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Paper DeliveryPaper Delivery
I want a Hard Copy...I want a Hard Copy... ...but will be ‘happy’ to print it here...but will be ‘happy’ to print it here If you submit Electronically...If you submit Electronically...
Word Perfect (V9.0 or earlier)Word Perfect (V9.0 or earlier) Word (2000 or earlier)Word (2000 or earlier) format for Cannon BJ-200exformat for Cannon BJ-200ex
or another Cannon Bubble Jetor another Cannon Bubble Jet You are still liable for ‘Detail’ errorsYou are still liable for ‘Detail’ errors
HomeworkHomework Term Paper due 12 April Term Paper due 12 April
Readings:Readings:[16] “Reconstructing Transmission Networks[16] “Reconstructing Transmission Networks
using ATM and DWDM”using ATM and DWDM”[17] “Scaling Optical Data Networks with[17] “Scaling Optical Data Networks with
Wavelength Routing”Wavelength Routing”[18] “New Juice for Analog Modems”[18] “New Juice for Analog Modems”
SignalingSignaling
In Channel Signaling: In Channel Signaling: Uses same resources for signaling & traffic Uses same resources for signaling & traffic (phone - Central Office)(phone - Central Office)
Out of Channel Signaling Out of Channel Signaling a.k.a. Common Channel Signaling: a.k.a. Common Channel Signaling: Uses separate resources for signaling & Uses separate resources for signaling &
traffic traffic (Central Office - Central Office)(Central Office - Central Office)
SignalingSignaling is the ‘nervous system’ of the telephone networkis the ‘nervous system’ of the telephone network Advantages of CCS vs. ICSAdvantages of CCS vs. ICS
Signaling hardware reducedSignaling hardware reducedFraud reducedFraud reducedFaster call set upFaster call set upCentralized Switching ControlCentralized Switching ControlIntelligent Network FeaturesIntelligent Network Features
Signaling System 7 (OSI Layers 1-7)Signaling System 7 (OSI Layers 1-7)protocol used on CCSprotocol used on CCS
Odds & EndsOdds & Ends
PBXPBXCustomer owned or leased voice switchCustomer owned or leased voice switchMay have data capabilitiesMay have data capabilitiesSmaller versions a.k.a. Hybrid Key SystemsSmaller versions a.k.a. Hybrid Key SystemsContains many useful features for businessesContains many useful features for businesses
CentrexCentrexCarrier offering which mimics PBX Carrier offering which mimics PBX
functionalityfunctionality
Network SynchronizationNetwork Synchronization
Public Network is broken up into Sync Regions Each region is driven by a Master Clock which may be
sync’d to GPS Selected tandems sync to Master Clock CO’s sync to a tandem, PBX’s sync to a CO Connections between regions are Plesiocronously timed Elastic Stores help smooth out timing differences Slips will screw up data or video traffic & (maybe)
compressed voice
SONETSONET
Optical Signal Standard OC-N (OSI Level 1) STS-1 Multiplexing format (OSI Level 2)
Uses byte interleaving Basic Building Block: 51.84 Mbps STS-1 Extensive OA&M capabilities Designed to move traffic synchronously
(traffic bytes mapped to specific STS-1 bytes)
SONETSONET
SONET Cross-Connects, ADM, OA&M capabilities, & Ring Architectures allow rapid fault recovery
Current technology requires optical-to-electrical conversions at switches, hence STS protocol.
Typical Carrier TDM Backbone Speeds2.5 Gbps OC-4810 Gbps OC-192
OC-1, OC-3, OC-12 are common slower speeds
Note that ATM has no Physical Layer...
Note that ATM has no Physical Layer...
7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session TCP 4 Transport TCP 3 Network IP 2 Data Link ATM 1 Physical
SONET fits the bill!SONET fits the bill! 5 Session TCP 4 Transport TCP 3 Network IP 2 Data Link ATM & SONET 1 Physical SONET
LAN based ATM products frequently have SONET built in, which usually suffices given the small distances involved. WAN based ATM usually needs additional SONET hardware due to a combination of long distances, high bit rates, mixed traffic, and the OA&M requirements of carrier backbones.
SONET RingSONET Ring
SONET ADMs& Cross-Connects
Fiber Optic Cablesin the ground
OSI Level 1 & 2
Physical Network
Trunks
ATM BackboneATM Backbone
OSI Level 2
Trunks may be overTDM SONET basedCross-Connects.
Logical Network
Carrier BackboneCarrier BackboneATM SwitchesATM Switches
Carrier BackboneCarrier Backbone ATM SwitchATM Switch
Trunks
Carrier FrameCarrier Frame Relay Switch Relay Switch
Leased Line
ISP Router
Private ATM ‘Edge’ Switch
Carrier Voice Switch
ATM Backbone riding over SONETATM Backbone riding over SONET
You gotta have SONET!You gotta have SONET!
Covers OSI Layer 1 (& Layer 2) Just about every WAN protocol we’ve discussed
does not have a physical layer... ATM, OSI Layer 2 Frame Relay, OSI Layer 2 Frame Relay over ATM Internet Protocol, OSI Layer 3, over Frame Relay over
ATM Exception! Last Mile Connectivity...
T1 & T3 Leased Lines, OSI Layer 1& 2
Traffic GrowthTraffic Growth
Voice
Data
time
Traffic GrowthTraffic Growth It’s becoming expensive to continually increase It’s becoming expensive to continually increase
SONET TDM ratesSONET TDM rates OC-768 in the labsOC-768 in the labs
Cheaper to multiplex slower speed TDM signals Cheaper to multiplex slower speed TDM signals onto the fiberonto the fiber Take OC-48’s or OC-192’s...Take OC-48’s or OC-192’s... ...driving lasers tuned to different frequencies......driving lasers tuned to different frequencies... ...shoot everything down one fiber. ...shoot everything down one fiber.
Result = WDM (OSI Layer 1)Result = WDM (OSI Layer 1)
FDMFDMfrequency
tim
eDifferent channels use some of the frequency all of the time.
OC
-192
OC
-192
OC
-192
OC
-192
f1 f2 f3 f4
WDMWDMfrequency
tim
eFDM over fiber is calledWavelength Division Multiplexing.
OC
-192
OC
-192
OC
-192
OC
-192
f1 f2 f3 f4
TDMTDMti
me
Zoom in on one laser frequency band, and you’ll see SONET based TDM.
1
2
3
4
etc.
frequency band f1
WDM: 32 OC-48’sWDM: 32 OC-48’s
#1 STS-48 Laser @ f1
Laser @ f2
Laser @ f32
#2 STS-48
#32 STS-48
Detector #1
Detector#2
Detector#32
#1 STS-48
#2 STS-48
#32 STS-48
OpticalCombiner
OpticalSplitter
Fiber in theground
Systems are also available that can map an arbitrary input(doesn’t have to be SONET based) onto an optical wave.
WDMWDM Typical Deployed system:
32 WDM OC-48 = 79.63 Gbps 16 WDM OC-192 = 159.25 Gbps
For Sale:100+ WDM OC-48
In the labs:1,000+ WDM OC-48
In the labs & seeing initial deploymentoptical cross-connects
These devices will likely chew into SONET market share
Trunks
ATM BackboneATM Backbone
OSI Level 2
OC-48 trunks may be WDM based opticalCross-Connects.
Logical Network
Carrier BackboneCarrier BackboneATM SwitchesATM Switches
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