osprey .men at arms.#090. .napoleon's.german.allies.(3).saxony.1806 15.(1979)
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MEN AT ARMS SERIES
~ Q i l j
MILITARY
NAPOLEON S
GERMAN
ALLIES
3):
SAXONY
18 6 15
OTTO VON PIVKA RICHARD
OO
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apoleon sGerman Allies 3 : xony 18 6 8
18 6
8
llowing the abdication of the Austrian Emperor
ranz II
from
the office of Emperor of the Holy
oman Empire
of
German Nations on 6 August
King Friedrich Wilhelm
of
Prussia sought
form a defensive coalition the North German
lliance) with Saxony
an d
the El ect orate of
essen-Kassel to c ou nt er N ap ol eo n s ruthless
pansionism in western Europe. Self-interest
wasar
ourse the main motivation. n 1803 France ha d
the Electorate
of
Hanover to Prussia see my
The King s Gennan Legion in this series)
an d
umour now had it that Napoleon ha d promised to
Hanover back to England in return for a peace
eaty. Prussia,
of
course, ha d not been consulted
bout this developmenL) Another of Napoleon s
was
the formation of the Confederation of the
see
my books
Napoleon s Gemwn Allies
and Kleve-Berg
and
2 ):
Nassau
and
and he also intended to give Russia that
of unfortunate P oland which Prussia ha d
for
herself in 1795 see my book Napoleon s
Troops .
Friedrich Wilhelm
of
Prussia, usually quite the
docile and indecisive of monarchs, thus found
forced in O a war or dishonour situation;
inking that
his
a rm y was still the magni ficent
achine that his forefather Frederick the
Great
h ad m ad e
it in the Seven Years
Wa r
of
756-1764,
he formed an
alliance with the Elector
of
Saxony
Friedrich August)
an d stood against Napoleon in
1806 supported by promises of money from
England
an d
troops from Russia.
n the twin battles of Jena
an d
Auerstiidt 14
October 1806) the myth of Prussian military
invincibility crumbled before the youthful elan of
the French army,
an d
the Saxon contingent,
although a cq ui tt in g itself with distinction, was
dragged into the defeat
and
returned home with its
morale
severely diminished.
n
fact, 170,000
F ren ch ha d beaten 1 Prussians
an d
2
Saxons, and what was so remarkable was
nOt
that
the Prussia.lS were defeated bu t
rather
the lOtai and
rapid disintegration of that army in the days
following their initial reverses in the major battles.
As an example of the
combat
value of the Saxon
army in 1806 this report of the last stages of the
battle ofJena
14 October) by the Prussian
Oberst
von Hopfner quoted from Der Krieg
18 6 18 7
will
serve to enlighten us:
Those Prussian) troops withdrawingonWeimar
those of the centre
and
right wing) were in full
flight; only
one
unit remained
steady-it
was the
Saxon Grenadier Battalion Winkel with whom the
Prince Hohenlohe) was
an d
who
commanded
it
personally for a time. n this terrible moment, when
defeat and confusion was everywhere, this bat
talion stood like a rock.
Surrounded
by fleeing allies
g
Saxon musket lBog. The weapon is about sixtyinches long and
is
shownhere withthe
ftint
lock
n the half.coc:ked position. Metal fittings arebrassj note
the
nunro stored
below the barrel and the lug
under
the muzzle on to which the bayonet 50Cket fits.
After
an
actual
example in the
MUseuD1
fUr
Deutsche
Geschichte East
Berli.n.
3
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JEN
th
OCTO ER
1806
~ f r e n c h
l t pruss ia n
~ x o n
L
~ ~ 1 _ ~ 2 ~ ::;;Oyds
t t a ~ ~ e I U J
cto er
6: A
=
Pruuia.D-SasOll
forces
in
the
. t
3 4October. B
= Tauenzien early O October.
C =
l..azmes attack
on the
mornia.g
of
the I
th. D =
Soult s
advance. E
= Holtundorfl figbtiag Soult.
F
=
Hohenlobe s
advance. G =
0 1 1 8
H = Colonel
Boguslawski .
po.itioD., J
= Augereau . advance. K = Imperial Guard. Lefebvre). L =
Ney. M = French advance against
Hohen1ohe.
N = General
von Riiebel . Corps.
who had thrown away their weapons and who no
longer heeded their officers com mands con-
tinuously attacked by the enemy these men
withdrew in full control with re gul ar pace an d
with
band
playing. The battalion
had
formed
an
open square and whenever the enemy came too
close they halted to give battJe. Neither the French
cavalry constantly charging them or the relentless
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Gorod4 CZ1UI). A rut 11 11: Russians:
C-D-E-KameaskiiF-G Lambert.
Allies:H =
II August; =
Reynier, II and 12 August;J
=
oq s divisioD; K Lilienberg s brigade; L
Funck .
M
=
Hessen.Homberg s division;
N
Siegenthal .
Trautenberg sdivisionandFrirnont .divisioDjP
Austria.o and Saxon
cavalry.
fire
of
the lirailltuTJ could shake them. soon as
they
had won themselves a respite, they
beat
columns of platoons
and
marched offwith
band
playing as if they had been on the
parade ground.
Whenever the enemy came too close the drums
rolled
and the battalion stood ready to receive them
again.
Following these lightning victories Napoleon,
recognizing the martial value of the Saxon
army,
immediately wooed the Elector
and
concluded a
military alliance with him. n return for political
and military support, the Electorate was to be
elevated to a kingdom and given nominal suz
erainty over the
Grand
Duchy of Warsaw, thus
reviving if
in
name only, an ancient historic
onne tion
Until the battle
of
Leipzig in
October
1813,
the
axons were to fight and die in the service
of
a man
who regarded them
at
best a efficient but expend
able cannon fodder; and their ruler, King Fried
rich August orSaxony, was to lose over halrhis state
in 1814
to Prussia, in repayment for his faithful
support for the Corsican dictator.
On 11 December
1806
the Elector of Saxony
became king and promised to support France with
a military contingent of 20,000 men. For
the
immediate campaign
against
Prussia and Russia,
however, only
6,000
were required.
This ap-
parently
heartless betrayal of his ally Prussia must
be explained: between Prussia and Saxony there
had
existed a
mutual
suspicion
and
hostility since
before
the
Seven Years
War, and
in 1756 this
culminated in a Prussian invasion ofSaxony and an
attempt
to make the Saxon
army
serve as
part
of the
Prussian military machine. The
hatred
between the
states was so
great that
almost all Saxon soldiers
and
officers) deserted from their regiments
and
made
their way to Austria or France, where they
re-enlisted in Saxon emigre regiments and fought
against Prussia for the
duration
of
the
war. The
Prussian-Saxon alliance of 1806 must thus be seen
as a britt le expedient
rather
than a genuine act of
friendship.
Saxon
Line Infantry Regt., 1806
egimental
staff: 1 Oberst (colonel), 1 Oberst
licUlenant lieutenant-colonel),
2
Majors
(majors),
Regiments-Quartiermeister (regi
mental quartermaster),
2
Adjutanten ad
jutants),
Auditeur (auditor),
Re
gimentsfeldscheer (regimental surgeon),
Stabs-Felseheer (battalion surgeon),
1 rofoss
(provost).
10
companies
(2 grenadier
and 8
musketeer totall-
in
7 Kapitans [senior captains, also called
Hauptleute infantry) or Rittmeister cav
alry)), 3 Stabs-Kapitans (junior captains), 10
Premierlieutenants,
2
Souslieutenants, 8
Fahnrichs (ensigns), 30 Sergeanten (sergeants),
Fouriers company quartermasters),
Feldscheers (company surgeons), o Korporals
(corporals), 30 Tambours (drummers), 20
feifers (fifers),
20
Zimmerleute (pioneers),
30 0
Grenadiers, 1,200 Musketiers.
rand
total
753 allranks
The 1807
Clllllpaign against
Prussia
and
Russia
The
Saxon contingent with the French
army
was as
follows:
Grenadier-Bataillon von Siissmilch (grenadiers of
the regiments Prinz Clemens and von
Oebschelwitz )
Grenadier-Bataillon von Cerrini (grenadiers of
the regiments von Sanger and von Low )
Infantry Regiments
Prinz
Anton (two battalions),
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Battk
Leipzig
6 8
October
8 3.
This
t t l ~
was
c:ubnj..
nation
of
Allies
manoeuvring
during
the
1813 (1IDpaign,
during
which
they
had
been kept apart froDl. each other
by
Napoleon s cunning
thrusts.
His lack
of
cavalry and the
growing disaffection of
his ~ n n n vassal
contingents
gradually forced
him
on
to
the def ens iv e, h owev er ; he
abandoned
the lineof
the
Elbe
to fall
back on
Leipzig, where he
was brought to bay with hi s back agaiast the River Pleisse
after
four pre liminary battles on 6 October Mockern
where Mannont
and
the Corps lost to Blucher and York;
Wachau-NapoIeon
and
Wittgenstein-a draw; Connewitz
Poniatowsky s
vm
Corps
against
the
Austrians under
Mervddt;
an d
LindeDau, where
Bertrand s IV Corps fought
the Austrians
under
Giulay).
The
French were pressed
back
on
Leipzig where on the 18th they lost the m.ajor battle
and
fted
west over
the Pleisse
and Elster
Rivers.
The
Saxons
were
in the
east, and went over to the All ies on the afternoon
of
that
day.
vo n
Sanger two b at ta li on s) , Prinz
Max
imilian 2nd Battalion), von B evilaqua 1St
Battalion)
Konig Klirassiers the old Klirfurst Klirassiers -4
squadrons
Prinz]ohann Chevauxlegers-go men
von Polenz
Chevauxlegers-60
men
On e
artillery
detachment
two
batteries -16
guns.
T his force becam e the
st Division
of
Lefebvre s
Corps on 1 Ma rc h 1807; it was divided into two
brigades under Major-Generals von Oebschelwitz
an d von Glalrey. They served at the siege
of
Danzig
which capitulated on 27 Ma y 1807), an d un 1
June they became the 3rd Division
of
Lannes
Corps an d fought at Heilsberg. Here the Konig
Klirassiers saved the
72eme e igne from
annihi
lation
at
Russian hands.
On
14
June
18 7 the
Saxons fought in the battle
of
Friedland, where the
Detail of bearskin
for
other ranks , Saxon Leib-.
Grenadier-Garde
and
Line Grenadiers, 17 9-1806.
The brass front plate shows the Elector s cypher FA
under an
electoral cap.
The back cloth is
in the
regimental facing colour, the cross and cords
white,
the pompoo
showed
the
facing
colour over
white.
(After a COD.temporary
colour plate
by
C. A.
Hess.)
Konig
Klirassiers again distinguished themselves
an d were later rewarded with the title
Leib-Klirassier-Garde . After the PeaceofTilsit the
Saxons returned home.
The
Illog Campaign
As a result of A ustria s preparations for wa r on
France,
Saxony was required to produce he r
20,ooo-strong contingent, which was taken over by
Marshal Bernadotte, Prince
of
Ponte-Corvo, at
Dresden on
22 March
180g. The two Saxon
divisions formed the IX Corps
of
Napoleon s army,
an d in fact totalled some 16,000 men:
Order
Battle the
Corps April
8 g:
Commander
Marshal
Bernadotte;
Chief of staff;
Brigade-General
Gerard;
Commander
of
Engineers;
Bataillons-Chef Giradin; Commander of the Artillery;
Brigade-General Mossel.
~ f r e n h
~ s x o n s
l l ies
LEIPZIG
18
th
OCTOBER 8
6
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st Divisio l
ommander Generallieutenant von Zeschwitz
Chiif
staff
Oberst von Gersdorff
st Brigade Generalmajor von HartilZSch); Leib
Grenadier-Garde
I
bn. ; Grenadier-Bataillon
von Bose Regiments Prinz Friedrich
and
von Burgsdorf ; Grenadier-Bataillon von
Hake Regiments Prinz Clemens and von
Oebschelwitz ); Regiment
Konig
bns.);
Regiment von Dyherrn I bn.)
7ld
Brigade Gen eralmajo r von Boxberg); Regi
ments Prinz Maximilian , Prinz Anton and
Prinz Friedrich bns. each)
Cavalry
Brigade Generalmajor von Gutschmidt);
Garde du Corps sqns.); Karabiniers sqns.);
Prinz Clemens Chevauxlegers 4 sqns.); Prinz
Albrecht Chevauxlegers
I
sqn.); Husaren 3
sqns.)
Artillery
Tw o
batteries each
of
six guns.
auk
of
Kobryrl
37t y Iu was
here
that
von
K1ens-el s
isolated ~ e was overwhelmed by vasdy superior Russian
01 5. Havmg only
three
squadrons of
cavalry,
the
Saxons
intelligence gathering was
t
adequate to warn
of
the
7 d
Divisio l
Commander
Gencrallieutcnant von Polenz
Chiif staff
Oberst von Langenau
st
Brigade
Generalmajor von Lecoq); Regiments
Prinz Clemens , von Low and von Cerrini
2
bns. each)
z ld Brigade G eneralmajor von Zeschau) ;
Grenadier-Bataillon von Radcloff Regiments
Prinz Anton
and
Niesemeuschel ); Grenadier
Bataillon von Winkelmann Regiments von
Low and von Cerrini ); Regiment von
Niesemeuschel bns. ); Regiment von
Oebschelwitz I bn.)
Cavalry Brigade Generalmajor von FeiJitzsch);
Leib-Kiirassier-Garde 4sqns.);
PrinzJohann
Chevauxlegers 4 sqns.)
Artillery
Tw o batteries each of
six
guns.
impending d.isutu.
A. the left
can be See
the initial
Russian
cavalry attack
i
the
Russian
Dlainbody came up
from
west lUld
south.
The
Saxon
last
st:aJ:l d
was on
the
old earthworks
by
the
abbey.
Bulkow
nelk
A
to
Anwpol
to
Antopol
i __:.;? m
Dywin
7
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Grenadier s cartricile pouch 8 0 The central
crest of Saxony-Poland
and
expresus a historic
connection. Musketeers wore
the sam.e
central
device but no cornu
grenades.
cJ
the sharpshooters of the various Saxon infantry
regiments were concentr ated officially i nto two
battalions each of four companies of IS O men.
These later became the Light Infantry of the army.
On 3 May the Saxons moved off to Vienna,
where they arrived on 4 June and remained until
the end of the month. Bernadotte used this time to
reorganize the infantry, reducing the regiments
from two battalions each into one
and
sending the
oldest an d least suitable officers
an d
NCOs back to
Saxony to be used to train new recruits.
Corps Reserve
One artillery battery of
six
guns, artillery train,
artillery park, field hospital
an d
ration train.
On
9 April 1809 Austria declared war on France,
and
on
6
April the
IX
Corps marched
ou t
of
Saxony via Regensburg Ratisbon) to Li nz on the
Danube where it arrived on 7 May an d joined up
with the Wurttembergers of Marshal
Vandamme s
VIII Corps, who were fighting off an attack by
General Feldmarschall Colowrat
an d
his Aus
trians.
The
Wurttemberg-Saxon .cavalry clashed
with Austrian cavalr y at Dor nach
that
day,
an d
captured four guns
and
several hundred prisoners.
Next
day
the
VIII
Corps moved off to Vienna and
left the Saxons
in
possession of Linz an d the
fortified position of the Piistlingsberg. On 8 Ma y
Musketeer private .
hat,
8.0. Compared
w t
the officers
aDd
the cavalry hats,
this bicof D was
extremely
suuill and
was
copied
from
the Pru
ia.n
equivalent. The g i n ~
was
white, the pompon in the
acing
colour
over white,
the corner tassels crUnson
w t n white.
8
The
Reorgani?ed
Corps
Infantry, June 189, at
St
Polten
Vienna :
st
v s on
Generallieutenant von Zeschwitz
st
Brigade Generalmajor von Hartitzsch): Leib
Grenadier-Garde bn. ;
Grenadier-Bataillons
von Bose von Hake von Radeloff* and von
Winkelmann *;
Schlitzen-Batail lon von
Metzsch *
nd
Brigade Gener al major von Zeschau): Regi
ments Konig von Niesemeuscher and von
Dyherrn .
nd
Division
Generallieutenant von Polenz
st Brigade Generalmajor von Lecoq) : Regiments
Prinz Clemens von Low and von Cerrini ;
Schutzen-Bataillon von Egidy
nd
Brigade O berst von Steindel): Regiments
Prinz Anton Prinz Maximilian and Prinz
Friedrich .
Having been defeated for the first time in his
imperial career by the Austrians
at
Aspern-Essling
on 2
Ma y
8 9 Napoleon called up all available
forces to avenge this insult.
The
result was the battle
of Wagram
S-6
July 1809)
in
which the Saxons
stormed the Austrian centre at Wagram itself, an d
lost forty per cent
of
their strength in the bitter
fighting of the first day. That nightthey slept on the
battlefield an d renewed their struggle next morn
ing in the area of Aderklaa village, next to the
Hessians. By 4pm on 6 July the Austrians acknow
ledged defeat
and
withdrew north on Znaim.
Saxon losses were 32 officers an d 4,103 men dead,
.
=dt tached
Dupas French division
of
the
IX
Corps
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ounded and missing
ou t
ofa starting strength on 5
of almosl 8,000. Bernadotte published a
order of the da y to the
IX
Corps on
18og, for which he was sharply criticized by
with whom his relat.ionship was already
Th e fighting ended when the armistice of
was signed on
July
and the Saxons
hom
on
22 January 1810
Reorganization 181O 1812
IB07and IBog
made it plain that extensive reforms
were
if
the Saxon army was to function efficiently
pa n of Napoleon s
wa r
machine. King Friedrich
instituted a military review committee
Generalmajor von Gersdorf in spring 1810
nd within a
few
weeks they produced
an
agreed
lan which included the following points:
A permanent General
Headquarters
was set up.
A general staff was established.
The army was to divided permanently into its
war
formations of divisions, brigades and
regiments.
The responsibility for clothing,
equipping
feeding
and
providing training
ammunition was
removed from the captains who commanded the
companies and given
to
the state.
Military legal affairs an d courls martial were
regularized.
Finance and rations were improved.
Tactics and drill were simplified and modelled
on the F rench method).
Provision
of
recruits was now
to
be by con
scription and no longer by enlistment of volun
leers-this
to
raise the moral quality
of
the
soldiers.
Selection of officers
and COs
to be made with
a bias towards younger men.
These proposals received the royal assent on 7
1810 and the army was at
once
re-formed
its old In sp ec to ra te s IWO each for the
nfantry a nd the cavalry, with lhe artillery under
rect control
of
the elector) imo three divisions,
infantry and one cavalry. Each division had its
CreD dier
officer s
bearskin,
.806-.8.0.
The
plate
encloses
a
central
area ofaaam.elled devices in
the following colours: crimson aad
white
electoral
cap;
black
over
wh ite shield with red s word .
Polandh
black
and
yello_
stripes
it su.per
imposed
green
clover-leaf band (Sas.ony);
crimson
field with silver cypher FA .
Alter
a contemporary
colour plate y Hess.)
general staff and there was a further staff for the
king as commander-in-chief.
The infantry regiments Oebschelwitz
l
Cerrini ,
BurgsdorP
a nd D yh er rn
the cavalry
regimem
Karabiniers
and the artillery
company
of the
Royal Household were disbanded, an d
th e
men
used to
reinforce the remaining regiments.
Each infantry division
ha d
two brigades each
of
two regiments, each of two battalions, each of two
grenadier an d eight musketeer companies. The
four
grenadier
companies
of
each brigade were
c on ce nt ra te d i mo C om bi ne d G re na di er Bat
talions
in
peace as well as in war. The two Light
Infantry Battalions were expanded into regiments;
the jager-Corps formed on 31 August 1
Bog
was
retained.
The
cavalry division was formed
of
three heavy,
rour light an d one hussar regiments each of four
9
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Bean k:iD
cap, other ra.nks SaxonGarde-GreDadiere,
1815
This item isUDusual ill
that
there
no calo
or
doth
top
patch
as was
the custOI at that tUne.
This
is taken CrolD a.o actW c:.aDI.ple in Strallibourg
I UseWU
and
it is
possible that
it is a
later
reconstruction usillg an original
brass
plate.
The
cords
are
white.
squadrons,
and
was organized into three brigades.
The regimental artillery those pieces attached
to individual infantry battalions) was disbanded
and the guns concentrated into one regiment of
foot artillery of sixteen companies plus an artificer
company
and
a horse artillery brigade of two
batteries. An artillery train battalion was raised.
On
the administrative side an
lnspectcur
general
aux reuues and three SOUs lllspectellrs were appointed
to
ensure that malpractices were kept
to
a min-
Imum.
Changes in the uniform reflected the influence of
Saxony s new ally in that the shako replaced the
bicorn and French style rank and
company
badges were introduced. The pigtail
and
powdered
hair were finally abolished. In the tactical field, the
old linear infantry formation gave way
to
the new
French system of the co lumn a nd the protective,
advanced swarm of skirmishers. Training was now
10
directed more towards efficient battlefield perfor-
mance rather than parade ground precision. New
infantry muskets from Suhl were issued to
the
Light
Infantry; the Line used French
or
Austrian
weapons. Bayonets were now longer than before
and new pattern sabres replaced the old.
The
new
muskets were effective u p to paces, while
artillery could throw solid shot
1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0
paces
and
canister was used u p to
4
paces.
The
use
of
massed artillery was particularly emphasized.
The
cavalry remained least affected by these
reforms,
and
t he n mainly in the
matter
of
the new
uniforms.
On 22
an d
23
July
18
t
I,
t hi rt ccn i nf antr y
battalions five cavalry regiments three foot
artillery and two horse artillery batteries were
concentrated at Miihlberg, where they exercised as
brigades in the new regulations.
Russia 1812
By
spring relations between the French
dictator and
the Tsar
had
deteriorated to such an
extent that Napoleon issued orders
to
his vassal
states to prepare to mobilize their armies for a
punitive expedition against Russia. The cause of
this breach was the
attempt
by Napoleon to exelude
all British goods from Europe by a blockade the
Continental System as defined in
the
Berlin
Decrees of 1806). As Britain then truly ruled the
global waves this
meant
an almost total crippling of
trade, and Tsar Alexander, never a convinced ally
of France, t ur ned a bli nd eye to conti nued Russian
imports of British goods via the Baltic ports.
This
enraged Napoleon so much that he embarked on
the campaign that was to destroy halfa million Illen
and to achieve nothing but his own downfall.
The
Saxon contingent was mobilized on
February
1812 in two infantry divisions as the
VII
Corps of the Grande Armce,
and
in March the
French General Reynicr assumed command over
t
Saxon Order
aJ
Battle 8 2 as VII Corps oJthe
Grallde
nnee
Commander General Reynier;
Senior
Saxon
General
Generallieutenant Edler von Lecoq; Chiif staff:
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Saxon Line Infantry Regt., 8
Regimental
staff:
I Oberst, I Oberstlieutenant,
Majors,
2
Aerzte doctorsL
J
Regiments
Quartiermeister,
I
Ober-Auditeuf,
I Ober
Regimems-Chirurgus senior surgeon),
2
Fah
nenjunker ensigns), I Stabsfourier, I Stabs
Chirurgus,
I
Regiments-Tambour regimental
drum major),
I
Bataillons-Tambour battalion
drum major), 8 Hautboisten I. Klasse first
class musicians),
12
Hautboisten
2
Klasse,
I
Biichsenmacher armourer), Biichsenschafter
musket woodworker), 1 Profoss, I
Proross-
Knecht provost s lad).
8
musketeer
and 2 grenadier companies totalling: 6
Kapitans I KfaSse, 4 Kapitans 2 Klasse,
1
Premierlieutenants, 2 Souslieutenants,
1
Feldwebel sergeant-majors), 2 Sergeants, 1
Fouriere, 5 Chirugen, 1 Korporals, 6
Grenadier-Tam bours, 24
M
uskelier
Tambours, 4 Grenadier-Zimmerlcute,
Musketier-Zimmerleute, 360 Grenadiere,
1,440 Musketiere.
Grand Total 2 73 all
ranks
Oberst von Langenau; Chiif Logistics: Major von
Ryssel;
Commander
the Artillery:
Oberstlieutenant
v Hoyes; Commander
the
Engineers:
Hauptmann
Damm
st Division
Generallieutenant Edler von Lecoq
t Brigade Generalmajor von Steindel):
Grenadier-Bataillon von Liebenau Regiments
Prinz Friedrich
an d Prinz
Clemens )
Infantry Regiment Prinz Friedrich -2 battalions
and four 4pdr. regimental guns
Infantry Regiment Prinz Clemens -2 battalions
and four 4pdr. regimental guns
nd
Brigade Generalmajor von Nostitz) :
Infantry Regiment Prinz Ant on -2 battalions
and four 4pdr. regimental guns
tst Light Infantry Regiment-2 battalions
4th Foot Artillery Battery- four 6pdr. cannon, two
8pdr. howitzers
Divisional Artillery Park and sapper company.
nd
Division
Generallieutenant von Gutschmidt
lsi
Brigade
Generalmajor von Kleugel):
Grenadier-Bataillon von Brause Regim ents
Bearskin cap, officer, Saxon Leib-Grenadier-Garde,
J8JO-J8JS,
Thegilt
plate shows
the
black,
yellow
and
green Saxon
crest over
a silver-edged crUnson field
bearing ffAR
in silver. The cords are silver.
After
Sauerweid s contetnporary watercolour.
Konig and von Niesemeuschcl )
Infantry Regiment
Konig
battalions
an d
four
4pdr. regimental guns
I nf an tr y R eg ime nt von Niesemeus chel -2 bat
talions and four 4pdr. regimental guns
nd
Brigade Generalmajor von Sahr) :
G re nad ier- Ba taillo n von A nger R eg imen ts
Prinz Anton and von Low )
Grenadier-Bataillon von Spiegel Regiments
Prinz Maximilian and von Rechten )
nd Light lrifantry Regimenl battalions
3rd Foot Artillery
Battery-four
6pdr. cannon an d
two 8pdr. howitzers
Divisional Artillery Park an d sapper company.
rd Light Cavalry Brigade Generalmajor von
Gablenz) :
Prinz Clemens
Ul ans -4
squadrons
von Polenz
Chevauxlegers-4 squadrons
Hussars-s
squadrons
Heavy
Cavalry
Brigade Generallieutenanl von
Thielmann) :
Garde du C or ps- 4 squadrons
Kurassier-Regiment von
Zastrow -4
squadrons
Prinz Albrecht
Chevauxlegers-4
squadrons
II
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Saxon
infantry
.. . b r ~ pre-I806. The
grip
is
brass
the
b l a d ~ S8 7CID
long
2 gan
wide; total I ~ g t h
7OC . W eight
16kg. Source,
H i ~ b
o Stiehwaffen
Ri r
ll t
:
Saxon infantry .. . b r ~ 1806.
The s imp-
brass
hilt rdlects gradual m o v e
towards functional
weapons
without
excessive Ol DJUDeDtation..
Blade
59CID
x 28ani total length
]2C1D
weight
62kg.
Source,
i eb
..o
Sticllwaff_.
T
lilt:
PalUucli of Saxon
Kiirasaien
other
ranks , 1806. The bra basket hilt
bears
the
cypher
FA under the
dft>
t caPi the
sheath
in brown
leather;
brass tip steel
rings . Blade
93 SCID x 3 3C1D, total leagth IOg SCID,
W eisbt 1 27Kg. Source Hieb
uNJ.
StieIlUiaffera
each
of
four 6pdr.
cannon and two
8pdr. howitzers
2nd Horse Artillery
Battery-four
6pdr.
cannon
an d two
8pdr.
howitzers.
orps
rtill ry
eserve
St
Horse Artillery Ba ttery }
St
Foot Artillery Battery
2nd Foot Artillery Battery
Artillery Park
Pontoon train
On
9 April the corps reached Kalisch, where the
S ax on Kiirassier Brigade under General von
Thielmann,
together with Hiller s horse artil lery
b att er y, was d et ac he d as th e 20th
Heavy
Cavalry
Brigade,
and
the Chevauxlegers Regiment Prinz
Albrecht was detached to join two Bavarian
Chevauxlegers regiments as the t7th Light Cavalry
Brigade.
The
Saxon
infantr y regiments von
Rechten and von Low were detached as garrison
troops in the fortresses
of
Danzig an d Glogau
respectively.
After these reductions the VI I Corps
numbered
t8 battalions,
squadrons, 5 balteries
of
artillery
each
of
6 guns including Roth s horse artillery
baltery) and 20 regimental pieces.
The
lack of
cavalry an d
th e
s ub se qu en t lack
of adequate
reconnaissance was to prove nearly disastrous for
t he Saxons la te r in th e c am pa ig n.
The V 1\ Corps now joined the V Poles
under
Poniatowski)
and
the
VIII
Corps Westfalians
under Vandamme
as
th e
right wing
of
the
Grande
Armee,
under
Napoleon s younger brother King
Jerome
of
Westfalia,
near
Lu blin on t he ViSlula.
On the extreme sou ther n flank was the Austrian
Corps 35,000 men)
under
Prince Schwarzenberg.
At
the
en d of Ma y
the allies were opposed by Prince
B agrati on with eight Russian divisions an d 200
guns on the right
bank of
the Bug from
TarnopollO
Brest-Litowsk.
Napoleon invaded Russia with the
main
body of
his a rmy o n
28June
t8t2 an d the Saxons advanced
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Kleck Lithuania), which they reach ed on
5
ly, while the Austrians to their right were
at
on
the
2 th
Reynicr now ordered the two
rps to e xc ha ng e their positions, a nd th e Saxons
to Pruszana and
K ob ry n. K le ng el s
rigade was detailed to garrison Kobryn, a little
oden town,
and
early on 27
July his
2,400 men,
ith eight 4pdr. regimental guns and three
of
Ulans, were surprised by General
ormassow with 12,000 men. The Saxons fought
ntil th eir ammunition was exhausted and the
wn was in flames before being forced to sur
nder. T orm as so w was
so impressed by their
conduct that he permitted the captured
ficers to retain
their
swords Saxon casual
ties
were
8
dead and 78 wounded, the rest captured.
ssian losses were about 600 dead and wounded.
d the Saxons
had more
cavalry, a better
connaissance would have revealed
the
Russian
rce in time for th e b ri ga de to w it hd ra w in tact.
Undismayed by this disaster,
Reynier
and
S ch wa rz en be rg u ni ted th eir forces
and
moved
against an 8,000-strong Russian force with twelve
guns under General Lambert at P ru sz an a, a nd
attacked them on August. Lambert fell back on
Kobryn, but stood behind a boggy stream at
Gorodeczno on August. The allies
came
up,
found the crossing points covered
by
artillery and
set
about
outflanking
Lambert that
night.
They
found an unguarded crossing to the Russian left,
and
the 2nd Battalion, st Light Infantry Regiment
secured it. By gam on 2 August a considerable
S axon force had been developed across the stream
and in the rear
of
the Russian flank
To
counter
this, Lambert had to change front hastily. There
now followed a battle between 30,000 Russians
reinforcements
had
arrived) and 5,000 Saxons,
with the Austrians pressing forward against the
guarded
crossings to
the
north. By 7pm the
Austrians had crossed the river
in
the north and had
also sent a division to su pp or t the Saxons in their
day-long battle, and Lambert began to withdraw
towards Kobryn. Saxon losses were 75men and go
horses dead, 688 men and
32
horses wounded, 68
me n captured or missing.
The
allies pursued the
Russians
and occupied
Kobryn
on
ugust
Tormassow evacuated Volhyniaand withdrew past
Dywin.
The
Saxon cavalry was now so weak
that
infantry units were used for outpost
duty,
and on 24
August they had a successful clash
at
Luboml with
the ubiquitous Russian cossacks
In
late
ugust-
early S ep te mb er the Saxons re ma in ed in th e area
Kuszelin-Macowice-Toczyn, with the Austrians to
their left at Golowi and Kolki with a 5 ,0 00-m an
detachment
at Pinsk.
Constant
outpost bickering
with the numerically superior Russians further
reduced the Saxon cavalry strength. Allied strength
here along the River S tyr was now 40,000 men, but
the opposing Russians had 65,000, as
Tschitschagoff s Army
of
Moldavia
had
joined
Tormassow. This reinforcement was
made
possible
by the conclusion of a Russo-Turkish peace treaty
which released the Moldavian army for duties
agains Napoleon.
On
25 September the Russians attacked and
drove back
a Polish brigade under General
Kosinski at
Pawlowice
;
as their flank was
now
turned, the Austrians
and
Saxons fell back over the
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Officer s
gorget,
1806.
The
gilt
gorget
had a
crimson velvet
centrepiece
framed
n silver
and
carrying the silver
cypher
IFA under the electoral
cap.
Museum
tiir
Deutsche Ges
chiebte, East Berlin.
River
Tara at
Turysk to Kowel
and
later to
Lubom\. By now the allies
ha d
36,000 men, the
Russians 70,000,
an d
Schwarzenberg
ordered
a
further withdrawal over the
River Bug. The Saxons
crossed that river n ea r
Opalin
on
October
at
loam.
On
4
October
the allies stood again
at
Brest
Litowsk, until to October when Russian pressure
forced t he m to w it hd ra w ov er t he
River
Lesna.
Things
r em ai ne d fairly s tat ic until 27 October
when the
enemy
suddenly
an d
inexplicably
fell
back,
an d contact
with
them
was lost until
Durutte s division arrived to reinforce the allies and
a reconnaissance in force was undertaken.
t
was
discovered that the Russian main body
ha d
moved
away to Sionim Tschitschagoffwas moving
up to
a tt ac k t he
remnants of
the
Grande Armee
as they
stumbled back towards the Beresina). Although the
allies followed by forced marches, they were unable
to c at ch t he
enemy again
the lack of cavalry was
severeIy fel
t
The Saxons became separated from the Aus
trians and were suddenly confronted
by
superior
Russian forces under Generals von Sack en
and
Essen III. On 14 N ov em be r the
battle
of Wol
kowysk took place;
Reynier
withdrew that night
but was caught again next day,
an d
the struggle
was renewed.
The
16th found the Saxons still
holding on grimly by Wolkowysk, not
daring
to fall
back as they were so weak, when cannon shots from
the
rear
of
the Russian lines at Izabelin) heralded
the arrival of Schwarzenberg s Austrians.
Th e
Russians withdrew-there was no pursuit as the
S axon caval ry
ha d
practically ceased to exist.
Saxon losses from 2 1 6 November were 1,300 dead
and wounded.
The
Austrians
an d
Saxons now moved
to
Rudnia
an d
thence
to
Brzesc, chasing Sacken s corps
an d
capturing a large
part
of his baggage train.
On
29
November an order was received from Napoleon to
ac t against Tschitschagoff ,
but
th e Russian was
already over the Njiemen and pursuit was
in
vain.
By 7 December the Saxons were in Rozanna, the
Austrians in Slonim having lost over
800
men en
route due to exhaustion and frostbite. t was here
that the allies received news of the dreadful
catastrophe
which
ha d
overtaken the
Grande
Annc.::c. ReYllier was lefllo do as he thought best by
Napoleon, an d he withdrew to Brzesc by 20
December while the Austrians went their own way
to
Ostrolenka. Saxon strength was now down to
6 0 0 0 men, but on that day the Grenadier-
Bataillon Eychelberg with 900 men
joined
them
from Bialystock, where they had been serving as
garrison since 5
July.
Re yn ie r now p ul led f ur th er
back to Siedlce, Sokolow an d Losyce,
an d Schwar-
zen berg also moved west
to
Pultusk.
The
Russians
occupied Brzesc
an d
crossed the frozen
River
Bug.
On 28
December
the VII Corps
withdrew
over the
Liwiec at Liw and Wengrow, and the Russian
pursuit slackened olf. On 3 January 1813 the
Saxons
were
around
vVarsaw
and were attacked on
1 January by large numbers of cossacks; on 30
January
Reynier crossed the frozen Vistula north of
Warsaw, where he was
joined
by Bianchi s Austrian
division next day. By this time the Austrians had
adopted
almost a
neutral
attitude, as they knew
that their emperor would change sides
an d
join the
Tsar
against Napoleon as soon as possible. The VI I
Corps now numbered about 4 000 men; Reynier,
knowing of the probability of
an
Austro-Russian
alliance, withdrew to Petrikau on 6 February and
The
Saxon
von
Zastrow Kiirassiers stonning the Rajewski
redoubt
at Borodino.
The
impractical old cavalry bicorn
was
replaced n
1810
by the
much more impressive brass helmet
shown
here.
Officers wore a wreath of gilt oak leaves
around
the black fur turban; only the front plate of the Kiirass was
worn.
After
Knotel.
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chwarzenberg surrendered Warsaw and 1,500
Saxon sick and wounded to the Russians.
Reynier continued westwards Kalisch.
On 13
February the Saxons were dispersed in widely
scattered cantonments
around
that town.
In
view
of
the proximity
of
the enemy axon generals
advi ed Reynier to concentrate the corps, bu t
Reynier ignored them
and
the result was
that
at
3pm
that
day they were attacked by superior
Ru ian force and uffered heavy
ses as each
mall detachment fought its way back to Kalisch.
One
uch force 600 men and 200 horses and a
battery
of
horse artillery
under
Generalmajor von
Gablenz was completely cut off and did not rejoin
the main body for some month after the battle
of
Liitzen during which it wandered through
Poland, Moravia and Bohemia. Saxon
combat
losse on
13
February
were over 1,000 men
and
six
4pdr. regimental guns, all
of
which could have been
avoided.
The VII
Corps-now orily one weak
division
crossed the Oder at Glogau on
17
February; by 1
March they were in Bautzen,
and
reached Dresden
on the 7th.
Here
600 Saxon reinforcements joined
them, bringing their strength up to 2,000.
The
co a ks followed closely,
and
on
19 March
Mar
hal
Davout
blew up the two central arches
of
th Elbe br idge in Dresden, all ferrie and boats on
the river having been concentrated in Torgau
and
Konig tein fortres
es On 21 March
the Saxons in
the VII Corp were reorganized into a single
brigade, and Durutte s division provided a further
1,800 men.
Hehnet of a
Saxon
Kiirassier officer, 1810-1815. This item is
similar to
that
worn by Aus tr ia n heavy cavalry in th e lion
emblem
along th e side
of
th e combe.
At
th e
front of
th e combe
is
th e crowned
cypher
FA ,
an d
officer
s tatu s i s indicated by
th e gilt oak
le af w rea th a nd
th e Medusa s h ea d c hin stra p
bosses. The
crest shown is obviously
an
iteIn
added at some
time after th e Napoleonic era. (Museum fUr
Deutsche
Ges
chichte,
East
Berlin.)
Cartridge pouch,
officer of
t he Banne r
of
Saxon Volunteers ,
1813, When
Landwehr and
volunteer
fOrInations
were ra ised
in
GerInany
in 1813 t he re was a
strong
upsurge
of
religious
fervour
connected with their
mobilization,
doubtless
a
Russian import Note th e o ak an d laurel leaves around th e
cross . (Museum fUr Deutsche
Geschichte, East Berlin.)
Saxony was now split into two parts, one
under
French occupation, the other in Russian possession.
The King ofSaxony negotiated with apoleon that
the old VII Corps now only 1,836 men strong
should be allowed to retire into the Saxon fortres
of
Torgau,
there to be united with 6,000 new recruits
under
Generallieutenant
von Thielmann von
Gablenz s formation
of
1,000 men was still wander
ing through ustria . Thus as ured, King Friedrich
Augu t now went to Regen burg, hoping to receive
favourable terms from Austria which would
enable
him to break free from the French yoke
and
join the
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Tostedt towards Hamburg, w here l ig ht cossack
forces were p u hed back.
On 8
March a Russian
cossack formation
attacked
them, an d the newly-
formed
Hanoverian
Landwehr came
up
in
support
of
their Russian allies.
Morand
was
no t content
to
give way to such lowly opponents, and on 3 March
he
marched
east against Luneburg; early on 1 April
the division stormed the town an d captured it
easily, driving off the few cossacks
an d
local militia
who formed the garrison. Morand s casualties were
two lightly wounded, while the Russians
an d
Hanoverians lost
about
forty dead. Al tho ugh he
now o cc up ie d th e t own , armed citizens continued
to snipe
at
the invaders; an d next
morning
the
Rus o-Pru sian division
of
General von
Dornberg,
aided by
detachments from
Tschernitscheff s
troops, invested
Luneburg
an d s to rm ed it. A ft er a
violent struggle, in whic h Morand was mortally
wounded, the
badly-managed Franco-Saxon gar
rison was scattered
an d captured.
Saxon losses were
255
me n
dead an d wounded, an d the rest of the
regiment Prinz Maximilian was
captured.
he l ] ampaigns
In
the first three mo nths
of
the
year
apoleon s
incomparable
genius
an d
energy threw a new
army
t og et he r in France an d brought it into central
Germany to oppose Russian, Austrian an d Prussian
forces. The vassal states
of
the Confederation
of
the
Rhine,
still
under French
control, were
unable
to
break w it h the
dictator
an d
join
the Allies as they
really wished.
March Saxony
ha d 1 1 , 0 0 0 me n
in
Torgau fortress an d was u rg en tl y t ra in in g these
new recruits for the coming campaign, hopefully on
the side
of
the Allies.
On
May
apoleon
and
P rin ce E ug en e wit h
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 me n
d ef ea te d t he Allies
at Lut zen and
forced them to
withdraw
o ve r the El be,
an d
on 10
M ay K in g
Friedrich August
of
Saxony was forced
to issue orders for his troops to rejoin the Grande
Armee.
Generallieutenant
von Thielmann, com-
mander
of
Torgau, could
no t
stomach this
order;
he
handed
over his command to
Generalmajor
Sahrer
von Sahr
an d joined
the Russian army.
On 1 1 May 6 , 0 0 0
Saxons in on e division were
placed
under
General Reynier s
command and,
8
Shako,
sergeant
of
Grenadiers,
Line
Infantry, 1810-1813. This
very F re n ch i te m s bows th e extent o f the influence
of
that
nation on t h e d r e s s
of
t h e i r v a s s a l s t at e s. T h e c o r ds an d
plume
are
red,
p l at e a n d chinscales brass, to p band gold.
The
white
cockade over th e crown) is JDissing.
MuseUID
r
Deutsche
Geschichte,
East
Berlin.)
together with
Durutte s
French division without
cavalry) they formed the new
VII
Corps.
Together
with the
III Corps
ey)
and
the V Corps
Lauriston) they were to
operate against Berlin
under ey s control, an d to destroy their Prussian
opponents under Bulow.
A change
of plan
took place, however, and
Napoleon ordered ey to bring his three corps
against Barclay de Tolly
an d
Blucher
86 000
men,
7 0 0
guns)
together
with
other French
troops
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160,000 men, 450 guns). On 21 May the battle of
utzen began.
ot
surprisingly, the numerically
French won the day, but the Russo
u sians withdrew in good or der .
Du e
to lack of
valry, a pol eon was unable to reap the fruits of
is tactical victory; the VII Corps spearheaded his
r uit. In the next
few
days heavy skirmishing
place during which the Russo-Prussians fell
ck slowly. By 24 May they
ha d
withdrawn
er the River eisse. Saxon combat losses from 2
24 May
were 40 de .d, 508 wounded
an d
98
ing most of the missing rejoined wi thi n t he
few day).
othing more of note occ urre d
fore hostilities ended for six weeks on
une, in
cordance with the armistice of Poischwitz.
By the end of] uly the Saxons were joined in the ir
n ea r Garlitz
by new battalions which
rmitted the formation of two divisions again:
st
Division 24th
the
Grande Armee
Commander:
Generallieutenant Edler von Lec oq
Chief
General
Staff:
Major von Koppenfels
stBrigade
Oberst von Brausse) :
Leib-Grenadier
Garde
I
bn.), L ig ht Infan try
Regiment
v on
sergeant
of
Musketeers, Line
Infantry,
1810-1813.
cockade and pOlnpon are
m i s s i ng ; t h e
to p band is gold,
w h it e, c h in s ca l es
and
plate
brass. Note
the
way the
are b u c k le d
around
th e p lw n e socket. Musewn
r
sche Geschichte, East
Berlin.)
H us s a r sabretasche,
B a n n e r o f Sa x o n Volunteers,
1813.
Although a n iteJn worn b y t ro op er s, t he re is a considerable
aJDount o fexpensive
decoration
o n t h i s exaJllple. Musewn r
Deutsche
Geschichte,
East
Berlin.)
Lecoq 2 bns.), 1St Bn. I nf an tr y R eg im en t
Prinz Maximilian ,
2nd Bn. von
Rechten ,
company Feldjager military police)
2nd Brigade Generallieutenant von Mellentin) :
Grenadier-Bataillon von Spiegel companies of
the Regiments Prinz Maximilian , von
Rec hten , P rinz
Friedrich
an d
von Steindel ),
Infantry
Regiments
Prinz
Friedrich August
2
bns.)
and
von Steindel
2
bns.)
Artillery Major von Roth) :
1St
an d 2n d foot batte ries eight 6pdr. guns each)
under
Hauptmann
Kuhnel an d
Hauptmann
Rouvroy
Engineers One company of sappers
2nd Division 25th
the
Grande
Armee
Commander:
Generallieutenant
Sahrer
von
ahr
Chief
General
Staff:
Major
von Cerrini
stBrigade
Oberst von Bose):
Grenadier-Bataillon von Sperl companies of the
Regiments
Konig ,
von Niesemeuschel , Prinz
Anton an d
von Low ) ,
Light Infantry
Regi
ment von Shar 2 bns.)
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Infantry
Regiments Konig an d von Niesemeus
chel I bn. each)
nd Brigade Oberst von Ryssel:
Infantry Regiments
Prinz
nton an d v on Low
2 bns. each)
rtiLLelY Major
Gau):
3r d an d 4th foot batteries
eight 6pdr. guns each) under
Hauptmann
Dietrich
a nd H au pt ma nn Z an dt
i ht Cavalry Brigade Generalmajor von
Gablenz):
Husaren
8
qn .), lanen 5 qns.)
Two horse artil lery batteries each
of
six
g u n s
Hauptmann von Prob thayn
Reserve rtiLLery
One
battery
of eight 12pdr. guns-Hauptmann
Rouvroy
Artillery Park
On
August the strength
of
the corps was 18,344
all ranks including sick
a nd wou nd ed ;
battalions
w re
under
600 strong, batteries below 160, an d the
two ca val ry regiments h ad 1,200 horses between
them.
Durutte s
division the 32nd) now had about
8,000 m n.
The
1813
Autumn
CatIlpaign
During the armistice fruitless peace negotIatIon
were conducted in Prague,
an d
with their final
breakdown a new
anti-
apoleonic alliance was
formed between Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain
an d
Sweden. Total field force were 490,000 men,
100,000 horses an d 1,470 guns, a figure which owed
a lot to the Prussian
Krumper
sy tern by which
thou a nd s of potential recruits ha d been trained
an d then discharged again in the years 1807-18 3
allowing a rapid build-up
of
the army to be
achieved. The allies were divided into three armies,
one in
northern
Bo hem ia Austrian)
under
Schwarzenberg, one in Silesia mainly Prussians
an d Ru s
ians)
under
Blucher,
an d
the Army
of
the
orth
under
Bernadotte crown prince of Sweden)
con isting of 80,000 Prussians Bulow an d Tauen
zien), 10,000 Russians W in zi nge ro de ), 25,000
Swede an d 15,000 volunteer north
Germans
an d
some Briti h).
Opposing them was apoleon with 360,000
men, 40,000 horses
an d
1,300 guns, with Dresden
fortified
an d
supplied a the base for his future
operation.
It will be noted that apoleon enjoyed
the advantages
of
a unified
command
system, a
single political aim an d interior lines of operation.
20
Dolman o f a trooper, Saxon
Hus s a r s , 1810-1813 T h is t ra di
tional
Hunga r ia n
g a n n e n t is clearlyshown in al l
it s detail.
T he
c e n t ra l b a l l buttons
a re larger
tha n those
a t
t h e s id e ; n o te the
puffed shoulders, a n d
th e
cuffs which
a r e
only
a dd ed o n
the
oute r
p a rt
o f th e sleeve. Th e Dlus ket
a nd
he lme t a r e s hown
in
detail in
o t h e r
illustrations.
MuseUDl
r Deutsche
Ges
chichte,
Ea s t
Berlin.)
The Saxons
VII
Corps) were
grouped
together
with the IV
Corps under
B er tr and French,
Italians
an d
W
urttem bergers-
18,000 m en), the
XII
Corps under O ud in ot Bavarians, West
falians, Hessen-Darmstadters an d F r e nc h
24,000 men)
an d
the
III
Cavalry
Corps
under
Arrighi 27 squadrons of light cavalry of various
nations). Commander of this wing of the Grande
Armee was
Marshal
Oudinot, an d its task was to
operate
against the Army of the
orth,
which
covered Berlin.
On 17 August the armistice ended
an d
all Saxon
ick were sent off to
Torgau
fortres . O ud in ot a t
once
made
a thrust at Berlin which led to the battIe
of
Gr o
s-Beeren on 24 August, in which the VII
Corps
made an advance
into
that
village which was
not upported by the IV an d XII Corps. As a result,
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he Saxons were a ttac ke d by 30,000 infantry an d
cossacks
under
Bulow
and
when
Durutte s
crumble d a nd fell back, leaving them
mpletely unsupported, they
ha d
no alternative
to withdraw, fighting heavily all the way.
axon losses were General von Sahr badly woun
116 dead 359 wounded an d 1,564 captured.
fell back on Wittenberg.
On
29
August a Prussian column of their IV
under Generalmajor von Wobeser, attacked
e village of Luckau, whose garrison consisted of
French
a nd I ta li an
gunners
an d
sappers
an d
men of the S axon I nf an tr y R eg im en t P ri nz
an d forced them to
surrender
after
etting fire to the place.
apoleon would not tolerate Oudinot retreat
nd replaced him with Marshal ey on 4 Septem
er. ext day the
IV
VII
an d
X II Corps began
an
o n ] uterbogk. On 6 S ep te m be r t he b at tl e
f ]iiterbogk occurred in which von Bulow an d
auenzien defeated the French and their allies.
IV
Corps was overrun, the Saxon infantry
vanced in square to help them, b ut d ue to lack of
Fr e n c h Cuirassiers s to n n in g t he G ra nd Redoubt
Borodino.
Repeated
c h a r g e s a n d counter-eharges
were m a d e
a t
this
defence
work
w h ic h c h an g e d
hands
s e v e r a l tUn e s
d u r in g t he
day.
Russian casualties in t h is b a tt le we r e higher t n they
need
h av e b ee n d ue to their
close
deep fonnations.
support from the
X II
Corps the re erve)
an d
to the
appearance of the Russians an d wedes at 4pm the
day was lost. The axons withdrew, again in
squares, to guard against the ubiquitous enemy
cavalry. ey reported to apoleon that the Saxons
ha d failed in this
battle-in
truth they an d the
Bavarians
ha d
saved a withdra wa l from bec oming
a debacle an d the withdrawal was caused by ey s
bad general hip.
The Saxons
fell
back on
Torgau
in good o rd er ,
the IV
an d
XII Corps were in much worse
condition. In the last eight days the Saxon 1
es
were 1,098 men dead and w ou nd ed , 2,000 c ap
tured,
12
guns an d 40 waggons lost. Each infantry
regiment was now re-formed intoone battalion, and
on
21
September the VII Corps was reduc ed to one
division
again:
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ommander Generallieutenant von Zeschau
hief
i f
staff
Major von Cerrini
St Brigade Oberst von Brause
Ojficers Men
Horses
Light Infantry Regiment von Lecoq I bn.)
17
75
0
Infantry Regiment von
Rechten
I bn.) 12
3
00
Infantry Regiment Prinz Friedrich
I
bn.)
15
580
Infantry Regiment von Steindel I bn.)
17
620
1st Grenadier-Bataillon von Spiegel
9 33
0
Feldjager I company)
3
74
Totals
73
2,654
nd Brigade
(Generalmajor von Ryssel):
2nd Grenadier-Bataillon von Anger
9 3
20
Infantry Regiment Konig (I bn.)
9 3
00
Infantry Regiment von Niesemeuschel I bn.) 6
54
0
Infantry Regiment Prinz Anton
I
bn.) 9 600
Infantry Regiment von Low I bn.)
7
25
0
Light
Infantry
Regiment von
Sahr
bn.)
16
7
00
Totals
56
2 7
1
Sappers and pontoniers
4
64
18
Artillery
1st Foot Battery, 8 guns
(Hauptmann
Dietrich)
4
133
10
7
2nd Foot Battery, 8 guns
(Hauptmann
Zandt)
4
133
10
7
1St Horse Battery, 4 guns (Hauptmann Probsthayn) }
6
20
9
277
2nd Horse Battery, 4 guns
(Hauptmann
Birnbaum)
12pdr. reserve battery
3
177 15
0
Artillery Park and
Train
12
54
0
575
Totals
29
1 19
1 216
Cavalry Brigade (Oberst von
Lindenau):
Husaren-Regiment
16 60
7
60
3
Ulanen-Regiment 21
6 7
594
Totals
37
1 224
t,197
Grand
tolals:
199
officers, 7,844 men,
2 431
horses,
30
guns
At the same time the XII Corps was disbanded
and
Guilleminot s division was given to the VII
Corps.
Meanwhile the other two Allied armies-those
of Silesia and
Bohemia-advanced
and made
contact with the Army of the North; Napoleon
concentrated his forces at Dresden.
The
Prussian
General Yorck (Army ofSilesia) crossed the Elbe at
Wartenberg,
and
beat off the
IV
Corps which
opposed him.
22
On 9 October apoleon reviewed the VII Corps
near
Eilenburg, and del ivered the following
address:
Soldiers of the
VII
Corps You French and
Saxons You have
been
very unfortunate in the last
affair. I have come to put myself at your head and
to give you revenge
It
is nothing new to see the
French eagle
and
the Saxon flag together, as this
alliance has existed since the Seven Years
War
You should remember
that
you are the same
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ldiers as at Friedland and Wagram
I have not
made
peace
so
that
the enemy
can
his
frontiers to the Elbe. The king, who is
father has given his
army
into my hand; he
cannot erve his king faithfully can go
Thi addre
s
translated imul taneously into
erman by Caulaincourt for the benefit of the
was greeted by the French officers with the
ual cries of Vive l Empereur
and
by the Saxons
an eloquently stony silence. Their enthusiasm
the French cause had wilted as they had seen
homes
plundered and
destroyed by
apoleon s men during 18[3. All they wanted was
the Allie, and throw the dictator out oftheir
apoleon thrust forward at the Army of Silesia
Wartenburg, but his quarry crossed to the left
of the Saale on 2 October, joined
rnadotte s Army of the orth,
and marched
up
course
of
that river. apoleon re-concentrated
forces around Leipzig.
The
VII Corps arrived
Paunsdorfat 4am on
7
October,
remaining in
erve
on
that and the next day. was at this
The Grande Annee crossing a r iver dur ing
the
advance into
Russia in
1812. Although only a nUnor strelUll, th is p icture
gives
some
idea
of
the disrupt ion
an d
chaos which could
be
caused by a water obstacle. The
steepness of the banks
was
as
considerable a problem
as th e depth of th e wat er when
considering the passage of horse-drawn vehicles of the
artillery
train.
juncture that the Saxons, voted with their feet,
leaving the French lines to march into the arms of
their natural allies.
The
German defections suffered
by apoleon
at
this period were as follows:
As the tide of events turned against apoleon in
the autumn of 1813, his
German
vassal states
contingents
began
to fall away from
him
on the
battlefields. On the night of 23 September at
Worlitz near Oranienbaum, the Saxon Bataillon
Konig of the 2nd Brigade (eight officers and 300
men under
Major
von Bi.inau) went over to the
Swedes.
On
22-23 August the 1st and 2nd
Westfalian Hussars
had
defected to the Allies at
Zittau, and the 25th (Wi.irttemberg)
Light
Cavalry
Brigade under Generalmajor Graf ormann did
the same on 8 October.
The King of
Saxony
publicly condemned this action,
and Major
von
Bi.inau was court-martialled in
bsenti
23
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On
30
September
the Army ofSilesia crossed the
Elbe at Wartenburg and on 3 October they broke
through the IV Corps (Bertrand) which opposed
their bridgehead; Napoleon
had
to abandon the
line of the Elbe.
The
three Allied armies con
centrated east of Leipzig and pushed Napoleon
back;
he decided to stand
at that
city,
an d
this
resulted in the Battle
of
the Nations (16--18
October
1813).
Describing the mood of the Saxons on hearing
Napoleon s address to the
VII
Corps quoted above,
a Saxon officer wrote: I
t
must have been obvious to
any bystander of this scene that the Saxon reaction
was not rehearsed bu t spontaneous. This mood was
not solely the result
of
their recent battle
losses bu t
certainly
of
the time spent in
Torgau
fortress [April
and May 1813] during which hopes ran high that
they vauld soon join their German brothers in the
common
fight against their
arrogant
French
oppressors. Fate had decreed otherwise, bu t there
was certainly no Saxon soldier there that day who
followed the French eagles with a light heart.
Their
discontent
had
grown throughout
8
3 as they ha d
seen their homeland desolated, plundered an d
burnt by their French all ies . cost the officers
immense trouble to maintain order in their units.
At dawn on
i
October, Reynier
an d
the
VII
Corps reached the outwork Zum Heitern Blick at
Leipzig when the battle had already been raging
for
more than a
day;
they moved to Paunsdorfthat
v ning
V here
n ws
reached them that the Saxon
division was to march o[fto
Torgau.
(Napoleon had
just heard that the Bavarians had defected to the
Allies,
an d
no longer trusted any
German
troops.)
Enemy
a lion
prevented this order being carried
out, however, an d the Saxons had to take up
position at Paunsdorf opposing the Russians an d
Austrians under Bennigsen, Platow and Bubna.
During the morning
of
8
October
the Saxon
Bataillon Prinz Friedrich and some French units
were captured in Taucha by the Army of the
North, and the Saxon division was ordered to cover
Ney s Left flank in the ensuing crisis.
was here
that the defection of the Saxons occurred. The first
to go was the Light Cavalry Brigade (Hussars
an d
Prinz Clemens Ulans), then the Schlitzen
Bataillon
and
between 4 an d
5pm
the infantry
an d
artillery. Th e Allies, informed of what was about to
happen, greeted the Saxons with cheers
an d
sent
24
PlatolPs cavalry to
hinder
the
French
pursuit. The
Saxon generals (Zeschau an d Gersdorf) refused to
sanction this movement, but General von
Gersdorfs ambiguous written reply to a request to
defect did not help e1arify matters: Even now
every brave Saxon must fight with increased vigour
for the good of the Fatherland and for the King .
Thus
Napoleon lost a division, complete with
thirty-eight guns,
at
a most critical moment.
The
Saxon troops were sent to Leipzig after the
battle
to
be reorganized.
n llied Service
On 9October
Generalmajor von R
yssel
assumed
command
of the Saxon division, which was sent to
join Tauenzien s Prussian corps at the blockade of
Torgau. On 28 October
King Friedrich August
of
Saxony was taken into captivity by the Allies
an d
a
Russian, Prince Repnin, was appointed to govern
Saxony. Generallieutenant von Thielmann (pre
viously
commander of Tor gau and
now in Russian
service) assumed
command of
the Saxon army.
Dresden capitulated to the Allies on
November.
On 4November remnants of the Saxon army left
Torgau
and marched to Merseburg, where on the
15th a reorganization took place.
Four
old infantry
regiments von Niesemeuschel
,
von Rechten
,
on Low an d von SteindeJ ) were disbanded, and
the following units established:
Provisional
Garde Regiment of three battalions:
st
B n . - th e old Leib-Grenadier-Garde ; 2nd
B n . - th e old Bataillon
Konig ;
3rd Bn.-the
grenadiers of all remaining infantry regiments
Provisional 1st Line Infantry Regiment of
two bat
talions: mainly from the old regiment Prinz
Anton
Provisional
2nd
Line Infantry Regiment of two bat
talions: mainly from the regiment
P ri nz M ax
imilian an d the
disbanded
regiments von
Rechten an d on Steindel
1St Light Infantry Regiment of two battalions: the st
Bn.
ou t of
the old regiment von Lecoq , the 2nd
Bn.
of
reconvalescents an d ex-prisoners
of
war
2nd
i ht Infantry Regiment of two battalions: the St
Bn formed
of
ex-prisoners
of
war, the 2nd Bn.
of
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G re n a d i e r
officer Inf.Regt.
Kurfiirst gala u n i f o r m
2 Sergeant Inf.Regt.
P r i n z Fri e d ri c h
8 6
3 NCO Saxon
H u ssar s
8 6
OO
8 6
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3
RICH RD HOOK
2
Musketeer
Inf.Regt. v on
Thummel
8 6
2
Corporal
Inf.Regt. Pr inz Anton 8 6
3 Artil lery
officer
everyday dress 8 6
\
~ ~ /
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Artillery s en io r
NCO
p a r a d e d r es s 80 6
M u s k eteer
officer Inf.Regt.
v on
Biinau
everyday d r es s 80 6
3
G r en ad ier Inf.Regt. v o n Biinau pa ra de d r es s 80 6
HOOK
3
c
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Troopers
G ar de d u
Corps parade dress 806
RICH RD HOOK
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OO
NCO
Chevauxlegers
Regt.
Prinz Clemens
8 6
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,
P r e m i e r Lieutenant Saxon Light
Infantry 810- 8 3
Jager 8 0- 8 3
3
M u sk et eer d r u m m e r Inf.Regt.
Pr inz Friedrich
August
8 0- 8 3
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Officer o f H u s sa r s Banner of Saxon Volunteers 8 3
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31/48RI H RD HOD
.
;
P ri v a t e axon L a n d w e h r
F i e ld o f fi c er S a xo n L a n d w e h r
ger
zu
F u s s B a n n e r o f Saxon
V o l u n t e e r s
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of
the old Light
Infantry
Reg imen t von
Jagers
Kiirassier Regimelll} h
h
. cae
0 tree
Ulallell Reglmellt
usaren Regiment squa rons
artillery
was re-formed into two foot batteries
of
eight guns and two horse batteries each
of
guns.
ellgilleers
alld
a bridgillg
Iraill
er the Austrian and Prussian models, a Land-
territorial defence force) was set up,
of
four regiments each
of
three
bat-
and a Banner
of
Volunteers
of
two
of light infantry
and
five squadrons of
sars was also raised.
here was a desperate shortage
of
everything
shirts
to
weapons and uniformity
of
dress was
to be seen. On November
in
an order
the day Generallicutcnant von
Thielmann
ged the national cockade from white
to
green,
and
black.
The
Saxons joined the II [
German
Army Corps
on 8 December.
was
commanded
by the Duke of
Saxe-Weimar a Russian general
of
cavalry) and in
cluded only the Saxons and a Fusilier Battalion from
Saxe-Weimar. During t8t4 the
Corps operated
in
the Netherlands a nd invested the fortress of
Maubeuge which agreed to an armistice on
April following Napoleon s abdication. While the
Saxon
Landwehr
now went home, the
army
moved
to
Aachen
and,
on 2t June, to the
area
Koblenz
Bonn on the Rhine.
On
9 August they moved
to
take possession of the Electorate of Hessen-Kassel,
which was being revived after having been sup
pressed by Napuleun in 18u6.
By
5 August they
returned to the Rhine.
On
8 Nov ember 1814,
in
accordance
wi
th a decision by the Congress
of
Vienna the Russian administration of Saxony was
handed over to Prussia, with Minister von der
Recke taking over the gove rnme nt
and
General
von
Gaudi
the army.
The
Saxon
army
remained
around
K6 n
on the Rhine.
The
King ofSaxony was
still a prisoner of the Allies in Berlin.
Standard
Gar de du Corps .8.0 .812.
White
cloth g ol d an d
blue
borders gold
embroidery and pike
tip red pike. This standard
was lost
in
Russia.
eschichte
der
SiU:hsi CMn
hxex
un d
StGftdarlcm
5
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Obverse King s Colour Infantry
Regiment ~
Low 1 8 1 ~ 1 8 1 2 :
White
doth; gold cypher
shield
edging and
pike
tip;
lsteel grenades
with
red
and
yellow
8.a.rnes;
black border green
oak
leaves
brown acorns
and
white dUunonds. Reverse as
for
reverse of
cavalry Stalldards but with
white
corner
shields
bearins RS
in black. Gel ichichte
der
i hm heft Fahrte1l
und
St4ndiJrllm)
Napoleon s
return
to France from exile
in
Elba in
April
8 I5 threw the Congress of Vienna into chaos
an d
their armies into a frenzy
of
activity. General
von Lecoq had now been replaced as
commander
of
the Saxon field army by the ubiquitous General
lieutenant von
Thielmann who
had now transfer-
red to Prussian service.
He
was
undemandably
regarded by his one-time compatriots as a blataIll
opportunist
an d
was very unpopular.
On
7
April
he left to take over the
I Prussian corps an d
General von Ryssel assumed command
of
the
Saxons.
Th e
Congress
of
Vienna had meanwhile decided
thaI in
payment
for
Saxony s faithful service to the
Corsican dictator she should be divided, losing over
half her area
an d
nearly
half
her population to
greedy Prussia.
The
army too was to be divided, all
those living in the northern (new Prussian ) area
of
the kingdom being transferred to the Prussian
army.
When Marshal Blucher held a conference wiIh
I
I
i
Soldiers I have not spoken to you
for
a long time.
The circumstances which preveIlled this are known
to you. I have however alwa),s shared your fa Ie and
been touched by the many expressions
of
de
pendence, love
an d
loyalty which you have made.
Unavoidable
pressures have forced
me
to
pan
from you a great
number
of
your
comrades and give
them illlo foreign
sovereignty to
me a painful
process.
Only
few
of
you
ar e
left,
but it
is not
numbers but the inner strength, the spirit which
makes an army honourable.
You have always retained your courage and I
am convinced that this will be so in the future; but
good discipline, strict obedience to the orders of
your superiors,
prompt
fulfilment
of
all your duties
an d
good treatmeIll
of
the populace be
it
in an
allied
or
enemy
country are
also necessary
for
your
good reputation.
L et
it be
your
target that in all
Germany nay
the Saxon senior olficers
on
the evening
of
2
Ma y
1815 near Liege to discuss details
of
the division
of
the army neXI day, some members
of
the Pro
visional
Garde-Rcgimem
mutinied and conducted
a noisv
demonstrauon
outside Blucher s
headquar-
ters in protest
at
the impending division breaking
the
window of
his office
and causing
a great
disturbance. Order was restored; next day the
seven ringleaders were
courl-manialled
and shot
an d
the
Rag of
the regimenI ordered to be burned
publicly.
There
is
considerable
doubt
if
this lasI
order
was actually carried
out certainly
at least
the centre portion
of
the colour was smuggled
to
safety.
Th e
original plan for a quick division
of
the army
was replaced by a more gradual process which was
formulated in the area Venlo-Geldern-Krefeld
from
I I
to
Ma),.
The
Saxons then marched
east to Waldeck, where the king s proclamauon
of
abdication from north Saxony was read
10
them
an d
the division
of
the field army took place.
Prussia gained 6,807 men; 7,968 remained with
Saxony. This sorry
day
concluded with the new
Prussians being officially reminded
of
their loyalty
an d
duty
to King Friedrich Wilhelm Il l mora l e
can scarcely have been good.
Shortly
after
this a
proclamation of
King
Friedrich August
of
Saxony was read 10 his
remalnlllg troops.
,
,
I
,
_
... :.
0
,
:
I
0
I
I
I
,
~
~
: ,
,
,
26
-
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34/48
_
Saddle furniture trooper Garde du
Corps
1806.
Oearly
shown are the black
sbeepskin saddle
cover red
sbabraque and pistol bolster covers white greatcoat
regi.menta1lace and the
musket
the muzzle up
position.
all Europe the name Saxon will only be
ken with honour. For my
part
you will always be
of
my consideration and paternal affection.
May
1815
Friedrich August
On
June the re-formation of the Saxon field
y was begun
at
Osnabriick. By 7
July
there
three line inrantry regiments each or two
and
one grenad ier battalions, a light
antry regiment two battalions) and a
Jager
The cavalry consisted of the Leib-
irassier-Garde , a regiment of Ulans a nd one of
The
artillery had four foot and two horse
Manpower came from the disbanded
ssian-German Legion, the Ba nn er of Saxon
and from the Saxon L an dweh r. On 8
ly the Saxon corps was attached to the Austrian
of the Upper Rhine under Prince Schwarz
berg; here they took
part
in the blockades
of
the
of Neu-Breisach and Schlettstadt, while
the reserve was at Colmar. Schlettstadt capitul.ated
on
August, Neu-Breisach somewhat later.
The
Saxons marched home at last on 20 November
,
8t
5
h ni trms
Infantry
Unifonns
1806
usketeer
rivates
Small bicorns with white p omp on ha vi ng a c en tr e
in thc facing colour, round white cockade
made
of
paper, white coat with facing colour on lapels,
collar and cuffs, white or yellow buttons. White
waistcoat and knee breeches, long black gaiters
with brass bu tto ns and shoes. White bandoliers,
square brass buckle on waistbelt front with Saxon
crest, calfskin pack, black cartridge pouch; musket
and bayonet, straight-bladed sword. Powdered
hair, one roll over each ear
and
a long pigtail bound
in black. R ed stock.
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Table of
Saxon
RegUneDts, 1806
disbanded
8
disb
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