overview’of’electrical’energy’ storage’requirements’and’...

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Overview  of  Electrical  Energy  Storage  Requirements  and  

Technologies  

Prof.  G.R.  Tynan  MAE  119  

UC  San  Diego  

Significant  daily  and  seasonal  load  variaFons  occur  

Denholm,  2010  NREL  

Load  Following  &  RegulaFon  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

OpFmal  (lowest  cost)  &  Reserve  Contraint  Requirements  Impact  GeneraFon  Dispatch  Planning  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Historical  uses  and  needs  for  energy  storage  in  grid  w/  renewables  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Historical  uses  and  needs  for  energy  storage  in  grid  w/  renewables  (cont’d)  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Renewable  Electrical  Energy  GeneraFon  is  Growing  

Economist,  2017  

Renewable  Electrical  Energy  GeneraFon  is  Growing  

U.S.  DOE  EIA  

0  

20000  

40000  

60000  

80000  

100000  

120000  

140000  

160000  

180000  

200000  

2000   2002   2004   2006   2008   2010   2012   2014   2016   2018  

Annu

al  Electric

al  Ene

rgy  Prod

uc2o

n  (GW-­‐hr)  

Year  

Annual  US  Wind  Energy  Produc2on  

Wind  Energy  ~4%  of  US  Demand  In  2016  

Diurnal  &  Seasonal  Variability  of  Wind  &  Solar  ProducFon  

Solar  

CEC,  2010  

Wind  

Similar example of wind variability in Germany

Source: E.On Netz, “Wind Report 2005

Q:    What  is  impact  of  increased  variable  generaFon  (VG)  on  power  grid?  

Q:    What  is  impact  of  increased  variable  generaFon  (VG)  on  power  grid?  

A:    Increases  in  Uncertainty  in  Net  Load,  Ramp  Range  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Q:   What   is   impact   of   variable  generaFon  (VG)  on  power  grid?  

•  Increased  need  for  frequency  regulaFon  •  Increased  ramp  rate  for  dispatchable  sources  •  Increased  uncertainty  in  net  load  (aaer  VG  is  removed)  

•  Increased  ramp  range  for  dispatchable  sources  

•  Net  impact:    ~5-­‐10%  increase  in  energy  costs  at  moderate  wind  market  fracFon  (i.e.  ~10%)    

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Dispatch  schedule  for  low  wind  market  share  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Dispatch  schedule  for  larger  wind  market  share  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Dispatch  schedule  for  larger  wind  market  share  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Curtailment  Of  VG  Power  

Evidence  that  this  occurs…  producers  selling  energy  below  their  costs…  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Evidence  that  this  occurs…  producers  selling  energy  below  their  costs…  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

More  flexible  convenFonal  system  reduces  VG  curtailment    è  will  permit  higher  economic  VG  fracFon  

Denholm  NREL  2010  

ERCOT  Study  wFh  19GW  Wind  /11GW  Solar;  61GW  peak  demand  

Storage  enables  higher  economic  VG  market  fracFon  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Storage  reduced  VG  curtailment  è    VG  market  fracFon  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Range  of  Storage  Technologies  Exist  

Denholm,  NREL  2010  

Key  Elements  of  Storage  Technologies  

•  Peak  power  •  Total  Energy/Operable  Time  •  Response  Fme  •  Round-­‐trip  efficiency  •  Cost  •  Technology  readiness  

Storage  Technologies  

•  Capacitors  •  SuperconducFng  Coils  •  Compressed  Air  

Storage  Technologies  

Energy  Storage  Report,  APS  2007  

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