nonrenewable energy resources - cvut.cz

06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz

Nonrenewable EnergyResources

andEnergy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy

Environmental Engineering Class

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

• Definition• Evaluating Energy resources• Oil• Natural Gas• Coal• Nuclear Energy

Energy is the Ability To Do WorkAll of these sources provide us the energy we need to live

our busy lives.

Definition: Non-renewableEnergy Resource

Non-renewable energy resource: an energy resourcethat is not replaced or is replaced only very slowly bynatural processes.Primary examples of non-renewable energy resourcesare the fossil fuels oil, natural gas, and coal. Fossil fuelsare continually produced by the decay of plant and animal matter, but the rate of their production isextremely slow, very much slower than the rate at whichwe use them. Any non-renewable energy resources thatwe use are not replaced in a reasonable amount of time (our lifetime, our children's lifetime,...) and are thusconsidered "used up", not available to us again.

Different Sources of Energy:

The Different Sources of Energy

Sources of Energy in Mexico

Sources of Energy in Germany

World‘s Energy Consumption

1 Watt is approximately 3.41 BTU/h1000 BTU/h is approximately 293 W

U.S. Energy Consumption

With only 4.6% of the population in 2002 the U.S. used 26% of theworld‘s commercial energy. This is more energy than the toal usedthe next four largest energy consuming countries.

Energy Consumption of Mexico

Energy Consumption of Germany

Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick liquid consisting of hundreds of combustiblehydrocarbons, along with small amounts of sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen impurities. This organic fuel was produced by theremains of plants and animals that wereburied under lake and ocean sediments 2-140 million years ago.

Different Products beingextracted from Crude Oil:

•Gases

•Gasoline

•Aviation fuel

•Heating Oil

•Diesel Oil

•Naphtha

•Grease and Wax

•Asphalt

One barrel of crude oil, when refined, produces about 20 gallons of finished motor gasoline, and 7 gallons of diesel, as well as other petroleum products.

=>Fossil fuels like Oil need to be substituted in the future for conservationof the environment and to ensure availability of energy for all human activities

=>Considering theCO² Emissions Oil has an averagePollution-EnergyRatio

Natural Gas

• Natural Gas is a fossil fuel foundunderground in gaseous State

• It ussually lies above reservoirs of CrudeOil

=>Natural Gas is a cleaner Energysource than p.e. Oil but it still conributes to thedecay of theenvironment

• Coal is a fossil fuel formed in severalstages as buried remains of land plantsthat lived 300-400 million years ago weresubjected to intense heat and pressureover many millions of years. Coal containssmall amounts of sulfur, released into theatmosphere as it is burned. Traceamounts of mercury and radioactivematerials are also released.

Carbon is widelyused as an electricity producingfuel, but it is also a very large source of the worlds airpollution, however, projects are still being developed forcoal burninggeneration plantsworldwide.

Synthetic Fuels:Synthetic fuel or synfuel is anyliquid fuel obtained from coal, natural gas, or biomass.

=>plays a minor role as an energyresource

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Reaction: • Inside the reactor of an atomic power plant,

uranium atoms are split apart in a controlledchain reaction. In a chain reaction, particlesreleased by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other uranium atoms splitting those. Thoseparticles given off split still other atoms in a chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, controlrods are used to keep the splitting regulated so itdoesn't go too fast.

=>Biggest Disadvantage of NuclearPower is radioactive Waste and itslong-term storage

Energy Efficiency and RenewableEnergy

• Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency• Ways to Improve Efficiency• Solar Energy• Water• Wind• Car Technologies

Importance of Improving EnergyEfficiency

• Definition: It is the percentage of total energy input into an energy conversiondevice that does useful work. And it‘s notconverted to low quality, essentiallyuseless heat.

• Improving this efficiency involves usingless energy to do more useful work.

=>43% of the energyis unnecessarily lost!

=> The Advantage of using Solar Power Technology for SpaceHeating is obvious.

Heat Loss to the environmentcaused by insufficient insulation:

Superinsulated House:=>Little or no

need for a backupheatingsystem

Net Energy Efficiency for Heating:

Two Kinds of Solar Heating:

Using Solar Cells to provideElectricity:

Hydropower:

Hydropower in Germany:

Turbine Hall of a Hydropower Plant in Southern Germany

Hydropower in Mexico• There are 21 government

Hydropower damsoperating in the country

• They add close to 10% of the total electricgeneration of the country(without counting theprivate dams)

“El cajon“ The newest hydro-electric dam, which has a capacityof 750 MW. Located in the state of Nayarit.

Wind Power:

Windpower generation in Mexico

• Wind farm in La Venta, Oaxaca : 105 wind turbines, with a capacity of 84.875 MW

• One wind turbine operating in Southern Baja California, with a .6 MW Capacity

Distribution of Windparks in Germany =>

Windpark in Mecklenburg Vorpommern, North-East of Germany

Windpower Generation in Germany

• Germany is the leading producer of wind power, with28% of the total world capacity in 2006 and a total outputof 38.5 TWh in 2007 (6.3% of German electricity);

• The official target is for renewable energy to meet 12.5% of German electricity needs by 2010 — this target maybe reached ahead of schedule.

• Germany has 18,600 wind turbines, mostly in the northof the country — including three of the biggest in theworld, constructed by the companies Enercon (6 MW), Multibrid (5 MW) and Repower (5 MW). Germany'sSchleswig-Holstein province generates 36% of its powerwith wind turbines.

Development of Installed Windpower in Germany and Europe

Car Technologies:

• Hybrid Cars• Hydrogen-Hybrid• Bio-Ethanol / Methanol

Hybrid Car:

Toyota Prius:

CombustionEngine on the left side; ElectricalEnginepowered byBatteries

Hydrogen-Hybrid Car:A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its on-board fuel formotive power. The term may refer to a personal transportation vehicle, such as an automobile, or any other vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similarfashion, such as an aircraft. The power plants of such vehicles convert thechemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy (torque) in one of twomethods:combustion, or electrochemical conversion in a fuel-cell:

In combustion, the hydrogen is burned in engines in fundamentally the samemethod as traditional gasoline cars.

In fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to produce waterand electricity, the latter of which is used to power an electric traction motor.

Principle of the Hydrogen-Cell:

Hydrogen Combustion Principle: BMW Clean Energy

left: filler neck of a BMWfor hydrogenright: filler neck for fuel

BMW CleanEnergy vehicles• BMW CleanEnergy vehicles have both a hydrogen and a petrol

tank. If one of the tanks is empty, the bivalent BMW engine unitswitches over automatically to the other fuel system.

• One decisive advantage of the combustion engine is bivalence. Itenables both hydrogen and petrol to be used, thus creating the ideal conditions for a transition from non-regenerative to regenerative drive energies.

• During electrolysis water is split into its components of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is stored and the oxygen is needed in thevehicle for the combustion of the hydrogen. The combustion processgenerates energy and water as a waste product, which returns to the natural water cycle. And so with the aid of regenerative energysuppliers, an emission-free fuel is obtained.

The main difference of Bio-Fuelsto regular Gasoline is that theyare renewable and therefore notlimited by amount available.

nonrenewable energy resources - cvut.cz

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