Difference between all sugars is the percentage of glucose to fructose
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Guidelines on Added Sugar Intake
OrganizationIntake (tsp & TBSP) Intake (kcal)
Male Female Male Female
American Heart Association
(AHA)
9 tsp = 3 TBSP
6 tsp = 2 TBSP
150 kcal 100 kcal
World Health Organization
(WHO)
12 tsp = 4 TBSP(Current)
≤10% daily kcal intake, or 200 kcal*
6 tsp = 2 TBSP(Proposed)
≤5% daily kcal intake, or 100 kcal*
*Based on a 2000 kcal diet for an adult of health body weight.
Perspectives on Added Sugar Intake
Source: http://www.sugarstacks.com/beverages.htm
Perspectives on Added Sugar Intake
Source: http://www.sugarstacks.com/beverages.htm
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Perspectives on Added Sugar Intake
Source: http://www.sugarstacks.com/shakes.htm
Perspectives on Added Sugar Intake
Source: http://www.sugarstacks.com/shakes.htm
DisaccharidesThree Forms
1. Sucrose (table sugar): Glucose + Fructose
2. Lactose ( sugar):
**Lactose Intolerance vs. Milk Allergy**
Source: Webb D. Demystifying lactose intolerance. Today’s Dietitian. 2012;14(4):16.
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milk
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glucose + galactose
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Lactose intolerance= don't produce lactase which breaks down lactose (Can consume Lactaid milk or pill with enzymes half hour before)
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Milk protein: Casein 80% (solid) and whey 20% (liquid)
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Milk allergy: allergic to the protein
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DisaccharidesThree Forms
1. Sucrose (table sugar): Glucose + Fructose
2. Lactose (milk sugar): Glucose + Galactose
3. Maltose:
Activity BreakMr. Williams is an African American who complains of severe abdominal pain and diarrhea after drinking milk and eating ice cream.
• What additional information should you find out?
• What condition might he have? Why?
• What dietary changes can you recommend for him?
Oligosaccharides
• Three to ten monosaccharide molecules.
• Raffinose (3) & Stachyose (4)
• Found in dried peas and beans.
• Not digested by human GI tract but broken down by intestinal bacteria → gas & bloating.
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Glucose + Glucose
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Found in grain, wheat, malt sugar
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***Test
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Polysaccharides
1. Starch: digestible polysaccharide from sources.
a. Amylose:
b. Amylopectin:
Polysaccharides
1. Starch: digestible polysaccharide from plant sources.
a. Amylose: straight chain
b. Amylopectin: branched chain
2. Glycogen: digestible polysaccharide from sources.
Storage form of glucose in
Primary location:
Polysaccharides
1. Starch: digestible polysaccharide from plant sources.
a. Amylose: straight chain
b. Amylopectin: branched chain
2. Glycogen: digestible polysaccharide from animal sources.
Storage from of glucose in animals & humans.
Primary location: liver and muscles.
3. Cellulose: indigestible polysaccharide from cell wall.
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plant
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forms gooey jelly substance, arms that branch and grab things
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animal
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stored in liver and muscles
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Glycogen in liver helps regulate blood sugar
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animals and humans
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Glycogen in liver stays there
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plant
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Beta 1,4 bonds that humans cannot digest Fiber - Don't get calories from this, won't break down and be digested Fiber is in starchy foods
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Polysaccharides
1. Starch: digestible polysaccharide from plant sources.
a. Amylose: straight chain
b. Amylopectin: branched chain
2. Glycogen: digestible polysaccharide from animal sources.
Storage from of glucose in animals & humans.
Primary location: liver and muscles.
3. Cellulose: indigestible polysaccharide from plant cell wall.
Fiber Classification
1. Soluble Fiber• Food Sources:
• Delays gastric emptying/increases transit time (satiety)
• Health Benefits:
1. CVD:
2. Diabetes:
3. Weight Management:
4. GI:
Fiber Classification
2. Insoluble Fiber• Food Sources:
• Decrease transit time/increase fecal bulk
• Health Benefits:
1. GI:
2. Cancer:
3. Weight Management:
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Dissolves in water
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Forms gooey expanded substance (Like oatmeal)
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Minimizes craving for food, feel fuller for longer
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Bunny hill curve to blood sugar
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Minimize diarrhea Makes stools more firm Don't do it for GI infection
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Minimizes cholesterol absorption by pulling it out of digestive system and expelling it
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**Bile produced in liver, stored in pancreas, and released to small intestine to emulsify fat - Water and fat don't mix so bile breaks it down so lipase can break down fats more, then Bile is reabsorbed and repackaged (Enterohepatic circulation of Bile) but fiber will absorb some of bile's cholesterol so then when it's repackaged the body has to take it from other places and lowers cholesterol!!!
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**Brat Diet (Banana, White Rice, Apple Sauce, Toast) - Suggested for those having diarrhea because have a lot of soluble fiber -Bulks up the stool
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Oatmeal, cheerios, legumes
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Skins and peels of fruits, veggies, and whole grains
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Minimize constipation
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Need to eat skins, drink water, and be active
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AI for Fiber = 14 g/1000 kcal/day
Whole Grains / Complex Grains
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Refined grain only has endosperm, strip off germ
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Is this a Whole Grain or Refined Grain?
Is this a Whole Grain or Refined Grain?
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Look for WHOLE
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Whole
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Refined
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Is this a Whole Grain or Refined Grain?
Activity BreakMrs. Smith who is 75 yr old with heart disease is complaining of constipation. She consumes the
following for breakfast:
Orange JuiceEnglish Muffin with Butter & Jelly
Scrambled EggsCoffee
• What additional information should you find out?