offshore wind energy

Gaetano Gaudiosi

OWEMES ASSOCIATION

(1 march 2007)

Desire-Net Project

OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY

Wind turbine size / power and kWh costs0.75 DKK/Kwh = 10 Cents €(1983) 0.3DKK/kWh = 4 Cents (2006)

Gaudiosi:Gaudiosi:Gaudiosi:Gaudiosi:Gaudiosi:Gaudiosi:

Wind Turbine Sizes.Largest turbine

( REPower): diameter 126 m, power 5 MW.

Relative Importance of Tasks in the Wind Turbines Research Area( EWEA)

Wind Turbine blades on the market

Blade properties ( Garrad & Hassan)

•

Wind Turbine blades: Weight/ Rotor Radius (~ blade length) relation

Wind Turbine blades characteristics

• Commercial blades are lighter than calculated blades for the new applied materials and more accurate/ less conservative design.( see fig. on Weigth / Rotor radius relation.).

• Blades are extremely flexible to reduce dynamic forces to the hub. In the previous figure see the deflection of a blade during normal operation.

EWEA Targets for the European Union

Projected Installed Wind Power Capacities in the EU-15 by 2010

More Power from less Turbines2005-2030 , EWEA

Wind power’s share of EU electricity demand

Contribution of Wind Power ( TWh) to Electricity Generation ( 2005*-2030),EU

* beginning

World Wind Power Industry GWEC 2006

Wind Power Benefits

Electric Generation from Wind Energy in the EU ( 2005*-2030)*beginning (EWEA)

Area required for 300 GW of Wind Energy

Grid Infrastructure upgrade for wind power

Offshore Wind Energy

• Offshore sea waters are the future area of application of large size turbines

• High wind potential ( higher and less turbulent winds) , space for large wind farms , water depth increasing with distance from the coast , less visual intrusion are the main features favourable for offshore applications.

• Conversely installation costs are higher, environment is aggressive for the turbines,

Annual and Cumulative offshore Wind Capacity ( 1995-2005) ( EWEA)

Offshore Wind Energy Estimates, Europe

History of the offshore wind energy Garrad & Hassan2006

• Offshore Wind Energy continuation 3

Offshore Wind Energycontinuation 1

3 ) M e t - o c e a n d a t a a n d l o a d s

• T u r b u l e n t w i n d s• I r r e g u l a r w a v e s• G r a v i t y / i n e r t i a• A e r o d y n a m i c s :

i n d u c t i o n s k e w e d w a k e d y n a m i c s t a l l

• H y d r o d y n a m i c s : s c a t t e r i n g r a d i a t i o n h y d r o s t a t i c s

• E l a s t i c i t y• M o o r i n g d y n a m i c s• C o n t r o l s y s t e m• F u l l y c o u p l e d

Offshore Wind Energycontinuation 2

Offshore Wind Energycontinuation 3

Offshore Wind Energy continuation 4

• Strong R&D efforts should be done to cover all critical areas: Turbine technology, subsea foundations, electrical connection to onshore grid, wind farm operation , maintenace and component repair

• Additional problems are in the authorization procedure, insurance, aerial and marine environment interaction,

navigation safety, investment cost and financing.

• DOWNVinD Project , analysing the first large size turbine of 5MW( 125 m rotor Diameter) installed in 45 m water depth, will give demonstration indications for future plants

Offshore Wind Energycontinuation 5

Beatrice offshore I

Beatrice offshore II

UPWIND Project I

• UpWind is a 5-year project that started on 1st March 2006. The aim is to develop and verify wind turbines for future very large-scale applications, e.g. offshore .

• The wind turbines needed will be very large (>8-10 MW and rotor diameter > 120 m). Present design methods and the available components and materials do not allow such up-scaling. In order to achieve the necessary up-scaling before 2020, full understanding of design conditions, innovative materials, and advanced control and measuring systems are essential.

UPWIND Project II

• In order to achieve this up-scaling way the following critical areas have been identified to be addressed in this Integrated Project. Aerodynamics, aero-elasticity, structural and material design of rotors, critical analysis of drive train components, and support structures (for offshore applications), are to be analysed, and new design approaches and concepts developed, as well as supporting technology

Offshore WE plan of Spaincontinuation 1

The Renewable Energies Plan of Spain ( February 2006) has set the objective of 1000 MW of demonstration offshore wind energy plants in the period of 2005-2010 once overcome the actual barriers ( Administrative, Environmental, Engineering, ..). And Marine Regulations

Presently many offshore Projects for a total power of 2800 MW are under various stages of development on the coasts of Cadiz, Huelva, Castellon, Delta of Ebro

For many of this projects preparatory studies are under way on environmental impact, geophysisc, batimetry, engineering, etc.

Offshore WE plants of Spaincontinuation 2

Offshore Wind Energy Plants under development in Spain:

• 3.700 MW by Ceowind (12 Projects)

• 2.800 MW by other developers (7 Projects)

• 6.500 MW Total

CEOWIND ( Gamesa Energia 35%+ Capital Energy 65%)

(Gamesa Energia , World leader in onshore wind energy ,

Capital Energy , Spain Leader in offshore Wind Energy)

Offshore WE industry in Spain

CEOWIND active on:

-More than 3.700 MW under development

-1.240 MW with Environmental Study completed

-200 km2 with Geophysical Study completed

-4 years activities in the offshore WE in Spain

Offshore WE Plan in Spain

Offshore Wind Energy in Italy

The past national Renewable Energies Plan of Italy had no objectives for offshore wind energy. Recently some regions ( Sicily, Puglia, Emilia Romagna) are including evaluation of the offshore wind potential of their coasts.No clear legislation and authorization procedures are available at moment for offshore wind energy plants except those of oil platforms.

Since 1994 five Editions of the European Seminar OWEMES ( Offshore Wind Enegy in Mediterranean and other European Seas) have been organized in Italy; four by ATENA with support of ENEA and the E. Commission ( Rome 1994, La Maddalena 1997, Siracusa 2000,

Napoli 2003) and one by the new founded Association OWEMES (Civitavecchia 2006)

European Seminar OWEMES Civitavecchia ( Rome), 20-22 April 2006

• The European Seminar OWEMES ( Offshore Wind and other marine renewable Energies in Mediterranean and European Seas) organized by the OWEMES Association in collaboration with ENEA , ATENA and the Autorità Portuale of Civitavecchia.

• More than 50 technical papers have been presented to 100 participants, 40% of them coming from North European Universities , Research Centres and Industries..

• Moreover the Offshore Wind Energy Strategic Document of Copenaghen 2005 has been presented together with the EWEA Offshore W.E. Forecast within 2010 and 2030.

Offshore Wind Potential in Italy

• EC ALTENER Project n. 2002-065 NOSTRUM “Net for Offshore Sustainable Technologies, Resources and Use in the Mediterranean sea” has been developed in 2003-2005 by BESEL (Spain ),ENEA

(Italy), Espace Eolienne ( France), CRES( Greece) to promote the Offshore Wind Energy in the Mediterranean Sea.

• Main results for the Italian seas indicate a potential offshore wind power 5 GW ,with generation of 12 TWh/year in the 2010 scenario (water depth <20m), and 9 GW with generation of 23 TWh/year in the 2020 scenario (w.d. <50m).

Activities on Offshore Wind Energy in Italy

According to Nostrum Project Marche and Puglia regions have the best Offshore Wind Potential for low water depth (below 20 m), while Sardinia and Sicily have good potential for high water depth (up to 50 m).

Some regions are starting to considere NOSTRUM results: Sicily,Puglia, Calabria, Emilia Romagna, Toscana.

Very preliminary studies have been done since 2000 and new ones recently are starting on Wind Energy applications (total power 500MW) in offshore sites of Adriatic coasts (Manfredonia, Ortona, Ravenna, Rimini), Tyrrenian coasts (Civitavecchia, Lamezia Terme, Livorno, Santa Marinella) and of Sicilian Coasts ((Agrigento, Gela, Ragusa, Trapani).

Offshore Wind Energy Italian Programme

In coming 5 to 10 years offshore wind farms will be installed in the Mediterranean mostly deep waters.

Spainish industry is leading the offshore application in its own and probably in the Italian waters

The Italian Authorities have to decide a national programme on the offshore wind energy if Italy has to face the Kyoto obligations and other energy critic situation.