organic agriculture worldwide
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Organic Agriculture Worldwide
Helga WillerResearch Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland Presented at
The Fourth Organic Meeting of Latin America and the Caribbean, Salinitas, El SalvadorOctober 13, 2009
Content
About FiBL
Organic agriculture world-wide: Area, farms, land use
The organic market
Legislation
Africa - Asia – Oceania – North America – Europe
Latin America and the Caribbean
Outlook
FiBL Switzerland in brief
> Private foundation established in 1973> 120 staff members> 20 trainees, students etc.> Experimental farm 40 ha> On-farm research on 200 organic farms
The Global Organic Survey 2009
The global organic survey 2009 as well as the production of the yearbook ‘The World of Organic Agriculture’ was carried out with the support of
International Trade Centre, Geneva
Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs SECO, Berne
Nürnberg Messe, the organizers of the BioFach Organic Trade Fair
SECO ITC project: Global information system for organic market and production data
Since 2008 there has been support by the Swiss State secretariat of Economic Affairs SECO and the International Trade Centre, Geneva, for:
Data collection;
Support of local partners for the data collection;
Development of a classification of organic products (including manufactured products);
Ease data collection through database improvement and an online data entering tool;
Setting up the website www.organic-world.net;
Carrying out a global overview of data availability.
Organic agriculture worldwide 2007 – the tenth global organic survey
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Global organic survey 2009
The tenth survey on organic agriculture world-wide was carried out by FiBL and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM (IFOAM for Africa).
The survey was carried out between July and December 2008
Most data collected are from 2007, for some countries for 2008
Data were received from 141 countries (2006: 135 countries)
Data were provided by country experts, (representatives from NGOs, certification bodies, governments, researchers)
The results are published in the yearbook ‚The World of Organic Agriculture‘ and at www.organic-world.net
Key data
32.2 million hectares of agricultural land are managed organically
In addition to the certified organic agricultural land (including in-conversion areas) there are
0.4 million hectares of organic aquaculture areas
30.7 million hectares of organic wild collection areas
More than one third of the world‘s organic land is in Oceania, followed by Europe (24%) and Latin America (20%)
12 million hectares are in Australia, followed by Argentina (2.8 million hectares) and Brazil (1.8 million hectares)
Almost 30 % of the agricultural land in Liechtenstein are organic, followed by Austria (13.4 %) and Switzerland (11 %)
1.2 million organic producers were reported
Source: FiBL & IFOAM 2009
World: Distribution of organically managed agricultural land by geographical region 2007
37%
24%
20%
9%
7% 3%
Oceania Europe Latin America Asia North America Africa
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
World: The ten countries with the most organic agricultural land 2007
0.87
0.93
0.99
1.03
1.15
1.55
1.64
1.77
2.78
12.02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Germany
Uruguay (2006)
Spain
India
Italy
China
USA (2005)
Brazil
Argentina
Australia
Million Hectares
Argentina, US and Uruguay: Only fully converted areas
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
World: The ten countries with the highest shares of organic agricultural land 2007
7.0%
7.4%
7.8%
8.0%
8.5%
8.8%
9.1%
11.0%
13.4%
29.7%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Timor Leste
Czech Republic
Samoa
Sweden
Latvia
Estonia
Italy
Switzerland
Austria
Liechtenstein
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
World: Shares of organic land 2007 (142 countries)
317
25
95
Countries with morethan 10 % organicland
Countries with 5.0 to9.9 % organic land
Countries with 1 to4.9 % organic land
Countries with lessthan 1 % organicland
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
World: Shares of organic land 2007 (142 countries)
World
317
25
95
Countries with morethan 10 % organicland
Countries with 5.0 to9.9 % organic land
Countries with 1 to4.9 % organic land
Countries with lessthan 1 % organicland
Africa1 2
29
Countries with 5.0 to9.9 % organic land
Countries with 1 to4.9 % organic land
Countries with lessthan 1 % organicland
Europe
3
12
14
15
Countries with morethan 10 % organicland
Countries with 5.0 to9.9 % organic land
Countries with 1 to4.9 % organic land
Countries with lessthan 1 % organicland
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Latin America
2
4
17
Countries with 5.0 to9.9 % organic land
Countries with 1 to4.9 % organic land
Countries with lessthan 1 % organicland
World: Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2007 (Revision date: May 2009)
11.0
17.4 19
.9
25.7
29.9
29.2 30
.8 32.2
14.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Mil
lio
n h
ecta
res
Source: FiBL, IFOAM & SOEL 2000-2009
World: Development of organic agricultural land 2006 to 2007 by geographical region
5.0
2.2
12.4
0.9 2.
9
7.8
6.4
2.2
12.1
3.0
7.4
0.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Africa Asia Europe LatinAmerica
NorthAmerica
Oceania
Mil
lio
n h
ecta
res 2006 2007
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
World: Organic producers by geographical region 2007
44%
19%
18%
17%
1% 1% Africa
Asia
Latin America
Europe
North America
Oceania
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
World: The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2007
19'997
20'000
23'769
36'093
43'159
90'222
128'819
165'560
195'741
206'803
0 50'000 100'000 150'000 200'000 250'000
Austria
Zambia
Greece
Peru
Italy
Tanzania
Mexico
Ethiopia
India
Uganda
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
World: Use of total land under organic certification (63.3 million hectares) 2007
50.9%48.5%
0.7% Agricultural land
Wild collection
Aquaculture
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
World: Use of organic AGRICULTURAL land 2007 (total 32.2 million hectares)
15.1%
3.9%
5.8%
62.1%
1.0%
12.2%
Arable land
Permanent crops
Cropland, no details
Permanent grassland
Other
Agricultural land, nodetails
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Agricultural land use by geographical region in organic agriculture 2007
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Africa Asia Europe LatinAmerica
NorthAmerica
Oceania World
Agricultural land, nodetails
Other
Permanent grassland
Cropland, no details
Permanent crops
Arable land
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Legal protection
Today 71 countries have organic laws (not fully implemented in all countries)
21 countries are in the process of developing an organic law.
The organic regulations in the major markets like the European Union, Switzerland, the US and Japan are of particular relevance to the development of the global organic market, as these countries are all major importers of organic products.
Organic laws are important in order to protect producers and consumers.
They are also important because they are a basis for governmental support measures like action plans. (and also as a basis for governmental data collection).
Standards and legislations
Certification
Worldwide there are 481 certifying organisations
Most are in Europe (177), followed by (157) and North America (73).
The countries with the most certifiers are Japan, the US, Germany, South Korea and China. In 78 countries certification is carried out by local bodies.
In many countries of Africa and Asia the certification structures are not yet developed and many foreign certifiers are carrying out the certifications.
Source: Organic Standard 2009
Number of certification bodies/shares of the regions 2008
177
157
78
481011 Europe
Asia
North America
Latin America& CaribbeanOceania
Africa
Source: Organic Standard/Grolink, Rundgren 2009
The global market for organic food and drink
Global demand for organic products remains robust, with sales increasing by over five billion US dollars a year. Organic Monitor estimates international sales to have reached 46.1 billion US dollars in 2007, thus having trebled since 1999. In the past five years annual growth was five billion US Dollars The marketing research company Organic Monitor is predicting lower growth rated for the coming years.
15.220.9
25.533.2
46.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Um
satz
in M
illia
rde
n U
S-D
olla
r
Source: Organic Monitor 2009
Global organic market by regions: Shares 2007
Consumer demand for organic products is concentrated in North America and Europe; according to Organic Monitor these two regions comprise 97 percent of global revenues.Here are the largest markets for organic products, many products are imported. Asia, Latin America and Australasia are important producers and exporters of organic foods. The countries with the largest markets are the United States, followed by Germany and the UK.Up to 2008 strong growth rates have led to an undersupply with organic products.
Source: Organic Monitor 2009
54%43%
3%
Europe
North America
Others
The global market for organic products 2008 Survey date: 5.10.2009
580
600
810
911
1'126
1'970
2'600
16'000
5'850
2'639
0 5'000 10'000 15'000 20'000
Denmark (2007)
Spain (2007)
Austria
Switzerland
Canada (2007)
Italy
France
UK
Germany
US
Turnover in million Euros
Compiled by: FiBL
Global market for organic products: Outlook
In 2007 for Europe and the US the biggest challenge for the organic sector was the lack of supply with organic products.
Since the autumn of 2008 the economic crisis is felt, slowing down consumer demand in the UK and the US, since the second half of 2009 also in Germany (for some products).
Organic Monitor expects that there may be an oversupply for some commodities like cereals, fruit, meat and dairy products.
Organic Monitor expects that perhaps producers in countries with a strong focus on exports will be hit more by the financial crisis as they are very dependent on exports.
It is therefore very important to develop domestic markets.
Source: Organic Monitor 2009
Africa: Land under organic management (ha) in the countries of Africa 2007
In Africa, organic farming makes an important contribution to income and food security.
In 2007, almost 0.9 million hectares – about 3 percent of the world’s organic agricultural land – were certified organic.
This constitutes an increase of more than 185,000 hectares compared to 2006.
One percent of Africa’a agricultural land is organic.
The data situation is difficult as only few countries have private or public data collection systems.
Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009
Africa: Development of organically managed agricultural land 2000-2007
0.32 0.
36 0.40 0.
49
0.68
0.87
0.05 0.
23
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
He
cta
res
Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009
Africa: The ten countries with the most organic agricultural land 2007
9'456
13'356
14'165
24'449
50'012
56'324
62'180
140'305
154'793
296'203
0 100'000 200'000 300'000 400'000 500'000
Madagascar
Rwanda
Egypt
Ghana
South Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
Ethiopia
Tunisia
Uganda
Hectares
Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009
Africa: Distribution of organically managed land by country 2007 (total: 870,000 ha)
34%
18%16%
7%
6%
6%
13% Uganda
Tunisia
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Sudan
South Africa
Rest
Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009
Land under organic management (ha) in the countries of Asia 2007
The total organic area in Asia is nearly 2.9 million hectares. This constitutes nine percent of the world’s organic agricultural land. 230,000 producers were reported.
The leading countries are China (1.6 million hectares) and India (1 million hectares). It should be noted that in addition to China’s organic agricultural land a further 0.4 million hectares are certified aquaculture areas.
The highest shares of organic land in relation to all agricultural land are in Timor Leste (seven percent).
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Asia: Distribution of organically managed agricultural land by country 2007; total: 2.9 million hectares
53%36%
9%2% China
India
Indonesia
Rest
Source: FiBL 2009
Asia: Market
Whereas up to recently the growth of the organic sector was mainly due to export activities, this is now changing.
Today imported products are beginning to play an important role, and the organic market is growing.
The market, is however still small, 780 million US Dollars in 2006 (ca. 2 percent of the global market at that time).
The biggest demand in Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan.
The growth of the Asian market is mainly due to increasing consumer awareness and better availability in general retail stores.
Market growth is however hindered by high prices (high transport costs as many products are not produced in the region and, in some parts of Asia, a low purchasing power.
Oceania: Land under organic management (ha) 2007
This region includes Australia, New Zealand, and island states such as Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu. Altogether, there are 7,222 producers, managing almost 12.1 million hectares. This constitutes 2.6 percent of the agricultural land in the area and 38 percent of the world’s organic land. Ninety-nine percent of the organically managed land in the region is in Australia (12 million hectares, 97 percent extensive grazing land), followed by New Zealand (65,000 hectares) and Vanuatu (8,996 hectares).
Source: FiBL 2009
North America: Land under organic management (ha) 2007
Seven percent of the world’s organic agricultural land is in North America. In North America, almost 2.2 million hectares are managed organically.This represents approximately 0.6 percent of the total agricultural area. There are 12,064 producers.The major part of the organic land is in the US with 1.6 million hectares in 2005. For the US the latest data available are from 2005. New data are expected to be published autumn 2009 by the United States Department of Agriculture USDA.
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
North America: Development of organically managed agricultural land 2000-2005
1.1 1.
3 1.4
1.7
2.2
1.3
0
1
1
2
2
3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Mil
lio
n h
ecta
res
Source: USDA and Canadian Organic Growers 2000-2009
For the US 2006 and 2007 data are expected to be published summer 2009
North America
Valued at more than 20 billion US dollars in 2007 (Organic Monitor), the North American market accounted for 45 percent of global revenues. Growing consumer demand for healthy & nutritious foods and increasing distribution in conventional grocery channels are the major drivers of market growth. The US organic industry grew 21 percent in sales in 2006, and was forecast to experience 18 percent sales growth each year on average from 2007 through 2010. Whether this rate will actually be realized is uncertain due to the economic downturn and reduction in consumer spending in the last quarter of 2008. However, during 2008 the organic market continued to grow: According to OTA (2009), the US market for organic food reached 22.9 billion US dollars.Likewise, a downturn is expected in Canada, even though the market growth in Canada, paired with the introduction of the new organic regulations, should provide a good outlook over the coming years.
US: Organic food sales 1997-2008
3'5
94
4'2
86
5'0
39
6'1
00
7'3
60
8'6
25
10
'38
1
11
'90
2
13
'83
1 16
'71
8
18
'90
0 22
'90
0
0
5'000
10'000
15'000
20'000
25'000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Tu
rno
ver
0%
1%
2%
3%
Sh
are
of
tota
l m
arke
t
Turnover in million US Dollars Share of total market (%)
Source: OTA: Organic Industry Survey 2009 and previous surveys; data 2008 according to USDA.
Organic farming in Europe: Key facts
In Europe, the history of organic dates back to the 1920s.
European organic farming is characterised by Comparatively high shares of the agricultural land; there is no other region in the world which has similar shares.
Comparatively high market shares;
Many forms of government support;
Early regulations of the organic law.
Europe is the cradle of organic agriculture; here the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements was founded and the first organic regulations were developed.
Land under organic management in the countries of Europe 2007
At the end of 2007, 7.7 million hectares in Europe were managed organically by more than 200,000 farms. In the European Union, 7.2 million hectares were under organic management, with more than 180,000 organic farms. 1.9 percent of the European agricultural area and 4 percent of the agricultural area in the European Union is organic. Twenty-four percent of the world's organic land is in Europe.
Source: FiBL & ZMP Survey 2009
Europe: Development of the organic land 1985-2008 Survey date: 5.10.2009
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 11.4
1.82.3
33.7
4.4
5.35.9 6.1 6.4
6.97.4
7.88.3
0123456789
La
nd
are
a i
n m
illi
on
he
cta
res
Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL
Europe: The ten countries with the largest organic areas 2008 5.10.2009
0.280.310.340.34
0.380.58
0.740.91
1.001.32
0.00 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20
Greece (2007)Poland
SwedenCzech Republic
AustriaFrance
UKGermany
ItalySpain
Millions of hectares
Source: FiBL-Survey
Europe: Distribution of organic land by countries 2008 Survey date: 5.10.2009
16%
12%
11%
9%7%
45%
SpainItalyGermanyUKFranceRest
Source: FiBL-Survey
Europe: The ten countries with the highest share of organic agricultural land of all agricultural land 2008 Survey date: 5.10.2009
6.6%
7.9%
8.0%
9.1%
9.6%
10.8%
11.4%
13.8%
29.7%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Finland
Italy
Czech Republic
Latvia
Estonia
Sweden
Switzerland
Austria
Liechtenstein (2007)
Source: FiBL Survey
The European market for organic food and drink: Key data 2008 Survey date: 5.10.2009
Market growth in 2007: 15 %, in 2008: approx 10 %;
In some countries growth rates were higher;
Total market in 2008: Ca. 18 billion Euros;
Germany is the largest market with 5.85 billion Euros in 2008;
In most countries most of the organic products are sold in supermarkets.
12.8 14
.1 16.2 17
.9
0
5
10
15
20
2005
2006
2007
2008
pro
visi
on
al
Bil
lio
n E
uro
s
Billion Euros
The European market for organic products 2008 Survey date: 5.10.2009
487
537
580
600
810
911
1'970
5'850
2'639
2'600
0 1'000 2'000 3'000 4'000 5'000 6'000 7'000
Sweden (2007)
The Netherlands
Denmark
Spain (2007)
Austria
Switzerland
Italy
France
UK
Germany
Turnover in million Euros
Dompiled by: FiBL
The European market for organic food: The countries with the highest sales 2007 and 2008Survey date: 5-10-2009
0.49
0.50
0.58
0.60
0.74
0.79
1.87
2.56
5.30
0.537
0.81
0.91
1.97
2.6
5.85
1.90
2.65*
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sweden
Netherlands
Denmark
Spain
Austria
Switzerland
Italy
France
UK
Germany
Sales in billion Euros
2008
2007
Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL & ZMP Survey 2009* For the UK the data are not comparable due to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the British Pound
Europe: Distribution of sales of organic food and drink by country 2008 (provision total for 2008: 17.9 billion Euros)
32.6%
14.7%
14.5%
11.0%
5.1%
22.0% Germany
UK
France
Italy
Switzerland
Rest
Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL & ZMP 2009
The European organic market for organic food and drink: The countries with the highest shares of organic food sales 2007
1.0
1.2
1.9
2.0
3.1
3.3
4.3
5.3
6.0
4.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Norway
France
Belgium
Netherlands
Germany
Luxemburg
Sweden
Switzerland (2008)
Austria
Denmark
Market share in %
Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL & ZMP 2009
The European market: The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2008
33
41
43
53
71
86
86
106
120
97
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Italy
France
UK
Sweden
Germany
Liechtenstein (2007)
Luxemburg (2007)
Austria
Denmark (2007)
Switzerland
Annual per capita consumption in Euros
Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL & ZMP 2009
Europe: Growth of the market for organic food2005-2008 Survey date: 5.10.2009
12.8 14
.1
16.2 17
.9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2005 2006 2007 2008 provisional
Biil
lion
Eur
os
Source: FiBL, AMI/ZMP, Aberystwyth University
Europe: Support of organic farming
In no other part of the world organic farming receives as much support as in Europe. Types of support are:
Legislation; Rural development programmes (direct payments, support for infrastructure, trainings); Action plans (in at least 17 countries of the European Union) European action plan; Support for research.
EU-Logo for organic agriculture
Action plans
Action plans have often quantitative targets like 20 % organic land.
Typical measures are:Support in the framework of rural development programmes;
Marketing support;
Information for producers;
Support for canteens;
Consumer information;
Research.
At least 17 European countries have an action plan
European action plan for organic food and farming
21 measures in order to: Make available information; Optimize legislation;Improve availability of statistics; Support research.
Information campaign http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic
Latin America/Caribbean: Land under organic management (ha) 2007
In Latin America, 220,000 producers managed 6.4 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2007.
This constitutes 20 percent of the world’s organic land and one percent of the agricultural area in the region.
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Latin America/Caribbean: The ten countries with the most organic agricultural land 2007
38'587
41'004
49'196
70'972
123'089
124'714
393'461
930'965
1'765'793
2'777'959
0 1'000'000 2'000'000 3'000'000
Colombia
Bolivia
Ecuador
Nicaragua
Dominican Rep.
Peru
Mexico
Uruguay (2006)
Brazil
Argentina
Hectares
Argentina and Uruguay: Only fully converted area
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Latin America/Caribbean: Distribution of organically managed agricultural land by country 2007 (total: 6.4 million hectares)
43%
28%
2% 6%
6%
15%
Argentina
Brazil
Uruguay
Mexico
Peru
Rest
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Latin America: The ten countries with the highest shares of organic agricultural land 2007
0.4%
0.6%
0.7%
0.7%
1.2%
1.3%
2.1%
2.9%
6.2%
6.3%
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7%
El Salvador
Peru
Ecuador
Brazil
Belize
Nicaragua
Argentina
Mexico
Uruguay
Dominican Rep.
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Latin America: Shares of organic land 2007
9%
17%
74%
Countries with 5.0 to9.9 % organic land
Countries with 1 to4.9 % organic land
Countries with lessthan 1 % organicland
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Latin America: Development of organically managed agricultural land 2000-2007
The organic area increased by 1.4 million hectares during 2007 (partly due to the fact that for the first time the in-conversion area for Brazil was available).
The drop of organic land in 2004 is due to the economic crisis in Argentina, due to which the organic area in this country decreased.
3.9
5.8 6.0
5.2
5.1
5.0
6.4
4.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Mil
lio
n h
ecta
res
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Decrease of organic land in some countries
Inspite of growth in many Latin American countries there have been decreases in organic area during 2007.The reasons are:
Floodings and hurricanes;Competition with other labels (Utz certified, Rainforest alliance); Pests and diseases, for which organic solutions are still missing. There are also major fluctuations in the permanent grassland area: In Chile the organic land decreased by 600‘000 hectares during 2004, when two extensive grazing farms stepped out of certified organic farming.
Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic agricultural land 2007 (6.4 million hectares)
For 70% of the organic agricultural land in Latin America (6.4 million hectares), land use data were available. 3.5 million hectares or more than half of the organic agricultural land are used for permanent pastures with extensive animal husbandary (mainly Argenrtina and Uruguay). With 0.7 million hectares, permanent crops account for about ten percent of the agricultural area. About half of the permanent cropland is for coffee, followed by cocoa and tropical fruits.There are large wild collection areas in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
2.3%
2.7%
10.4%
54.3%
0.4%
29.9% Arable land
Permanent crops
Cropland, no details
Permanent grassland
Other
Agricultural land, nodetails
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic agricultural land 2007 (6.4 million hectares)
2.3%
2.7%
10.4%
54.3%
0.4%
29.9% Arable land
Permanent crops
Cropland, no details
Permanent grassland
Other
Agricultural land, nodetails
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic cropland 2007
Arable land amounted to 0.15 million hectares in 2007.
One quarter each are used for vegetables, cereals and sugarcane,
With 0.7 million hectares, permanent crops account for about ten percent of the agricultural area.
About half of the permanent cropland is for coffee, followed by cocoa and tropical fruits.
27.4%
23.7%22.7%
13.0%
13.3%Vegetables
Cereals
Sugarcane
Oilseeds
Others
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
55%
21%
11%
2%2% 9%
Coffee
Cocoa
Tropical andsubtropical fruit
Coconuts
Citrus fruit
Others
Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic arable land 2007 (0.15 million hectares)
27.4%
23.7%22.7%
13.0%
13.3%Vegetables
Cereals
Sugarcane
Oilseeds
Others
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic permanent cropland 2007 (0.67 million hectares)
55%
21%
11%
2%2% 9%
Coffee
Cocoa
Tropical andsubtropical fruit
Coconuts
Citrus fruit
Others
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Crops grown in organic agriculture in Mexico 2007 (total: approx. 400‘000 hectares)
67%
10%
6%
5%
12%
Coffee
Vegetables
Tropical andsubtropical fruit
Cocoa
Other
Source: CIIDRI – CIESTAAM, see Gomez Cruz et al. 2009
Crops grown in organic agriculture in El Salvador 2007 (total 7‘500 hectares)
47%
15%
13%
11%
5%
9% Coffee
Cashew nuts
Coconut
Sesameseeds
Other permanentcrops
Other crops
Source: CLUSA, 2009
7
22
72
238
3'409
5'092
14'953
20'033
0 5'000 10'000 15'000 20'000 25'000
Jamaica
Panama
Guatemala
Mexico
Costa Rica
Peru
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
Hectares
Latin America: Organic banana area 2007 (includes in-conversion area; total approx 45‘000 hectares, world: 50‘000 hectares)
Source: FiBL 2009, Garibay & Ugas 2009
26
30
390
1'546
4'850
14'407
16'366
79'401
22'308
0 10'000 20'000 30'000 40'000 50'000 60'000 70'000 80'000 90'000
Colombia
Jamaica (2006)
Costa Rica
Nicaragua
Panama (2004)
Peru
Mexico
Ecuador
Dominican Rep.
Hectares
Latin America: Organic cocoa area 2007(includes in-conversion land; includes cocoa areas associated with other crops; total approx 140‘000 hectares, world 150‘000 hectares)
Source: FiBL 2009; Garibay & Ugas 2009
1'713
3'743
3'807
4'323
7'246
10'875
11'661
72'174
239'763
16'036
0 50'000 100'000 150'000 200'000 250'000 300'000
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Cuba
Ecuador
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Dominican Rep.
Colombia
Peru
Mexico
Hectares
Latin America: Organic coffee area 2007 (including in-conversion land; total approx. 370‘000 hectares, world: 550‘000 hectares)
Source: FiBL 2009, Garibay & Ugas 2009
Development: Key data
In 1999 about 11 million hectares of agricultural land were managed organically. This means that the organic land has trebled since.
The number of producers has increased a lot faster. (currently 1.2 million, 1999: 0.2 million) during the same time period.
Similar to the organic land area, the market volume has trebled since 1999. (1999: 15.2 billion US Dollars; 2007: 46.1 billion).
The largest markets for organic products are in North America and Europe (97 percent). The countries with the largest markets are the US, Germany and the UK.
Conclusions
The organic land and the organic market have continually grown up to 2008.
Organic farming is supported in many parts of the world (regulations, direct payments, action plans, marketing and export support, research support).
Latin America and the Caribbean have a strong focus on export products. It would be good to strenthen the production for the local market.
The prospects for the future development are good.
However, what the effects of the economic crisis will be, remains to be seen.
Website www.organic-world.net
Detailed statistics in Excel format
Graphs & maps
Data revisions
Background/country information
Order form
News, with a focus on statistical developments inorganic agriculture
Yearbook ‘The World of Organic Agriculture’
10th edition of ‘The World of Organic Agriculture’, published by FiBL, IFOAM and ITCWith contributions from more than 40 authorsContents:
Results of the global organic survey;Organic agriculture in the geographical regions, special focus on Latin America;Chapters on the global market, standards and legislation, activities of UN organizations, crops, food security, other issues.
Quote: Willer, H. and Kilcher, L. (Eds.) (2009): The World of Organic Agriculture. Statitics and emerging Trends 2009. IFOAM, Bonn; FiBL, Frick; ITC, Geneva.
LAND USE
Agrarumweltprogramme
Flächenbezogene Förderung sowie Unterstützungsmassnahmen in den Bereichen Investitionen, Ausbildung, Vermarktung, Marketing.
Problem: Unterstützung ist innerhalb der EU-Länder unterschiedlich, teilweise auch innerhalb eines Landes (Spanien, Deutschland, Italien).
Organic arable land worldwide by main crop types 2007 (total 4.7 million hectares)
36.3%
31.6%
6.6%
6.1%
4.1%
15.3% Cereals
Green fodder fromarable land
Fallow land as partof crop rotation
Industrial crops
Vegetables
Rest
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic permanent cropland by geographical region 2007 (total 1.9 million hectares)
37.5%
35.6%
20.4%
4.0%2.5% 0.1%
Europe
Latin America
Africa
Asia
North America
Oceania
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic permanent cropland by main crop types 2007 (total 1.9 million hectares)
29.2%
21.4%8.1%
7.1%
6.5%
27.8% Coffee
Olives
Cocoa
Temperate nuts
Grapes
Rest
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic aquaculture 2007
33
1'317
2'000
6'293
415'000
1 10'000
Thailand
Indonesia
Bangla Desh
Ecuador
China
Hectares
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic cereals: The ten countries with the largest areas 2007
52'810
68'345
76'420
85'593
105'477
116'864
154'152
181'000
228'110
241'430
0 100'000 200'000 300'000
Sweden
Lithuania
Austria
France
Ukraine
Spain
Canada
Germany
USA (2005)
Italy
Hectares
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic coffee: The ten countries with the largest areas 2007
7'246
10'875
11'661
16'036
17'721
21'325
23'867
72'174
108'560
239'763
0 100'000 200'000 300'000
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Dominican Rep.
Colombia
Uganda
Timor Leste
Tanzania
Peru
Ethiopia
Mexico
Hectares
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic citrus: The ten countries with the largest areas 2007
835
1'574
2'002
2'134
3'165
3'201
3'760
4'107
4'195
22'062
0 10'000 20'000 30'000
Costa Rica
Dominican Rep.
Greece
Turkey
Spain
Mexico
Ghana
USA (2005)
Cuba
Italy
Hectares
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic cocoa beans: The ten countries with the largest areas 2007
1'546
2'376
2'573
2'810
4'316
4'850
14'407
16'366
22'308
79'401
0 20'000 40'000 60'000 80'000
Nicaragua
Indonesia
Ghana
Sao Tome and Prince
Tanzania
Panama
Peru
Mexico
Ecuador
Dominican Rep.
Hectares
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic olives: The ten countries with the largest areas 2007
744
850
1'560
6'322
18'409
26'372
52'553
89'324
94'251
109'992
0 20'000 40'000 60'000 80'000 100'000 120'000
Cyprus
France
Morocco
Argentina
Portugal
Turkey
Greece
Tunisia (2006)
Spain
Italy
Hectares
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Organic Wheat: The ten countries with the largest areas 2007
20'744
22'059
29'626
30'542
34'364
50'423
61'500
79'278
115'601
143'598
0 30'000 60'000 90'000 120'000 150'000
Greece
UK
Romania
Austria
France
Ukraine
Germany
Canada (2006)
USA (2005)
Italy
Hectares
Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009
Standards and legislation
The first organic standards were developed by organisations of the private sector. The first international standards on organic agriculture were published in 1980 by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture IFOAM.The first legislations on organic agriculture were implemented in the 1980s by some European countries (France, Denmark, Austria).In 1993 the EU regulation on organic farming came into force. In June 2007 the new EU regulation was published and it was implemented on January 1, 2009.
Standards and legislations
In the 1990s in many countries non-EU countries as well as in other parts of the world were implemented.
1999 the Codex Alimentarius Commission developed guidelines for organic farming; these guidelines are the basis for organic laws in many countries.
EU regulation 834/2007, the US-NOP and the Japanse JAS are very important for the development of the global organic market.
Regulations are also important because the are the basis of many government support measures.
97
The countries with most certification bodies 2008
910
1316
2021
2729
3232
5760
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
AustriaUK
IndiaItaly
BrazilCanada
SpainChina
South KoreaGermany
USJapan
Number of certification bodies
Source: Organic Standard/Grolink, Rundgren 2009
Start year of organic certification among 481 certification bodies
3%
12%
22%
34%
29%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Before 1985 1985-1990 1991-1996 1997-2002 2003-2008
Start year of organic certification
Source: Organic Standard/Grolink, Rundgren 2009
Africa: Distribution of shares of organic land 2007 (by country)
1; 3% 2; 6%
29; 91%
Countries with 5.0 to9.9 % organic land
Countries with 1 to4.9 % organic land
Countries with lessthan 1 % organicland
Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009
Land use and key crops
For Africa, land use information covering about half of the organic agricultural land was available (0.87 million hectares).
Most of this land is used for permanent crops (0.382 million hectares). The main permanent crops are cash crops such as coffee and olives.
Coffee (more than 150‘000 hectares, mainly in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda).
Olives (more than 90‘000 hectares, in North Africa)
Tropical fruit (22‘000 hectares)
Medicanal plants and herbs,
76,000 hectares are arable land.
Many small scale farmers are using a part of their land for export production, the remainder is for self-sufficiency and the local market.
Africa: Wild collection
In Africa 9.6 million are certified for wild collection and bee keeping.
There are large areas in:
Zambia (5 million hectares, mainly bee keeping);
Namibia (2.8 million hectars, medicinal plans);
Sudan (almost 50‘000 hectares, gum arabic);
Morocco (550‘000 hectars, argan oil).
Africa: Use of organic agricultural land 2007 (0.87 million hectares)
8.7%
2.0%
43.9%
5.9%1.4%
38.1%Arable land
Permanent crops
Cropland, no details
Permanent grassland
Other
Agricultural land, nodetails
Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009
Africa: Use of arable land 2007 (78,000 hectares)
47.0%
16.1%
15.4%
5.9%
5.5%10.1% Industrial crops
Medicinal & aromaticplants
Oilseeds
Cereals
Vegetables
Rest
Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009
Development of organic farming Uganda 2001 to 2007
296'
203
122'
000
125'
000
182'
000
246'
767
0
50'000
100'000
150'000
200'000
250'000
300'000
350'000
2001 2002 2004 2006 2007
Org
anic
land
are
a (h
a)
0
50'000
100'000
150'000
200'000
250'000
Pro
duce
rs
Land area Producers
Source: Nogamu 2008, see Bouagnimbeck 2009
ASIA
Asia: The ten countries with the most organic agricultural land 2007
17'000
19'123
20'000
21'240
23'790
25'001
28'461
66'184
1'030'311
1'553'000
0 400'000 800'000 1'200'000 1'600'000
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Saudi Arabia
Azerbaijan
Timor Leste
Pakistan
Syria
Indonesia
India
China
Hectares
Source: FiBL 2009
Asia: Shares of organic land 2007
3% 3%
94%
Countries with 5.0 to9.9 % organic land
Countries with 1 to4.9 % organic land
Countries with lessthan 1 % organicland
Source: FiBL 2009
Asia: The ten countries/territories with the highest shares of organic agricultural land 2007
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
1.1%
7.0%
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%
Taiwan
Cambodia
China
Azerbaijan
Lebanon
Korea, Republic of
India
Sri Lanka
Israel
Timor Leste
Source: FiBL 2009
Development of Organic Farming in India 2002-2007/08
432'
259
73'5
00
114'
037
37'0
50 185'
937
1'03
0'31
1
0
200'000
400'000
600'000
800'000
1'000'000
1'200'000
Land
are
a (
hect
ares
)
0
50'000
100'000
150'000
200'000
250'000
Pro
duce
rs
HectaresProducers
109Source: SOEL/FIBL and APEDA (2004/05-2007/08), see Kumar Menon 2009
Asia: Use of organic agricultural land 2007 (2.9 million hectares)
Organic wild collection areas play a major role in India and China. Production of final processed products is growing, although a majority of production is still fresh produce and field crops with low value-added processing, such as dry or processed raw ingredients. Aquaculture (shrimp and fish) on the other hand, is emerging in China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Myanmar. Textiles represent another important trend. Some land use details are known for two-thirds of the organically managed land in Asia. Arable land is mainly used for cereals, including rice.Furthermore, cotton is important: India and Syria are two of the world‘s leading organic cotton producers.
7.7%
26.7%
2.6%
20.8%
42.2%
Arable land
Permanent crops
Cropland, no details
Permanent grassland
Agricultural land, nodetails
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Asia: Use of organic arable land 2007 (82,000 hectares)
14.5%
76.1%
3.0%6.4%
Industrial crops (cotton)
Cereals
Medicinal & aromaticplants
Others
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Asia: Use of organic permanent cropland (0.67 million hectares)
32.6%
19.2%12.8%
9.3%
4.7%
21.4% Coffee
Coconuts
Tropical andsubtropical nuts
Temperate fruit
Tea
Others
Source: FiBL Survey 2009
Europe: The ten countries with the largest increase of organic land in 20085.10.2009
+ 10'923
+ 11'119
+ 22'849
+ 26'666
+ 28'066
+ 28'166
+ 28'742
+ 42'450
+ 61'319
+ 329'429
0 100'000 200'000 300'000 400'000
Austria
Latvia
Slovak Republic
France
Poland
Sweden
Czech Republic
Germany
UK
Spain
Hectares
Quelle: FiBL-Zusammenstellung auf Basis der Informationen der Ministerien, Organisationen des Biosektors und Eurostat
Europe: Use of organic agricultural land 2007 (7.7 million hectares)
43.7%
1.1% 8.9%
40.4%
3.6% 2.4%
Arable land
Permanent crops
Cropland, no details
Permanent grassland
Other
Agricultural land, nodetails
Source: FiBL & ZMP Survey 2009
Europe: Use of arable land 2007 (3.5 million hectares)
37.9%
37.1%
5.7%
4.7%
14.7% Cereals
Green fodder fromarable land
Fallow land as partof crop rotation
Medicinal &aromatic plants
Others
Source: FiBL & ZMP Survey 2009
Europe: Use of permanent cropland 2007 (0.7 million hectares)
43.1%
16.2%
14.3%
11.1%
15.2% Olives
Temperate nuts
Grapes
Temperate fruit
Others
Source: FiBL & ZMP Survey 2009
LATIN AMERICA
120
Ecuador: Area under organic production by main products 2007
0
5'000
10'000
15'000
20'000
25'000
2004 2005 2006 2007
Hec
tare
s
Cocoa BananaShrimp Coffee
Data provided by accredited organic certifiers in Ecuador., comiled by GTZ Ecuardor; Elaboration: Rovayo/Lehmann 2009
OCEANIA
Markt Kanada
In Kanada werden 40 % der Bioprodukte über den allgemeinen Lebensmittelhandel vertrieben.
In Kanada wuchs der Biomarkt 2007 um 20 %; umgesetzt wurden Bioprodukte im Wert von schätzungsweise 1,65 kanadischen Dollar.
Für 2008 wird von einem Umsatz von zwei Milliarden kanadischer Dollar ausgegangen.
26%
30%
20%
11%
11%2% 80 - 100%
50 - 80%
30 - 50%
<30%
<20%
Little to none
USA: Development of the number of organic farms 1992-2005
3'5
87
3'5
36 4'8
56
6'5
92
6'9
49
7'3
23
8'0
35
8'0
21
8'4
93
9'2
43
10
'15
9
4'0
60
5'0
21
0
2'000
4'000
6'000
8'000
10'000
12'000
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Nu
mb
er o
f o
rgan
ic f
arm
s
Source: USDA 2009, www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Organic, see Haumann 2009/
68
286
459
866
2'534
5'196
6'346
16'930
0 5'000 10'000 15'000 20'000
Peru
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Mexico
Colombia
Cuba
Argentina
Paraguay (2006)
Hectares
Latin America: Organic sugarcane area 2007 (includes in-conversion land, total aprox 26‘000 hectares)
Source: FiBL 2009, Garibay & Ugas 2009
CONCLUSIONS
Growing markets
The growth of the organic land area in developing and emerging market countries is mainly due to the growing markets in the northern hemisphere.
Strong market growth rates have have led to an undersupply with organic products in many of the major markets.
However, due to the financial crisis, it many be expected that supply and demand could be balanced again.
The further development of the organic sector in developing and emerging market countries could be at stake because of the strong export orientation.
More legal protection
Today 71 countries have organic laws (not fully implemented in all countries)
21 countries are in the process of developing an organic law.
The organic regulations in the major markets like the European Union, Switzerland, the US and Japan are of particular relevance to the development of the global organic market, as these countries are all major importers of organic
Organic laws are important in order to protect producers and consumers.
They are also important because they are a basis for governmental support measures like action plans. (and also as a basis for governmental data collection).
Mehr staatliche Förderung
In the European Union and many other countries (few outside Europe though) organic farming is promoted with direct payments.Many countries have action plans. Also in Latin Amercia there are a number of promotional programmes. Auch in Lateinamerika gibt es zahlreiche Unterstützungsprogramme: Export promotion, support during the conversion period, support for certification, financial support in the frame of government support. In the United States there support in the frawmeork of the new farm bill. In Asia, organic farming is mainly promoted through the introduction of organic laws, even though in India and many countries of the middle east have support programmes. In Africa there is very little government support. However, many development organisations as well as UN bodies, are impotant supporters of the sector by helping tosupport international market access The governments of Eastern Africa have, with the support of UN organitions and IFOAM, developed the East African organic standard and the East African Organic seall.
Development: Key data
In 1999 about 11 million hectares of agricultural land were managed organically. This means that the organic land has trebled since.
The number of producers has increased a lot faster. (currently 1.2 million, 1999: 0.2 million) during the same time period.
Similar to the organic land area, the market volume has trebled since 1999. (1999: 15.2 billion US Dollars; 2007: 46.1 billion).
The largest markets for organic products are in North America and Europe (97 percent). The countries with the largest markets are the US, Germany and the UK.
Mehr Forschung
In Europe and in North America organic farming research is supported in the framework of national and transnation support programmes. In Europa und Nordamerika werden im Rahmen von Aktionsplänen.
In many developing and emerging market countries, organic farming research is In Entwicklungsländern befindet sich die Bio-Forschung erst im Aufbau; es gibt nur wenige spezialisierte Forschungszentren, meist wird relevante Forschung von Einzelpersonen oder in einzelnen Projekten durchgeführt.
Deswegen hat die FAO jetzt das Projekt „ORCA“ ins Leben gerufen. Ziel dieser Allianz von Forschungszentren ist es Forschungseinrichtungen mit Bio-Landbauforschung zu stärken und zu vernetzen.
Conclusion
The organic land area has increased by 1.5 million hectares or 4 % between 2006 and 2007.
Particularly in developing and emerging market countries the increase of organically managed land as well as of producers was high in the past years.
Increases were also high for some crops, especially tropical and subtropical crops.
The growth in developing and emerging market countries shows that organic agriculture can contribute to meaningful socio-economic and ecologically sustainable development, especially in poorer countries.
Source: FiBL & IFOAM 2009
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