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OPIOID SYMPOSIUM:What We Heard Report
Health Canada is the federal department responsible for helping the people of Canada maintain and
improve their health. Health Canada is committed to improving the lives of all of Canada's people
and to making this country's population among the healthiest in the world as measured by longevity,
lifestyle and effective use of the public health care system.
Également disponible en français sous le titre :Symposium sur les opioïdes : Rapport « Ce que nous avons entendu »
To obtain additional information, please contact:
Health CanadaAddress Locator 0900C2Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9Tel.: 613-957-2991Toll free: 1-866-225-0709Fax: 613-941-5366TTY: 1-800-465-7735E-mail: hc.publications-publications.sc@canada.ca
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Health, 2019
Publication date: March 2019
This publication may be reproduced for personal or internal use only without permission provided the source is fully acknowledged.
Cat.: H14-306/2019E-PDFISBN: 978-0-660-29476-6Pub.: 180772
Please note: This report is intended to summarize the spirit of the proceedings and discussion that took
place at the Opioid Symposium, held in Toronto on September 5th and 6th, 2018. Every effort has been
made to capture feedback and comments.
TABLE OF CONTENTEXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 3
Background and Context ...............................................................................................................4
Opioid Symposium .......................................................................................................................... 5
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 6
Snap Shot Sessions ......................................................................................................................... 6
Examining the Factors That Lead to Problematic Substance Use ...................................... 7
Learning from People Directly Impacted by the Opioid Crisis ..............................................8
Addressing Stigma Associated with People Who Use Drugs and People Living with Chronic Pain ......................................................................................... 10
Impacts of the Opioid Crisis on Indigenous Communities .................................................... 11
Federal, Provincial and Municipal Armchair Discussion: Responding to the Opioid Crisis ................................................................................................. 12
Innovative Approaches to Treatment and Prevention ......................................................... 13
Compliance and Enforcement .................................................................................................... 16
CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS ................................................................................................. 17
PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS ................................................................................................. 18
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Opioid Symposium was held on September 5 and 6, 2018,
in Toronto. The Symposium brought together 200 participants
including federal, provincial and territorial ministers and
officials; researchers, health experts and medical practitioners;
representatives from Indigenous communities; members of
law enforcement, public safety and corrections organizations
and over 50 people with lived and living experience related to
opioid use. The event was also webcast with over 1,600 views
throughout the two days.
This “What we Heard” report provides a synthesis of the dialogue
over the two days. It represents the diverse range of perspectives
shared and the key themes that were discussed during the event:
� Examining the Factors That Lead to
Problematic Substance Use
� Learning from People Directly Impacted by the Opioid Crisis
� Addressing Stigma Associated with People Who
Use Drugs and People Living with Chronic Pain
� Impacts of the Opioid Crisis on Indigenous Communities
� Federal, Provincial and Municipal Armchair:
Responding to the Opioid Crisis
� Innovative Approaches to Treatment and Prevention
� Compliance and Enforcement
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
4
Background and ContextThe high number of opioid-related overdoses and deaths in recent
years is a national public health crisis. In response to this complex
crisis, the federal government is taking a leadership role by using
all of its available tools, working with provinces, territories and
other partners across the country. The Government of Canada
is taking a comprehensive, collaborative and compassionate
public health approach focused on prevention, treatment, harm
reduction and enforcement, which is supported by a strong
evidence base. Progress has been made to reduce barriers to
treatment, such as facilitating methadone prescribing and use
of medical heroin, implementing harm reduction measures,
addressing transparency of marketing practices from opioid
manufacturers and distributors and improving access to
treatment services through an Emergency Treatment Fund for
provinces and territories. For an overview of the actions taken
by the Government of Canada to address the opioid crisis, please
visit: Federal Actions on Opioids.
In the first half of 2018, 2,066 apparent opioid-related deaths
occurred. This means more than 9,000 lives were lost between
January 2016 and June 2018 related to opioids. No one level of
government or single sector can address this complex social,
health and safety issue alone. Addressing the current overdose
epidemic is a shared responsibility and requires collaborative
action by many stakeholder groups and all levels of government
across health, public safety, social, legal and economic sectors.
Building on the actions taken to date, the Opioid Symposium
sought to bring together partners and stakeholders from across
the country to further discuss how to make progress on reversing
the trend of the national overdose epidemic.
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
5
Opioid SymposiumThe Opioid Symposium was hosted by the Honourable Ginette
Petitpas Taylor, Federal Minister of Health, with support from
the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction and the
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and in association
with the Globe and Mail, on September 5 and 6, 2018, in
Toronto. The Symposium brought together 200 participants
including federal, provincial and territorial ministers and
officials; researchers, health experts and medical practitioners;
representatives from Indigenous communities; members of
law enforcement, public safety and corrections organizations
and over 50 people with lived and living experience related to
opioid use. The event was also webcast with over 1,600 views
throughout the two days. The Opioid Symposium agenda
is available online.
The objectives of the Symposium were to:
� place the voices of people with lived and living
experience at the center of the discussion
� promote increased access to treatment and harm reduction
� recognize the different aspects of the opioid crisis
and discuss opportunities for collaboration
The Symposium also included focused consultation sessions
on restricting the marketing and advertising of opioids and the
launch of the Canadian Drugs and Substances Strategy. Feedback
from these sessions has been included in Health Canada’s broader
public consultations on these topics.
“The opioid crisis affects people of all ages, backgrounds and professions. Bringing together diverse groups of people through this Symposium will help identify gaps that we need to fill to effectively address this public health crisis. Too many lives have been impacted by the crisis. We need to do more. It is my sincere hope that together we will be able to build on our individual actions to mount a better collective response.”
The Honourable Ginette Petitpas Taylor, Minister of Health)
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
6
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONThis report summarizes the proceedings, discussions and
outcomes from the Opioid Symposium. It represents the
diverse range of perspectives shared and the key themes that
emerged during the event. The views expressed are those of
the participants and do not necessarily reflect those of Health
Canada or the Government of Canada.
Snap Shot SessionsMinister Petitpas Taylor opened the Symposium, welcoming
participants and setting the context for the discussions to follow.
Over the course of the two days, the Symposium featured plenary
“Snap Shot” talks which highlighted particular topics. Dr. Theresa
Tam, Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, presented Setting the
Context: Telling the Data Story which situated the opioid crisis
as the biggest public health crisis since AIDS in the 1990s, one
which is now impacting Canadian life expectancy, and continuing
to grow. While there has been an emphasis on improving data to
help inform regulatory, funding and program decisions, Dr. Tam
indicated that it is important to continue to fill remaining gaps
and learn from the lives lost.
Darryl Gebien, currently a non-practicing emergency room
physician in long-term recovery, presented a Snap Shot entitled
How Fentanyl Changed My Life. Speaking from the perspective
of someone who has both experienced and perpetuated stigma
from health care toward people who use drugs, he indicated his
position that problematic substance use is not a moral failing,
but rather an illness, with a strong relationship with mental health.
“As we come together to take stock of the opioid crisis and discuss our growing but still incomplete understanding of all
the factors at play, we are encouraged by the diverse participation at this
symposium. The many voices represented here will help us respond in
a way that will make a real difference in the lives of those with problematic
substance use.”
Dr. Theresa Tam, Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, speaker, Setting the Context: Telling the Data Story
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
7
Dr. Samuel Weiss, Scientific Director, Institute of Neurosciences,
Mental Health and Addiction, Canadian Institutes of Health
Research (CIHR) presented a Snap Shot on Building the Evidence
Base, outlining work being done by CIHR collaboratively with
partners to build new knowledge in the areas of greatest need,
and to apply implementation science to translate knowledge into
better practice and policies.
The final Snap Shot, I Died Six Times – Let’s End the Stigma
of Harm Reduction, was presented by Guy Felicella, a Harm
Reduction Educator, who shared his personal experiences with
harm reduction, and called on Symposium attendees to approach
the response to the opioid crisis with empathy, understanding
and compassion.
Examining the Factors That Lead to Problematic Substance UseThe Symposium was also structured around concurrent panel
discussions, which brought together a diversity of views on
each theme.
The opening panel, moderated by Dr. Tam, discussed factors that
lead to problematic substance use in order to identify potential
areas for action on prevention. Panelists noted that responding
to the increasing rate of opioid-related deaths requires a
focused response, but that there is also a need to look beyond
the crisis. They indicated that shifting attention upstream to
prevention is essential for a long-term solution to the opioid
crisis and addressing substance use issues more broadly. While
the opioid crisis is impacting individuals and communities
across Canada, it was noted that specific populations are more
represented among opioid-related hospitalizations and deaths
“The best prevention is not really specific to drugs alone… but rather encompasses interventions that address the social context that keep young people marginalized and excluded.”
Dr. Rebecca Haines-Saah, panelist, Examining the Factors That Lead to Problematic Substance Use
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
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including Indigenous Canadians, people living in lower-income
neighbourhoods, who are homeless, incarcerated or recently
released, living with chronic pain or living with poor mental
health. Participants emphasized the need for:
� investments in the social determinants of health,
particularly in Indigenous communities
� systems change through collaborative program
planning and policy development
� increased access to comprehensive mental
health and social supports
� evidence-informed actions and communications targeting
youth, leveraging technology and social media
Learning from People Directly Impacted by the Opioid CrisisThe first series of concurrent sessions included four panels
organized by the Canadian Association of People Who Use
Drugs, Moms Stop the Harm, Community Addictions Peer
Support Association, and Pain BC and the Chronic Pain
Network. The passion and urgency of the calls to action issued
by participants with lived and living experience reflect the very
real and devastating impact of the crisis. It also highlighted
the importance of listening to the people most impacted by
the crisis, and meaningfully involving them in developing
effective solutions. That includes people who use drugs, family
members, peer workers, people in recovery, and people living with
chronic pain.
“Our community is reeling with grief and loss.”
Rick Sproule, moderator, Canada Is In Crisis: What Needs to Change and How We Can Get There
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
9
Participants expressed the need for increased support for
peers, family members and others impacted by opioid overdoses.
For example:
� individuals using drugs and their families expressed
a need for access to timely, relevant information
about risk and harm reduction in order to increase
their own safety and the safety of their loved ones
� in the absence of access to coordinated services, family
members of those who have died spoke of being left
to support one another and fill gaps themselves
� it was noted that peers are responding to increasing
levels of need for front-line supports while in a
constant state of grief and loss, and that most
work by peers is unpaid, unsupported, and
unrecognized, resulting in high levels of burnout
� some participants reported being limited in the supports
they receive due to the criminalization of drug use, and asked
the federal government to consider decriminalization
Panelists from the chronic pain community discussed how
the opioid crisis, and the response to it, has had significant
consequences on chronic pain patients, including increased
stigma and reduced access to treatment services, including
access to pain medications. Participants noted that opioids
are an important tool to help some individuals manage their
chronic pain, and that patients also need to have better access
to treatment services, such as physiotherapy and integrated
healthcare services. Some indicated that while prescription
guidelines are helpful in providing physicians with the confidence
to prescribe opioids in this context of increased scrutiny, there are
variations in how prescribers are implementing the guidelines.
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
10
Addressing Stigma Associated with People Who Use Drugs and People Living with Chronic PainThe theme of stigma was echoed throughout the two day
Symposium. A series of concurrent sessions looked at barriers
stemming from stigma in a range of settings: through and in
the media, in the healthcare system, in treating chronic pain,
and in the workplace.
Panelists noted that people who use drugs face stigma and
discrimination. Some participants expressed that stigma persists
despite increasing recognition that drug use is a health rather
than criminal justice issue, which can create barriers to the
effective implementation of prevention, harm reduction and
treatment measures. Participants emphasized their views that:
� people who use drugs continue to be criminalized,
and without decriminalization, people who
use drugs will continue to face stigma
� stigma and the fear of prosecution can cause people to use
drugs alone, increasing the risk of death due to overdose
� individuals who provide services to people
who use drugs also feel stigmatized
� peer support work is undervalued and often
excluded from the health care dialogue
� using people first language and sharing stories
of hope, resiliency and recovery will help
� the media and employers have important roles to play
in educating the public, changing the conversation and
increasing supports for those impacted by opioids
“If you’re in the workplace and using drugs, right now, you suffer the same stigmas. You have to be on the down
low. And as long as we’re on the down low, we’re going to have to take more
and more unnecessary risks and put ourselves in danger.”
Garth Mullins, panelist, Changing the Conversation in the Workplace
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
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Panelists living with chronic pain shared how the opioid crisis
has brought attention to the issue of chronic pain but has also
resulted in increased stigmatization of those who use opioids
for the management of chronic pain. Participants reported facing
scrutiny for what may be viewed as drug-seeking behaviour, or
for potentially using prescribed substances problematically. This
stigma has sometimes made it difficult for people with chronic
pain to access the medications and treatment services they need.
Impacts of the Opioid Crisis on Indigenous CommunitiesThe second day of the Symposium opened with a panel
discussion on the current impact of the opioid crisis in Indigenous
communities across Canada. Panelists reported that there is a
lack of available national data to indicate the impact of opioids
on Indigenous peoples in Canada; however the data that does
exist suggests that Indigenous peoples are disproportionately
impacted, and that Indigenous women especially face higher
overdose rates.
Participants discussed how Indigenous communities continue
to rebuild and recover from the negative effects of colonization
and residential schools, including inter-generational trauma.
They indicated that although the opioid crisis is just one indicator
of collective pain, it demands special attention because of its
severity and impact on the individual, family, and communities
of those affected. Participants emphasized the need to
recognize, support, and foster the strength and resilience
of First Nations individuals, families, and communities that
have and continue to address this crisis that has devastated
and overwhelmed communities.
“First Nations people [in British Columbia] are five times more likely than non-First Nations to experience an overdose event, and three times more likely to die due to an overdose.”
Dr. Shannon McDonald, panelist, Increasing Access to Substance Use Disorder Treatment and Prevention Services in Indigenous Communities
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
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Participants noted the following with regard
to services and supports:
� there is a shortage of services and supports
available in-community, including specialized
substance use programs and service providers
� there are programs and approaches that have
had a positive impact such as community-based
buprenorphine-naloxone programs and programs
providing youth cultural awareness and empowerment
� the response must be grounded in the cultural
world-view of First Nations people, and draw on
a strength-based and holistic approach
� the diverse nature of First Nations people requires that
all programming must be community developed to meet
the unique contexts and needs of the community
Federal, Provincial and Municipal Armchair Discussion: Responding to the Opioid CrisisThe Honourable Ginette Petitpas Taylor, federal Minister of
Health, the Honourable Bill Blair, federal Minister of Border
Security and Organized Crime Reduction, the Honourable Judy
Darcy, Minister of Mental Health & Addictions, British Columbia,
His Worship Gregor Robertson, Mayor of Vancouver and His
Worship John Tory, Mayor of Toronto, discussed the impact
of the opioid crisis in their jurisdictions and the need for national
collaboration across governments as part of a public health-
focused response. Minister Petitpas Taylor emphasized that
the opioid crisis is an extremely complex problem without a
single solution, and that no one level of government can handle
this alone. The panelists from British Columbia shared their
experiences gained from that jurisdiction being at the leading
edge of the opioid response, and the need for innovative
approaches, some of which have now been adopted across the
country. The need for adequate treatment and harm reduction
“If we know that criminalization is a barrier to health and we are in a public health crisis, and we know the war on
drug has been an absolute failure, why not end it now? This government may
not have created the war on drugs, but you do continue to enforce it. Right now
you have the opportunity to create history and end it.”
Leila Attar, panelist, Examining the Factors That Lead to Problematic Substance Use
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
13
services was echoed across the experiences in different
jurisdictions, and progress on funding treatment services and
establishing supervised consumption sites was noted. Several
panelists also commented on the importance of addressing
stigma, as well as the need for discussion of access to a safe
drug supply.
During this session, several audience members called on elected
officials to consider the decriminalization of drugs, building on
comments made during other panels. Some participants pointed
to the Portuguese model as an opportunity to inform and put in
place a made-in-Canada approach to decriminalization. Panelists
acknowledged that decriminalization alone will not solve the
problem of the contaminated supply.
Innovative Approaches to Treatment and PreventionNext, four panels looked at treatment and prevention across
a number of areas: new practices in correctional services,
treatment and prevention in Indigenous communities, treatment
for substance use disorder and treatment for chronic pain.
Panelists discussed how a range of mental health and substance
use services are required to respond to the diversity of personal
characteristics, goals, and experiences of people who use
drugs. Participants emphasized that services for mental
health and substance use should be an accepted and resourced
part of standard health care across Canada. Some indicated
that a holistic approach to services includes prevention, early
intervention, harm reduction, treatment, and continuing care,
and that this approach is not limited to specialized health
services. For example, workplace programs supporting those
returning to work following an absence related to substance use
are an important part of continuing care.
Participants commented that effective services are supported
by evidence, and include trauma-informed (e.g. emphasis on
trust, emotional safety, collaboration, choice, strength, and
resiliency) and culturally appropriate approaches. It was noted
“No one organization, no one level of government, can deal with this crisis alone.”
Rita Notarandrea, moderator, Treatment for Substance Use Disorder
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
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that there is a need to recognize that there is a strong evidence
base for effective treatment, including for harm reduction
services, and also to recognize that treatment success should be
measured according to improved quality of life and well-being,
not only abstinence.
Speakers across panels noted gaps in access to services,
for example:
� need for more treatment services such as physicians
and pharmacies providing opioid agonist treatment
� access to substance use treatment in Canada is not
equal, and timely services are sometimes limited to
those who are able to pay for private treatment
� many people fall through gaps in the system due to
age, gender, criminal justice involvement, or finances
� barriers can be created by exclusion, eligibility
and participation criteria such as concurrent
disorders and frequent drug testing
� support is needed for those facing the trauma of
loss, including peers, family, and first responders
� those who have survived overdose, and their families, may
also require services for physical and mental health impacts
� Canada’s prison population has a disproportionally high
level of substance use issues, but has reduced access to
services both in the institution and on transition back to
the community
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
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Participants made several suggestions to improve the
management of chronic pain in Canada:
� comprehensive, integrated, coordinated, and publicly-
funded care options that include medication,
physical therapy, and psychological therapy
� improved training of health care providers
with regard to pain management
� physician access to timely information on appropriate
opioid prescribing practices, as well as options for
and availability of other treatment services
� increased collaboration between chronic pain
and substance use service providers
� leadership to ensure proper resourcing and
coordination, including a national pain strategy
� research to fill knowledge gaps related to pain management
� development of a standardized way to measure pain
� consideration of the unique needs of Indigenous
pain patients
The urgency of the opioid crisis requires a rapid response that
embraces innovative solutions, and brings the necessity – and
opportunity – to drive change. With opioid deaths taking place
due to the contamination and unknown potency of street drugs,
participants urged the need to consider options for safe supply.
The key calls to action were:
� support the implementation of low-barrier, easily accessible
harm reduction services wherever they are needed
� provide access to a safe supply of
pharmaceutical-grade opioids
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
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Compliance and EnforcementThe final concurrent sessions examined how the criminal
justice and law enforcement systems play an important role
in an integrated, collaborative response to the opioid crisis.
Panel discussions focused on: addressing the illegal supply
of opioids, new approaches to front line law enforcement and
therapeutic and restorative practices in the justice system.
Participants recognized that the opioid crisis is a complex
problem requiring a collaborative and comprehensive solution,
in order to see the individual as a whole rather than attempting
to compartmentalize different needs, or excluding individuals
with complex needs that cut across sectors.
Participants noted the:
� need for addressing illegal supply in collaboration
across domestic and international partners
� opportunity for those working at the front lines of these
systems to work in support of harm reduction and
diversion initiatives
“The three things that are important to me in this whole area are compassion, collaboration and courage. Looking at
[problematic substance use] as a medical disorder rather than a moral
failure and approaching each person as a human being. And if we look at it
through that lens, we can get through a lot of stigma and overcome a lot of
hurdles that we have.”
Deputy Chief Tim Farquharson, panelist, New Approaches to the Opioid Crisis in Law Enforcement
from the Front-lines
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
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CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPSMinister Ginette Petitpas Taylor closed the Symposium by
recognizing the importance of collaboration and extending her
appreciation for the diverse views expressed during the two-
day event.
Health Canada and federal partners will move forward taking into
account what was heard during the symposium, including the
following actions:
� exploring the establishment of a Pain Task Force
� addressing the stigma associated with opioid use
� exploring options for safer alternatives to the contaminated
drug supply
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
18
PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONSAcademic Pain Directors of Canada
Action Atlantic Pain Society
Addictions Foundation of Manitoba
Assembly of Seven Generations
Association québécoise de la douleur chronique
Association québécoise pour la promotion de la santé des personnes utilisatrices de drogues
British Columbia Association for People on Methadone
British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use
British Columbia Ministry of Mental Health and Addictions
British Columbia, Ministry of Health
Canada Border Services Agency
Canada Health Infoway
Canada Post
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance
Canadian Association of People who Use Drugs
Canadian Association of Social Workers
Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction
Canadian Chiropractic Association
Canadian Drug Policy Coalition
Canadian Federation of Medical Students
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network
Canadian Institute for Health Information
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Canadian Medical Association
Canadian Mental Health Association
Canadian Nurses Association
Canadian Pain Society
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
19
Canadian Police Association
Canadian Psychological Association
Canadian Public Health Association
Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse
Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine
Casey House
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences
Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation
Chronic Pain Association of Canada
Chronic Pain Network
Chronic Pain Support Services
City of Surrey
College of Family Physicians of Canada
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan
Community Addictions Peer Support Association
Construction Industry Rehab Plan
Correctional Services Canada
Dalhousie University
Department of Justice Canada
Dilico Anishinabek Family Care
Direction 180
Direction régionale de santé publique de Montréal
Dr. Peter AIDS Foundation
Eastern Ontario Pain Lifestyle Education Centre
Faces and Voices of Recovery Canada
Families for Addiction Recovery
Federation of Medical Regulatory Authorities of Canada
Felicella Consulting
First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
20
First Nations Health Authority
Fraser Health
Fred Victor
Fresh Start Recovery Centre
Get Prescription Drugs off the Street Society
Health Canada
ILLICIT
Indigenous Services Canada
Individuals with lived and living experience with chronic pain
Individuals with lived and living experience with opioid use
Inspire by Example
Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion, Public Defender Association, Seattle Washington
Manitoba Health Seniors and Active Living
Matsqui-Abbotsford Impact Society
McMaster University
Mental Health Commission of Canada
Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux du Québec
Moms Stop the Harm
moms united and mandated to saving the lives of Drug Users
Moss Park Overdose Prevention Site
National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities
New Brunswick, Department of Health
Northwest Territories, Department of Health and Social Services
Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness
Nova Scotia Native Women’s Association
Nurse Practitioner Association of Canada
Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario
Ontario HIV and Substance Use Training Program
Ontario Pain Foundation
Ontario Provincial Police
OPIOID SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WE HEARD REPORT
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Ottawa Inner City Health
Pain British Columbia
Pain Society of Alberta
Paramedic Association of Canada
Parents Empowering Parents Society
PEOPLE Centre
Peterborough Police Service
Pine River Institute
Pivot Legal Society
Public Health Agency of Canada
Renascent
Research Center of the Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Saskatchewan, Ministry of Health
Say No For Nick
South Riverdale Community Health Centre
Statistics Canada
Temagami First Nation
The Globe and Mail
Toronto Public Health
Université Laval
University Health Network
University of British Columbia
University of Calgary
University of Toronto
Vancouver Area Network Of Drug Users
Vancouver Coastal Health
Victoria Police Department
Waterloo Regional Police Service
Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care
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