p ersonality t esting personality perspectives review paper-and-pencil tests interest tests
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PERSONALITY TESTINGPersonality Perspectives Review
Paper-and-Pencil Tests
Interest Tests
CHARACTERISTICS
“Personality” – distinctive pattern of thinking, feeling, behaving, and managing interpersonal relationships
Gives a picture of an individual’s typical performance
Clinical setting Identify personal problems Diagnose psychopathology Inform recommendations
Help individuals gain insight from their behavior
Evaluate change after therapy Systematic description of a client Diagnosis Indicator of growth or change Prediction of behavior
PERSONALITY THEORY
PSYCHODYNAMIC
Freud, Jung, Adler Unconscious cannot be studied directly Personality can be inferred from behavior Understanding of unconscious processes Projective techniques
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
Focus on learning histories How behavior was reinforced How personality was affected by conditioning Oppose the use of constructs because it is
not observable Mainly behavioral observation
HUMANISTIC APPROACHES
Analysis of immediate, personal, and subjective experiences
Perceptions, meanings, self Self-concept, self-creation, self-evaluation
TRAIT, STATE, TYPE THEORIES
Traits Physical entities that are mental structures of
personality System that initiates and guides behavior Relatively enduring way in which one individual
caries from another Characteristics possessed by the individual Personality groupings State – temporary behavioral tendency
EMPIRICAL APPROACHES
Criterion group method Population sample with known personality
characteristics Administer tests to both groups Identify items that distinguish both groups Items are placed in a scale
EMPIRICAL APPROACHES
Factor-analytic Method Statistical method used in test development See how items cluster statistically How significant is the influence of each
dimension?
PAPER-AND-PENCIL TESTS
OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
Highly structured items Clear, unambiguous stimuli Close-ended questions Response formats
True-false List of words to check Likert scales Forced-choice Ranking
Normative vs. Ipsative
PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRES
Can be used with individuals or groups Easily administered and scored Measures different dimensions of personality
Attitudes Adjustment Temperament Values Motivation Morality Anxiety
TEST EXAMPLE: EPPS
Need – internal directional force Determines how a person responds to objects or
situations Needs are motives that underlie behavior
ACHIEVEMENT (ACH)
To do one’s best; to be successful To accomplish tasks requiring skill and effort To be a recognized authority To accomplish something of great
significance To do a difficult job well To solve difficult problems and puzzles To be able to do things better than others
DEFERENCE (DEF)
• To get suggestions from others; find out what others think
• To follow instructions and do what is expected
• To praise others; tell others they have done a good job
• To accept the leadership of others; let others make decisions
• To conform to custom and avoid the unconventional
ORDER (ORD)
To make plans before starting on a difficult task
To have things organized; to keep things neat To organize details of work; to have meals
organized To have things arranged so that they run
smoothly without change
EXHIBITION (EXH)
• To say witty and clever things; tell amusing jokes
• To talk about personal adventures and experiences; personal achievements
• To have things notice and comment on appearance
• To say things just to see what effect it will have on others
• To be the center of attention
AUTONOMY (AUT)
To be able to come and go as desired To say what one thinks about things To be independent in making decisions To feel free to do what one wants To do things that are unconventional To do things without regard to what others
may think
AFFILIATION (AFF)
To be loyal to friends; participate in friendly groups
To do things for friends To form new friendships To make as many friends as possible To share things with friends To form strong attachments
INTRACEPTION (INT)
To analyze one’s motives and feelings To observe others; understand how others
feel To put self in another’s place To judge people by why rather than what To analyze the behavior and motives of
others To predict how others will act
SUCCORANCE (SUC)
To have others provide help when in trouble To seek encouragement from others To have others be kindly, sympathetic,
understanding To receive a great deal of affection from
others To be helped by others when depressed To have others feel sorry when one is sick
DOMINANCE (DOM)
• To argue for one’s point of view• To be a leader in groups; to be regarded as a
leader• To make group decisions• To settle arguments and disputes with others• To persuade and influence others to do what
one wants• To supervise and direct the actions of others• To tell others how to do their jobs
ABASEMENT (ABA)
• To feel guilty when one does something wrong
• To accept blame when things don’t go right• To feel that personal pain does more good
than harm• To feel better giving in to avoid a fight• To feel the need for confession of errors• To feel depressed by inability to handle
situations• To feel inferior to others in most respects
NURTURANCE (NUR)
To help friends who are in trouble To assist other less fortunate people To forgive; do small favors for others To sympathize with others who are sick or
hurt To have a great deal of affection towards
others
CHANGE (CHG)
To do new and different things; travel To have a change in daily routine To experience new things; eat in new and
different places To move around the country; go to different
places To participate in fads and fashions
ENDURANCE (END)
To keep at a job until it is finished To complete any job undertaking or task To work at a single job before moving on To stay up late working in order to get the job
done To put in long hours without distraction To avoid being interrupted while at work
HETEROSEXUALITY (HET)
To go out with members of the opposite sex To engage in social activities with the
opposite sex To be in love with someone of the opposite
sex To be regarded as physically attractive by the
opposite sex
AGGRESSION (AGG)
To attack contrary points of view To tell others what one thinks about them To criticize others publicly To make fun of others To tell others off when disagreeing with them To get revenge for insults To blame others when things go wrong
TEST EXAMPLE: SSQ
Preferences, temperaments, personal styles Preference to gain energy and direction Gathering and integrating information Making decisions Life orientation
USES:
Identify talent Adjust for possible weakness Enhance personal and social development Promote an understanding of others Assess learning styles Explore pre-vocational interests
4 PAIRS
Extroverted vs. Introverted Practical vs. Imaginative Thinking vs. Feeling Organized vs. Flexible
EXTROVERTED
Oriented to outer world Seek interaction with others Energized by contact and encounters Develop thoughts and ideas by discussing
them with others Respond quickly to environment Don’t like to miss any opportunity for
interaction or participation Variety of interests Learn and understand by doing Welcome interruptions Choose projects that bring quick results
INTROVERTED
Oriented to thoughts and ideas Prefer solitude Become tired after prolonged contact Develop ideas by thinking about them Wait and see before getting involved Few interests pursued in depth Need to concentrate for long periods Work on long-term projects Study to understand before performing
something publicly
PRACTICAL
Pay attention to the real world Interested in facts and real things Realistic, pragmatic Suspicious of inspiration and vision Observant of the world and people Prefer hands-on experience vs. theory Learn more by doing and less by studying
books Learn step-by step Few factual errors Oriented to the present Enjoy routines and steady work
IMAGINATIVE
Enjoy possibilities Take less notice of physical surroundings Prefer to learn theory then application Enjoy words and playing with words Learn by insight and hunches Enjoy variety and learning new skills Tend to work in intense bursts of energy then
rest Enjoy complexity, overlook details, skip
steps, stronger in concepts than facts Interested in the future
THINKING
Use objective standards to make decisions Engage in analysis and criticism Strive for fairness and justice Aim for consistency Like rules and use logic to predict
consequences Truth over tact, logic over emotion Doubt or question others who disagree with
them Usually communicate in a brief, business-like,
sequential way May be rather blunt, does not praise often Enjoy competition and debate
FEELING
Personal standards for decision-making Focus on own and others’ needs and wants Express appreciation and sympathy Agree with others to promote harmony Compassion for others Make exceptions to the rules Praise others often Concerned over others’ feelings Like to please others Accept and trust others
ORGANIZED
Like to make decisions, settle things, have closure
Outcome-oriented Likes to plan Persistent in working toward a goal Want to control things Like to know plans ahead of time, may not
like surprises Generally follow rules and are dependable Strive to be right and have definite opinions
FLEXIBLE
Postpone decision-making and have things remain open-ended
Generally tolerant of other people’s opinions, open-minded
Rely on serendipity Enjoy process of doing something rather than
the end product Enjoy beginning an activity than completing
it Enjoy flexibility and surprises Not follow rules or not interested in neatness
and order
TEST EXAMPLE: GZTS
Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey Personality characteristics Normal personality and temperament For use in career planning, counselling, and
research
GZTS FACTORS
General Activity (G) Indicates strong drive, energy, activity Catalyzer – exaggerates the appearance of all other
traits Restraint (R)
Ability to moderate drives, impulses, and emotions Ascendance (A)
Comfort in being in a leadership position Sociability (S)
Ease in the company of others, enjoyment of others’ company, readiness to establish intimate rapport
Emotional Stability (E) Ability to withstand strong emotions to think more
clearly
GZTS FACTORS
Objectivity (O) Egoism, touchiness, hypersensitivity
Friendliness (F) Pacifist tendencies, urge to please others, desire to
be liked Thoughtfulness (T)
Reflection, planning, paying attention to oneself and other people
Personal Relations (P) Getting along with others, tolerance and
understanding of people and their weaknesses Masculinity (M)
More understood by men and more accepted by them; unsympathetic and callous
TEST EXAMPLE: NEO-IPIP
Neuroticism Anxiety Hostility Depression Self-consciousness Impulsiveness Vulnerability to Stress
Extraversion Friendliness Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity Excitement Seeking Positive Emotion
Openness to Experience Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values
Agreeableness Trust Straightforwardness Altruism Compliance Modesty Tender-mindedness
Conscientiousness Competence Order Dutifulness Achievement Striving Self-discipline Deliberation
SOURCE: SCHWARTZ, H.A. ET AL. (2013). PERSONALITY, GENDER, AND LANGUAGE IN SOCIAL MEDIA: THE OPEN-VOCABULARY APPROACH (PLOS ONE)
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