oils and fats

OILS AND FATS

BYGAUTHAM S

OİLS AND FATS

Major Component (%95-99)

Triglycerides

Minor Components (%1-5)

Triglyceride Derivatives

Glycerol

Free Fatty Acids

Mono- and Diglycerides

Non-Triglyceride Derivatives

PhospholipidsSterolsPigmentsVitaminsAntioxidantsOxidation ProductsTrace MetalsHydrocarbons

REFİNİNG OF CRUDE OİL

Crude oils as received from the extraction plant contain several non-triglyceride components which must be removed.

Refining consists of several processes which accomplish this aim.

REFİNİNG OF CRUDE OİL

• A refining process is carried out following extraction of crude edible oils by means of screw presses and/or solvent extraction.

• In refining, physical and chemical processes are combined to remove undesirable natural as well as environmental-related components from the crude oil.

REFİNİNG OF CRUDE OİL

Depending on the requirements, the following basic processes are implemented:• degumming for removal of phosphatides, • neutralization for removal of free fatty acids, • bleaching for removal of color, • deodorization to distill odors and flavors as well

as free fatty acids and • winterization for separation of waxes.

Refining Methods

Chemical Refining

Degumming Neutralizing Bleaching Deodorization

Physical Refining

Degumming Bleaching Steam

distillation

PHYSICAL REFINING

EXPELLER

CHEMICAL REFINING

CHEMICAL REFINING

Hydrogenation

Definition : To treat oil with H2 and catalyst to decrease double bonds and increase saturated bonds.

Reaction ResultSaturation of double bondsMigration of double bondsTrans-fatty acid formation

Advantages of Hydrogenation

Making fat suitable for manufacture of margarine, shortening, coating fats, cooking oil and salad dressing oil.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HYDROGENATION

Catalysis

Oil + Catalyst à Oil-Catalyst Complex

Oil-Catalyst Complex + H2 à Hydrogenated Oil + Catalyst

HOcholesterol

Cholesterol•Essential component of cell membranes•Used as raw material for sex hormones and adrenocorticoid hormones•Used to make bile salts•High blood levels also associated with heart disease, atherosclerosis, arterial plaques

Cholesterol transported as Lipoprotein complex (LDL)

Lipoproteins classified by Density•HDL: High-density Lipoprotein•LDL: Low-density Lipoprotein•VLDV: Very low-density Lipoprotein–Triglycerides and cholesterol

•Chylomicron–Mostly triglycerides

USES Cooking oil Margarines Shortenings Salad oils Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)