)microprocessorbasedsystems(a)computerhardware,powersupplies,I/Odevices,andtheinterconnectionsamongthemand(b)operatingsystemandlogicsoftware.
3.3.95LowFire.Theminimumfireratethatresultsinstablecombustion.
3.3.96LPGas.See3.3.73.7.
3.3.97MainFuelTemperaturePermit.Theminimumfluidizedbedtemperatureatwhichthemainfuelcanbeintroducedwithresultingstablecombustion.
3.3.98*MasterFuelTrip.Aneventresultingintherapidshutoffofallfuel,includingignitersforHRSGs,aneventresultingintherapidshutoffofallfueltotheductburners,includingigniters.
3.3.99MasterFuelTripRelay.Anelectromechanicalrelay(s)utilizedtotripallrequired
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equipmentsimultaneouslywhenamasterfueltripisinitiated.
3.3.100MinimumFluidizationVelocity.Inafluidizedbed,thelowestvelocitysufficienttocauseincipientfluidization.
3.3.101Monitor.Tosenseandindicateaconditionwithoutinitiatingautomaticcorrectiveaction.
3.3.102NaturalGas.See3.3.73.10.
3.3.103Oil.See3.3.73.3,FuelOil(OilFuel).
3.3.104OpenFlowPath.AcontinuouspathformovementofanairstreamfromtheforceddraftfaninlettothestackinanHRSGorothercombustionturbineexhaustsystem,acontinuouspathformovementofanairstreamthroughtheHRSGsystemorothercombustionturbineexhaustsystems.
3.3.105OpenRegisterLightOffProcedure.Aprocedureforpurgingandlightingoffaboilerunderspecified,controlledconditions.
3.3.106OperatingRange.Therangebetweenthemaximumfuelinputandminimumfuelinputwithinwhichtheburnerflamecanbemaintainedinacontinuousandstablemanner.
3.3.107OverfireAirPort.Anopeninginafurnacewalltoenabletheintroductionofanoverfireairstream.
3.3.108PartialLossofFlame.Lossofflameatanyoftheseparateflameenvelopesorburnerswhileflameismaintainedatanyoftheotherflameenvelopesorburners.
3.3.109PositiveMeans.Thephysicalmethodsofsatisfyingarequirement.
3.3.110Postpurge.Apurgeperformedaftertheburner(s)isshutdown.
3.3.111Pressure/AirLock.Adevicefortransferringpulverizedfuelbetweenzonesofdifferentpressurewithoutpermittingappreciableflowofairorgasineitherdirection.
3.3.112PrimaryAirFan(PulverizerAirFan).See3.3.60.5,PrimaryAirFan.
3.3.113Prove.Toestablishbymeasurementortesttheexistenceofaspecifiedconditionsuchasflame,level,flow,pressure,orposition.
3.3.114PulverizedFuel.See3.3.73.11.
3.3.115PulverizedFuelPump.Adeviceorsystemfortransportingfuelmechanicallyorpneumaticallybyutilizingminimumairflow.
3.3.116Pulverizer.Amachineforreducingtheparticlesizeofasolidfuelsothatitburnsinsuspension.
3.3.117Purge.Aflowofairoraninertmediumataratethatwilleffectivelyremoveanygaseousorsuspendedcombustiblesandreplacethemwiththepurgingmedium.
3.3.117.1CombustionTurbinePurge.AflowofairatpurgeratethroughthecombustionturbineandtheappropriateportionoftheHRSGenclosureorothercombustionturbineexhaustsystemsforanumberofvolumechangessufficienttoeffectivelyremoveany gaseous
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orsuspendedcombustiblesandreplacethemwiththeair.
3.3.117.2DuctBurner(HRSG)Purge.AflowofcombustionturbineexhaustgasorairatpurgeratethroughtheHRSGenclosureforanumberofvolumechangessufficienttoeffectivelyremoveanygaseousorsuspendedcombustiblesandreplacethemwiththepurgingmedium.
3.3.118PurgeRate.Aconstantflowofpurgingmediumatvelocitysufficienttoachieveapurge.
3.3.119RawFuelFeeder.Adeviceforsupplyingacontrolledamountofrawfuel.
3.3.120Reburn.TheprocessofadmittingfueldownstreamofthemainburnerstocreateafuelrichzonewherechemicalreactionsreduceNOxtomolecularnitrogen.
3.3.121ReburnInjector.AdevicethatintroducesfuelwithoutcombustionairintoafurnaceforthepurposeofreducingNOxemissionsfromthefurnace.
3.3.122Recirculation(SolidsorRecycle).Thereintroductionofsolidmaterialextractedfromtheproductsofcombustionintoafluidizedbed.
3.3.123Recycle.Asingleburnerboilerstartupthatisinitiatedbysteampressureorwatertemperaturefollowinganormalshutdown.
3.3.124RecycleRate.Inafluidizedbed,therateatwhichamassofmaterialisreinjectedintothebed.Thisvalueisoftenexpressedastheratiooftheamountbeingreinjectedtothetotalamountbeingelutriatedfromthefluidizedbed.
3.3.125RecycleRatio.Inafluidizedbed,themassofmaterialbeingreinjectedintothebeddividedbythemassoffuelbeingfedintothebed.
3.3.126RefuseDerivedFuel(RDF).See3.3.73.12.
3.3.127Register(BurnerAir).Asetofdampersforaburner,orairsupplysystemtoaparticularburner,usedtodistributethecombustionairadmittedtothecombustionchamber.Frequentlycontrolsthedirectionandvelocityoftheairstreamforefficientmixingwiththeincomingfuel.
3.3.128Reinjection.Inafluidizedbedboiler,thereturnorrecyclingofmaterialremovedorcarriedfromthefurnacebacktothefurnace.Alsoreferstoflyashcollectedandreturnedtothefurnaceorcombustionchamber,sometimesexpressedasapercentofthetotalcollected.
3.3.129RemoteOperation.Controlfromalocationremovedfromthecombustionarea.
3.3.130Repair.Aprocessthatreturnsthecombustionsystemorsubsystemtoitsoriginaldesignspecificationsorcriteria.
3.3.131Repeatability.Theabilityofadevicetomaintainaconstantsetpointcharacteristic.
3.3.132Restart.Amanuallyinitiatedstartup.
3.3.133Retort.Atroughorchannelinanunderfeedstoker,extendingwithinthefurnace,throughwhichfuelisforcedupwardintothefuelbed.
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3.3.134SafetyShutdownTripRelay.See3.3.99,MasterFuelTripRelay.
3.3.135Scavenging.Theprocedurebywhichliquidfuelleftinaburnerorigniterafterashutdownisclearedbyadmittingsteamorairthroughtheburnerpassages,typicallythroughadedicatedscavengingmediumvalve.
3.3.136SelectiveCatalyticReduction(SCR).AmethodofreducingNOxinfluegas.
3.3.137Semifluidized.Inafluidizedbedboiler,thestateinwhichauniformflowofairthatislessthanthatnecessarytofluidizethebedisadmittedandisfoundtobesufficienttoadequatelyremovegaseouscombustibles.
3.3.138ServiceConnection.Apointatwhichfuel,anatomizingmedium,orpowerisconnectedtothefiringequipmentorcontrolleddevices.
3.3.139SetPoint.Apredeterminedvaluetowhichadeviceorsystemisadjustedandatwhichitperformsitsintendedfunction.
3.3.140Shutdown.
3.3.140.1EmergencyShutdown(HRSGorothercombustionturbineexhaustsystems).Aneventresultingintherapidshutoffofallfueltothecombustionturbinealongwithamasterfueltrip.
3.3.140.2NormalShutdown.Stoppingburneroperationbyshuttingoffallfuelandignitionenergytothecombustionequipment.
3.3.140.3SafetyShutdown(SingleBurnerBoiler).Stoppingburneroperationbyshuttingoffallfuelandignitionenergytothefurnace.
3.3.141SideAirAdmission.Admissionofairtotheundersideofagratefromthesidesofachainortravelinggratestoker.
3.3.142SootBlower.Amechanicaldeviceforintroducingsteam,air,orwatertocleanheatabsorbingsurfaces.
3.3.143Sorbent.Inafluidizedbedboiler,aconstituentthatreactswithandcapturesapollutantor,moregenerally,aconstituentthatreactswithandcapturesanotherconstituent.
3.3.144SpentBedMaterial.Inafluidizedbedboiler,materialremovedfromthebedgenerallycomprisedofreactedsorbent,calcinedlimestone,ash,andsolid,unburnedcombustibles.Forsomeapplications,thespentbedmaterialmightalsocontainsomeinertmaterial,suchassand.
3.3.145StableBed.Inafluidizedbedboiler,abedofgranularmaterialthatmaintainssustainedcombustionatadesiredtemperature.
3.3.146StableFlame.Aflameenvelopethatretainsitscontinuitythroughoutthemaximumrateofchangewithintheoperatingrangeoftheboiler,burner,orHRSG.
3.3.147SteamGenerator.Apressurevesselinwhichwaterisconvertedtosteamorsteamissuperheated,orinwhichanycombinationthereoftakesplace.
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3.3.148SteamGeneratorCapacity.Themanufacturer'sstatedsteamoutputrateoveraperiodoftimeforwhichthesteamgeneratorisdesignedtooperate.
3.3.149SteamGeneratorEnclosure.Thephysicalboundaryforallsteamgeneratorpressurepartsandthecombustionprocess.
3.3.150Stoker.
3.3.150.1ChainGrateStoker.Astokerthathasamovingendlesschainasagratesurface,ontowhichcoalisfeddirectlyfromahopper.
3.3.150.2DumpGrateStoker.Astokerequippedwithmovableashtrays,orgrates,bymeansofwhichtheashisdischargedatanydesirableinterval.
3.3.150.3ForcedDraftStoker.Astokerinwhichtheflowofairthroughthegrateiscausedbyapressureproducedbymechanicalmeans.
3.3.150.4FrontDischargeStoker.Astokersoarrangedthatrefuseisdischargedfromthegratesurfaceatthesameendasthecoalfeed.
3.3.150.5MechanicalStoker.Adeviceconsistingofamechanicallyoperatedfuelfeedingmechanismandagrate,usedforthepurposeoffeedingsolidfuelintoafurnace,distributingitoveragrate,admittingairtothefuelforthepurposeofcombustion,andprovidingameansforremovalordischargeofrefuse.
3.3.150.6MultipleRetortStoker.Anunderfeedstokerconsistingoftwoormoreretorts,parallelandadjacenttoeachother,butseparatedbyalineoftuyeres,andarrangedsothattherefuseisdischargedattheendsoftheretorts.
3.3.150.7OverfeedStoker.Astokerinwhichfuelisfedontogratesabovethepointofairadmissiontothefuelbed.Overfeedstokergratesincludethefollowing:(1)FrontFeed,InclinedGrateFuelisfedfromthefrontontoagrateinclineddownwardtowardtherearofthestoker(2)ChainorTravelingGrateAmovingendlessgratethatconveysfuelintoandthroughthefurnacewhereitisburned,afterwhichitdischargestherefuse(3)VibratingGrateAninclinedvibratinggrateinwhichfuelisconveyedintoandthroughthefurnacewhereitisburned,afterwhichitdischargestherefuse.
3.3.150.8RearDischargeStoker.Astokersoarrangedthatashisdischargedfromthegratesurfaceattheendoppositethesolidfuel.
3.3.150.9ReciprocatingGrateStoker.Agrateelementthathasreciprocatingmotion,usuallyforthepurposeoffuelagitationorashremoval.
3.3.150.10SideDumpStoker.Astokersoarrangedthatrefuseisdischargedfromadumpplateatthesideofthestoker.
3.3.150.11SingleRetortStoker.Anunderfeedstokerusingoneretortonlyintheassemblyofacompletestoker.
3.3.150.12SpreaderStoker.Astokerthatdistributesfuelintothefurnacefromalocationabovethefuelbedwithaportionofthefuelburnedinsuspensionandaportiononthegrates.Spreaderstokergratesincludethefollowing:(1)StationaryGrateAgratein
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whichfuelisfedontoafixedpositiongrate(2)DumpGrateAgrateinwhichfuelisfedontoanonmovinggratethatisarrangedtoallowintermittentdischargeofrefusethroughtiltingactionofthegratebars(3)ContinuousDischargeorTravelingGrateAgratethatcontinuouslydischargestherefusefromtheendafterburningthefuel.
3.3.150.13TravelingGrateStoker.Astokersimilartoachaingratestokerwiththeexceptionthatthegrateisseparatefrombutissupportedonanddrivenbychains.
3.3.150.14UnderfeedStoker.Astokerinwhichfuelisintroducedthroughretortsatalevelbelowthelocationofairadmissiontothefuelbed.Underfeedstokersaredividedintothreegeneralclasses.
3.3.150.14.1ContinuousAshDischargeUnderfeedStoker.Astokerinwhichtherefuseisdischargedcontinuouslyfromthenormallystationarystokerashtraytotheashpit,withouttheuseofmechanicalmeansotherthanthenormalactionofthecoalfeedingandagitatingmechanism.
3.3.150.14.2RearDischargeUnderfeedStoker.Astokerhavingagratecomposedoftransverselyspacedunderfeedretortsthatfeedanddistributesolidfueltointermediaterowsoftuyeresthroughwhichairisadmittedforcombustion.Theashisdischargedfromthestokeracrosstherearend.
3.3.150.14.3SideAshDischargeUnderfeedStoker.Astokerhavingoneormoreretortsthatfeedanddistributefuelontosidetuyeresoragratethroughwhichairisadmittedforcombustionandoverwhichtheashisdischargedatthesideparalleltotheretorts.
3.3.150.15WaterCooledStoker.Astokerhavingtubesinornearthegratesurfacethroughwhichwaterispassedforcoolingthegrates.
3.3.151StokerGate.Anelementofastokerplacedatthepointofentranceoffuelintothefurnaceandbymeansofwhichthedepthoffuelonthestokergrateiscontrolled.Itisgenerallyusedinconnectionwithchainortravelinggratestokersandhastheformofaguillotine.
3.3.152Sulfation.Theexothermicchemicalreactionthattakesplacewhencalciumoxideuniteswithoxygenandsulfurdioxidetoformcalciumsulfate.
3.3.153SulfurCapture.Themolarfractionofsulfurinthefuelinputthatiscapturedbycalciumoxidetoformcalciumsulfate.
3.3.154SulfurReacted.Inafluidizedbed,thefractionofthetotalsulfurinthefuelfedtothebedthatisconvertedtosulfurdioxideorcalciumsulfate.
3.3.155SulfurRetention.Themolarratioofthetotalsulfurinthefuelminusthesulfurleavingtheunitassulfurdioxidetothetotalsulfurinthefuel.
3.3.156Supervise.Tosenseandindicateaconditionrequiringattentionandtoautomaticallyinitiatecorrectiveaction.
3.3.157SupplementaryFiring.TheprovisionofductburnersinanHRSGtoincreasethetemperatureofthecombustionturbineexhaustgases.
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3.3.158Switch.
3.3.158.1NormalShutdown,HighSteamPressureSwitch.Apressureactuateddevicethatisarrangedtoeffectanormalburnershutdownwhenthesteampressureexceedsapresetpressure.
3.3.158.2NormalShutdown,HighWaterTemperatureSwitch.Atemperatureactuateddevicethatisarrangedtoeffectanormalburnershutdownwhenthewatertemperatureexceedsapresettemperature.
3.3.158.3ProcessMonitoring,HighOilTemperatureSwitch.Atemperatureactuateddevicethatinitiatesasignalwhenoiltemperaturerisesabovethelimitsthatarerequiredtomaintaintheviscosityrangerecommendedbytheburnermanufacturer.
3.3.158.4ProcessMonitoring,LowOilTemperatureSwitch.Atemperatureactuateddevicethatinitiatesasignalwhentheoiltemperaturefallsbelowthelimitsthatarerequiredtomaintaintheviscosityrangerecommendedbytheburnermanufacturer.
3.3.158.5ProofofClosureSwitch.Adevicethatprovidesfeedbackthatapieceofequipmentisintheclosedposition.ForChapter5,SingleBurnerBoilers,whenreferringtosafetyshutoffvalves,itisanonfieldadjustableswitchinstalledbythevalvemanufacturerandthatactivatesonlyafterthevalveisfullyclosed.
3.3.158.6SafetyShutdown,ExcessiveSteamPressureSwitch.Apressureactuateddevicethatisarrangedtoeffectasafetyshutdownoftheburnerwhenthesteampressureexceedsapresetpressure.
3.3.158.7SafetyShutdown,ExcessiveWaterTemperatureSwitch.Atemperatureactuateddevicethatisarrangedtoeffectasafetyshutdownoftheburnerwhenthewatertemperatureexceedsapresettemperature.
3.3.158.8SafetyShutdown,HighGasPressureSwitch.Apressureactuateddevicethatisarrangedtoeffectasafetyshutdownortopreventstartingwhenthegaspressureexceedsthepresetvalue.
3.3.158.9SafetyShutdown,LowGasPressureSwitch.Apressureactuateddevicethatisarrangedtoeffectasafetyshutdownortopreventstartingwhenthegaspressurefallsbelowthepresetvalue.
3.3.158.10SafetyShutdown,LowOilPressureSwitch.Apressureactuateddevicethatisarrangedtoeffectasafetyshutdownortopreventstartingwhentheoilpressurefallsbelowthepresetvalue.
3.3.158.11SafetyShutdown,LowWaterCutoutAuxiliarySwitch.Onsingleburnerboilers,adevicethatisarrangedtoeffectasafetyshutdownoftheburnerwhenthewaterlevelintheboilerfallstoapredeterminedlowlevel.
3.3.158.12SafetyShutdown,LowWaterCutoutSwitch.AdevicethatisarrangedtoeffectasafetyshutdownormasterfueltripwhenthewaterlevelintheboilerorHRSGfallstoapredeterminedlowlevel.
3.3.159TrialforIgnitionPeriod(Igniter).Theintervaloftimeduringlightoffinwhicha
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safetycontrolcircuitpermitstheigniterfuelsafetyshutoffvalve(s)tobeopenedbeforetheflamedetectionsystemisrequiredtosupervisetheigniterflame.
3.3.160TrialforIgnitionPeriod(MainBurner).Theintervaloftimeduringlightoffinwhichasafetycontrolcircuitpermitsthemainburnerfuelsafetyshutoffvalve(s)tobeopenedbeforetheflamedetectionsystemisrequiredtosupervisethemainburnerflameonly.
3.3.161Tuyeres.Formsofgrates,locatedadjacenttoaretort,feeders,orgratesealsthroughwhichairisintroduced.
3.3.162UnattendedOperation.Ameansofoperationwheretheoperatorisnotinviewofoperatinginstrumentation(localorremote),norinapositiontooperatecontrolsystems.
3.3.163Unit.Thecombinedspacesofthefurnaceandtheassociatedboilerpasses,ducts,andfansthatconveythegasesofcombustiontothestackforHRSGs,thecombinedspacesofthecombustionturbine,theHRSG,andtheassociatedductsthatconveytheairandcombustiongasesfromtheairintaketothestackforothercombustionturbineexhaustsystems,thecombinedspacesofthecombustionturbine,andtheassociatedductsthatconveytheairandcombustiongasesfromtheairintaketothestack.
3.3.164Valve.
3.3.164.1BarrierValve.Avalve,notnecessarilydusttight,usedtoinhibithotgasesfromtravelingbackintoanysystemcomponentopenforinspectionormaintenance.
3.3.164.2BurnerShutoffValve.Inapulverizedfuelsystem,avalvethatisinstalledinthefuellinebetweenthepulverizerandtheburner.
3.3.164.3ChargingValve.Inagaseousorliquidfuelsystem,asmallvalvebypassingthemainsafetyshutoffvalveusedforpurgingandchargingthefuelheadersandpipingandfortestingforleaks.
3.3.164.4CheckValve.Avalvethatallowsflowinonedirectiononly.[13D,2007]
3.3.164.5DusttightValve.Inapulverizedfuelsystem,atightseatingvalveinstalledinthefuelsupplypipetotheburnertoalloworstopflow.
3.3.164.6FlowControlValve.Avalvecapableofregulatingquantityofthroughputtoacontrolledrange.
3.3.164.7SafetyShutoffValve(SafetyTripValve).Afastclosingvalvethatautomaticallyshutsoffthegaseousorliquidfuelsupplyinresponsetoanormal,emergency,orsafetyshutdownsignal.
3.3.164.8SupervisoryShutoffValve.Inagaseousorliquidfuelsystem,amanuallyoperatedshutoffvalvewithameanstoprovideavalveclosedpositionsignal.
3.3.164.9VentControlValve.Acontrollablevalveforregulatingtheflowofventedairorgasfromthesystem.
3.3.164.10VentValve.Avalveusedtoallowventingofairorgasfromthesystemtotheatmosphere.
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3.3.165ValveProvingSystem.Inagaseousorliquidfuelsystem,asystemthatprovestheleaktightnessofallsafetyshutoffvalvesandpreventsmainburnerorigniterlightoffifthetestisnotsatisfied.
3.3.166VolatileMatter.Theportionofmass,exceptwatervapor,thatisdrivenoffinagaseousformwhensolidfuelsareheated.
3.3.167WatchDogTimer.Atimerexternaltoamicroprocessorbasedcontrolthatisusedtocomparethemicroprocessorcycletimingagainstitselfandthatfailssafelyifthemicroprocessortimingstopsorexceedsthewatchdogtimeinterval.
Chapter4FundamentalsofBoilerCombustionSystems
4.1*Manufacture,Design,andEngineering.
4.1.1 Theownerortheowner'srepresentativeshall,incooperationwiththemanufacturer,ensurethattheunitisnotdeficientinapparatusthatisnecessaryforoperationwithrespecttopressureparts,fuelburningequipment,airandfuelmetering,lightoff,andmaintenanceofstableflame.
4.1.2 Allfuelsystemsshallincludeprovisionstopreventforeignsubstancesfrominterferingwiththefuelsupply.
4.1.3* Anevaluationshallbemadetodeterminetheoptimumintegrationofmanualandautomaticsafetyfeatures.
4.1.4 Althoughthiscoderequiresaminimumdegreeofautomation,morecomplexplants,plantswithincreasedautomation,andplantsdesignedforremoteoperationshallrequireadditionalprovisionsforthefollowing:
(1) Informationregardingsignificantoperatingeventsthatallowtheoperatortomakearapidevaluationoftheoperatingsituation
(2) Continuousandusabledisplaysofvariablesthatallowtheoperatortoavoidhazardousconditions
(3) Inservicemaintenanceandcheckingofsystemfunctionswithoutimpairmentofthereliabilityoftheoverallcontrolsystem
(4) Anenvironmentconducivetotimelyandcorrectdecisionsandactions
4.1.5 Theburnerorfuelfeedpipingandequipmentshallbedesignedandconstructedtopreventtheformationofhazardousconcentrationsofcombustiblegasesthatexistundernormaloperatingconditions.
4.2InstallationandCommissioning.
4.2.1 Theboiler,heatrecoverysteamgenerator(HRSG),combustionturbineexhaustsystem,orpulverizedfuelsystemshallnotbereleasedforoperationbeforetheinstallationandcheckoutoftherequiredsafeguardsandinstrumentationsystemhavebeensuccessfully
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completed.
4.2.2 Thepartyresponsiblefortheerectionandinstallationoftheequipmentshallensurethatallpertinentapparatusisinstalledandconnectedinaccordancewiththesystemdesign.
4.2.3 Theownerorowner'srepresentative,theengineeringconsultant,theequipmentmanufacturer,andtheoperatingcompanyshallprohibitoperationuntilthesafeguardshavebeentestedforcorrectoperationasasystem.
4.2.3.1 Iftemporaryinterlocksandinstrumentationarenecessarytomeettheserequirements,anysuchtemporarysystemshallbereviewedbythepurchaser,theengineeringconsultant,theequipmentmanufacturer,andtheoperatingcompany,andagreementshallbereachedonthesystem'sabilitytoprotectequipmentandpersonnelinadvanceofstartup.
4.2.3.2 Alltemporarymodificationsshallbedocumented,andpermanentresolutionsshallbeaccomplishedpriortocommercialoperation.
4.2.4 Thesafetyinterlocksystemandprotectivedevicesshallbetestedjointlybytheorganizationresponsibleforthesystemdesignandbythosewhooperateandmaintainsuchasystemanddevices.
4.2.5 Afterinstallationbutbeforeinitialoperation,coordinatedtestsofallsystemsshallbeaccomplished.
4.2.6 Documentationoftheplantequipment,thesystem,andmaintenanceactivitiesshallbeupdatedtoreflectchangesinthestatusofequipmentandoperatingprocedures.
4.3CoordinationofDesign,Construction,andOperation.
4.3.1* Duringtheplanningandengineeringphasesofplantconstruction,thedesignshallbecoordinatedwithoperatingpersonnel.
4.3.2* Theintegrationofthevariouscomponents,includingboilerorHRSG,burner,fuelandairsupplyequipment,controls,interlocksandsafetydevices,operatorandmaintenancefunctions,andcommunicationandtraining,shallbetheresponsibilityof theownerandtheoperatingcompany.
4.4Maintenance,Inspection,Training,andSafety.
4.4.1MaintenanceandEquipmentInspection.SeealsoAnnex J.
4.4.1.1* Aprogramshallbeprovidedforinspectionandmaintenanceofequipmentatintervalsconsistentwiththetypeofequipmentused,servicerequirements,andmanufacturers'recommendations.
4.4.1.2 Asaminimum,themaintenanceprogramshallincludethefollowing:
(1) Inserviceinspectionstoidentifyconditionsthatneedcorrectiveaction
(2) Welldefinedplanningformakingrepairsormodificationsusingqualifiedpersonnelandtoolsandinstrumentsdesignedforthework
(3) Equipmenthistoryandrecordofdatesofservice,conditionsfound,maintenance
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performed,andchangesmade
(4) Writtencomprehensivemaintenanceproceduresincorporatingthemanufacturer'sinstructionstodefinethetasksandskillsrequired
(5) Nondestructiveexaminationrequirementstasksneedingspecialtoolsspecialenvironmentalfactorssuchastemperaturelimitations,dusts,contaminatedoroxygendeficientatmospheres,andlimitedaccessorconfinedspacerestrictions
(6) Equipmentconditionassessmentbeforeandaftermaintenance
(7) Supplyofwellmaintainedsparepartstoperformrequiredmaintenance
(8) Housekeepingessentialforsafeoperationandpreventionoffiresorexplosionsthatincludesthefollowing:
(a) Provisionsforcleaningofhorizontalledgesorsurfacesofbuildingsandequipmenttopreventtheaccumulationofdustdepositsgreaterthantheminimumrequiredtocreateanexplosionhazard
(b) Waterwashingorvacuumcleaningmethodstoreducethepossibilityofcreatingdustclouds
(c) Prohibitionoftheuseofcompressedairforcleaning
4.4.1.3* Operation,setpoints,andadjustmentsshallbeverifiedbytestingatspecifiedintervals,andtheresultsshallbedocumented.
4.4.1.4 Defectsshallbereportedandcorrected,andthechangesorrepairsdocumented.
4.4.1.5 Systemconfiguration,includinglogic,setpoints,andsensinghardware,shallnotbechangedwithoutdetailedengineeringreviewanddocumentation.
4.4.1.6 Systemoperationshallbetestedandverifiedforcompliancewiththedesigncriteriawheneveracontrollerisreplaced,repaired,reprogrammed,orupdatedbeforereturningittoservice.
4.4.1.7 Whenaunitthatfiresliquidfuelisoutofserviceandavailableforinspection,personnelshallcheckforanyaccumulationofunburnedfuelintheboilerorHRSGenclosure,especiallyinthefintubeareaofanHRSG.
4.4.2Training.
4.4.2.1OperatorTraining.
4.4.2.1.1* Theownerortheowner'srepresentativeshallberesponsibleforestablishingaformaltrainingprogramthatisconsistentwiththetypeofequipmentandhazardsinvolvedtopreparepersonneltooperateequipment.
4.4.2.1.2 Operatingproceduresshallbeestablishedthatcovernormalandemergencyconditions.
4.4.2.1.2.1 Startup,shutdown,andlockoutproceduresshallallbecoveredindetail.
4.4.2.1.2.2 Wheredifferentmodesofoperationarepossible,proceduresshallbeprepared
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foreachoperatingmode.
4.4.2.1.2.3 Proceduresalsoshallbepreparedforswitchingfromonemodetoanother.
4.4.2.1.3 Theownerorowner'srepresentativeshallverifythatoperatorsaretrainedandcompetenttooperatetheequipmentunderallconditionspriortotheiroperationofsuchequipment.
4.4.2.1.4 Theownerorowner'srepresentativeshallberesponsibleforretrainingoperators,includingreviewingtheircompetence,atintervalsdeterminedbytheowner.
4.4.2.1.5 Thetrainingprogramandoperatingandmaintenancemanualsshallbekeptcurrentwithchangesinequipmentandoperatingproceduresandshallbeavailableforreferenceanduseatalltimes.
4.4.2.1.6 Operatingproceduresshallbedirectlyapplicabletotheequipmentinvolvedandshallbeconsistentwithsafetyrequirementsandthemanufacturer'srecommendations.
4.4.2.2MaintenanceTraining.
4.4.2.2.1* Theownerorowner'srepresentativeshallberesponsibleforestablishingaformalandongoingprogramthatisconsistentwiththeequipmentandhazardsinvolved,fortrainingmaintenancepersonneltoperformallrequiredmaintenancetasks.
4.4.2.2.2 Maintenanceproceduresandtheirassociatedtrainingprogramsshallbeestablishedtocoverroutineandspecialtechniques.
4.4.2.2.3 Environmentalfactorssuchastemperature,dusts,contaminatedoroxygendeficientatmospheres,internalpressures,andlimitedaccessorconfinedspacerequirementsshallbeincludedinthemaintenanceprocedures.
4.4.2.2.4 Maintenanceproceduresshallbeconsistentwithsafetyrequirementsandthemanufacturer'srecommendationsandshallbekeptcurrentwithchangesinequipmentandpersonnel.
4.5BasicOperatingRequirements.
4.5.1 Operatingprocedureswithaminimumnumberofmanualoperationsshallbeestablished.
4.5.2 Standardoperatingproceduresthatresultinwelldefinedandcontrolledoperationsshallbeestablished.
4.5.3 Interlocksshallbeprovidedtoensurecorrectoperatingsequencesandtointerruptsequenceswhenconditionsarenotcorrectforcontinuation.
4.5.4 Nointerlocksshallbebypassedduringstartuporoperationoftheunitunlessthebypassistaggedandisgovernedbyoperatingprocedures.
4.5.5 Purgeandstartupprocedureswithnecessaryinterlocksshallbeestablished.
4.5.6 Writtenoperatingproceduresanddetailedchecklistsforoperatorguidanceshallbeprovidedforachievingallautomaticandmanualoperatingfunctions.
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4.6EquipmentRequirements.
4.6.1*StructuralDesign.Thefurnaceshallbecapableofwithstandingtransientdesignpressuresandnormaloperatingpressureswithoutpermanentdeformationduetoyieldorbucklingofanysupportmember.Transientpressurestobeconsideredshallincludebutshallnotnecessarilybelimitedtomisoperationoffansordampersandamasterfueltripwhileoperatingatmaximumdesignload.Refertoindividualchaptersforadditionalguidance.
4.6.2FunctionalRequirementsofFuelBurningSystem.SeealsoAnnex K.
4.6.2.1Function.Thefuelburningsystemshallfunctiontoconvertcontinuouslyanyignitibleinputintounreactiveproductsofcombustionatthesameratethatthefuel(s)andairreactantsenterthecombustionchamber.
4.6.2.2Compatibility.Thefuelburningsystemshallbesizedtomeettheoperatingrequirementsoftheunit,compatiblewithothercomponentsystems,andcapableofbeingcontrolledforthefulloperatingrangeoftheunit.
4.6.2.3SystemRequirements.
4.6.2.3.1 Thefuelburningsystemshallprovidemeansforstartup,operation,andshutdownofthecombustionprocess,includingopeningsandconfigurationsinthecomponentassembliestoallowobservation,measurement,andcontrolofthecombustionprocess.
4.6.2.3.2 ThefuelburningsystemshallconsistoftheboilerorHRSGenclosureandthefollowingsubsystems,asapplicable:airsupplies,fuelsupplies,mainfuelburning,ignition,andcombustionproductsremovalandreinjection.Eachshallbesizedandinterconnectedtomeettherequirementsin 4.6.2.3.2.1through 4.6.2.3.2.5.
4.6.2.3.2.1 TheboilerenclosureorHRSGenclosureshallmeettherequirementsin4.6.2.3.2.1(A)through 4.6.2.3.2.1(C).
(A) Theenclosureshallbesizedandarrangedwithrespecttothemainfuelburningsubsystemsothatstableflameismaintained.
(B) Theenclosureshallbefreefromdeadpocketswhenprescribedpurgeproceduresarefollowed.
(C) Observationportsshallbeprovidedtoallowvisualinspectionofthecombustionchamber,igniterandburnerflames(includingtheignitionzone),overfireairports,reburninjectors,andstokergrates.
4.6.2.3.2.2 Theairsupplysubsystemshallmeettherequirementsin 4.6.2.3.2.2(A)through4.6.2.3.2.2(D).
(A) Theairsupplyequipmentshallbesizedandarrangedtoensureacontinuousairflowforalloperatingconditionsontheunit.
(B)* Thearrangementofairinlets,ductwork,andairpreheatersshallbedesignedtominimizecontaminationoftheairsupplybyfluegas,water,fuel(s),andothermaterialsasaresultofeitherintentionaloraccidentaldischarges.
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(C) Drainandaccessopeningsshallbeprovidedandshallbeaccessible.
(D) Theairsupplyequipmentshallbecapableofcontinuingtherequiredairflowduringanticipatedcombustionchamberpressurepulsations.
4.6.2.3.2.3 FuelsuppliesandmainfuelburningsubsystemsshallmeettheapplicablerequirementsinChapters5through 10forspecificsystems.
4.6.2.3.2.4* Theignitionsubsystemshallmeettherequirementsof 4.6.2.3.2.4(A)through4.6.2.3.2.4(M).
(A) Theignitionsubsystemshallbesizedandarrangedtoignitethemainburnerinputwithinthelimitationoftheigniterclassificationasfollows:
(1) Itshallbeverifiedthroughtestingthattheignitersfurnishedmeettherequirementsoftheclassspecifiedinthedesign.
(2) IgnitersshallbedesignatedasClass1,Class2,orClass3asdefinedin 3.3.84.1,3.3.84.2,and3.3.84.3andasverifiedbytest.
(B) Class1ignitersshallbepermittedtobeusedasClass2orClass3igniters.Class2ignitersshallbepermittedtobeusedasClass3igniters.
(C) WhereClass2ignitersareused,theburnershallbeoperatedundercontrolledconditionstolimitthepotentialforabnormaloperation,aswellastolimitthechargeoffuelintheeventthatignitiondoesnotoccurduringlightoff.
(D) Class2ignitersshallnotbeusedtoignitethemainfuelunderuncontrolledorabnormalconditions.
(E) WhereClass3ignitersareused,theignitershallbeturnedoffasapartoftheburnerlightoffprocedurewhenthetimetrialforignitionofthemainburnerhasexpired,toensurethatthemainflameisnotdependentonignitionsupportfromtheigniter.
(F) Class2ignitersshallnotbeusedtoextendtheturndownrangebutshallbepermittedtobeusedtosupportignitionunderlowloadoradverseoperatingconditions.
(G) Class3ignitersshallnotbeusedtosupportignitionortoextendtheburnerturndownrange.
(H) Class3specialignitersshallnotbeusedunlesssupervisionoftheindividualmainburnerflameisprovided.Class3specialignitersshallbepermittedtobeusedwithoutsupervisionoftheindividualmainburnerflamewhilethemainburnerisbeingscavenged.
(I)* WhereClass1andClass2ignitersareused,thetestsdescribedin 6.6.3.2.2,6.7.3.2.2,and6.8.3.2.2shallalsobeperformedwiththeignitionsubsysteminservicetoverifythattheignitersfurnishedmeettherequirementsoftheclassspecifiedinthedesign.
(J) Testsshallbeperformedtodeterminetransientlimitsintheignitionairandfuelsuppliesorinthemainairandfuelsuppliesthatdonotextinguishtheigniterflameorreducetheigniter'sabilitytoperformitsintendedfunctionoradverselyaffectotherburnersandignitersinoperation.
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(K) Ignitersshallbepermanentlyinstalledunderthefollowingconditions:
(1) Theyshallbesupervisedtoverifythattherequirementsof 4.6.2.3.2.4(A)and4.6.2.3.2.4(B)aremet.
(2) Thissupervisionshallincludeignitercapacityandindividualigniterflamemonitoring.
(3) Thecapacityshallbemeasuredbyigniterheaderpressureasaminimum.
(4) Onsingleburnerboilers,ignitersshallnotrequiresupervisionofignitercapacity.
(L) Theignitionequipmentshallbelocatedinanenvironmentfreeofexcessiveheatandaccessibleformaintenance.
(M) Allignitersafetyshutoffvalvesshallbelocatedtominimizethevolumeoffuelthatisdownstreamofthevalveintheindividualigniterfuellinesorthatcouldflowbygravityintothecombustionchamberafteranemergencyshutdownoraburnershutdown.
4.6.2.3.2.5 Thecombustionproductsremovalsubsystemshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:
(1) Thefluegasducts,fans,andstackshallbesizedandarrangedtoremovetheproductsofcombustionatthesamerateatwhichtheyaregeneratedbythefuelburningprocessduringoperationoftheunit.
(2) Drainandaccessopeningsshallbeprovidedandshallbeaccessible.
(3) Thefluegasductsshallbedesignedsothattheydonotcontributetocombustionchamberpulsations.
(4) ComponentscommontomorethanoneboilerorHRSGshallnotlimittherateofremovalofproductsofcombustiongeneratedduringtheoperationofallboilersorHRSGs.
(5) Boilersthatshareacommoncomponentbetweenthefurnaceoutletandthestackshallhaveprovisionstobypassthecommoncomponentforunitpurge.
(6) Wherethecommoncomponentdoesnotcontainapossibleignitionsource,abypassshallnotberequired.
4.6.2.3.3MultipleBoilers.
4.6.2.3.3.1 Wheremultipleboilersaresuppliedfromthesamefuelsupplysource,thereshallbeameansofmanualisolationforeachboiler.
4.6.2.3.3.2 Dedicatedsafetyshutoffvalving,withrelatedalarm,interlock,andcontrolinstrumentation,shallbeprovidedforeachboiler.
4.6.2.4GaseousVentSystemRequirements.
4.6.2.4.1* Thedischargefromatmosphericventsshallbelocatedsothatthereisnopossibilityofthedischargedgasbeingdrawnintoacombustionairi
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