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Parabolic Solar Water Heater
Navajo Preparatory School, Farmington, New Mexico
Researcher: Deshna Joe
Advisor: Ms. Yolanda Flores, AdvisorMentor: Dr. Daniel Winarski
http://youtu.be/nHF2Ikd4qE0
Intro. Video
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Student Project: Side View of Solar Water Heater units for rural use, for
homes off the grid.
SUN
sunlight
Proposed Parabolic Solar Water Heater constructed of ¾” plywood, exterior of which is painted black and then covered by a clear acrylic sheet.
The water follows a serpentine path of brass tubing, to be heated.
Infrared radiation from the sun is focused by a parabolic-mirror to heat the brass tubing. Supplemental heating of water by sunlight trapped by an overlying Acrylic sheet (plexiglass could alternately be used).
Provides manufacturing and assembly skills.
Provides winter heating to homes “off the grid.”
Many design alternatives for science fair projects.
Pair of wheels provide mobility.
Combines use of Algebra and Physics
Z
Y
ABSTRACT The purpose of the solar water heater is to help people in the Navajo Nation. It is cheap and uses
only the power of the sun to produce heated water in their homes. The solar water heater will make it
better to heat water naturally and is safe for the environment. I built this solar water heater to give the
people in the Navajo nation the possibility of having warm water in their homes. This water heater is
inexpensive and easy to make. The purpose of this research is to build a solar water heater and to find
out which solar water heater , one without an auxiliary parabolic mirror or one with an auxiliary parabolic
mirror without cover, with acrylic cover and with a Plexiglas cover will produce the biggest change in
temperature. The hypothesis was the solar heater that produces the biggest change in temperature is
the solar water heater with an auxiliary parabolic mirror covered with Plexiglas.
Assemble the box, by gently drilling holes with a drill bit .Second attach the both ends and one side.
Third attach parabolic ribs within the box. Attach the second side to enclose the box. Fourth ½ copper
pipe within box (serpentine path). Attach covers when testing with acrylic or Plexiglas covers. The solar
water heater then used to produce higher temperature, which is powered by a solar panel. Temperature
input and output were measured at different times of the day.
The results of the scientific research did not support the hypothesis. The hypothesis was that, the
solar water heater that produced the biggest change in temperature would be the solar water heater with
parabolic auxiliary mirror covered with Plexiglas. However in the experiment, the solar water heater with
auxiliary parabolic mirror covered with acrylic produced the biggest change in temperature of 7.23 0C.
3
QUESTION1. Which parabolic solar water heater produces the biggest change in temperature using,
a. Without auxiliary parabolic mirrors using,
a.1. No cover
a.2. Acrylic plastic cover
a.3. Plexiglas cover
b. With auxiliary parabolic mirrors using,
b.1. No cover
b.2. Acrylic plastic cover
b.3. Plexiglas cover
4
HYPOTHESIS
The solar water heater that produces the biggest change in
temperature would be the solar water heater with parabolic auxiliary
mirrors covered with Plexiglas.
5
VARIABLES
Independent Variables
Solar water Heater
1. Without auxiliary parabolic mirrors
using,
a.1. No cover
a.2. Acrylic plastic cover
a.3. Plexiglas cover
2. With auxiliary parabolic mirrors using,
b.1. No cover
b.2. Acrylic plastic cover
b.3. Plexiglas cover
Dependent Variables
Change in temperature
The temperature of the water
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BACKGROUND RESEARCH A water heater is a manmade invention; the
purpose of the water heater is to heater water
and hold water. A water heater is a house hold
appliance consisting of a gas or electric
heating tank. Around the 1870, an Englishman
named Maughan. He invented the first instant
water heater. His design of the solar water
heater was influenced by the designs of
Edwin Ruud. Edwin Ruud, a Norwegian
mechanical engineer was the inventor of the
automatic storage water heater. He
immigrated to Pittsburgh. He soon pioneered
the early development of residential and
commercial water heaters.
Solar is energy that is generated from the
sun. The energy can be heat or light from the
sun. This is used to create heat, light,
electricity, and hot water. Solar is a type of
energy also called solar energy. To convert
light from the sun to electricity is called
“Photovoltaic”. In 1839 a nineteen year old
young man named Alexandre-Edmond
Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect.
Solar energy is used all over the world for
powering houses, warming homes and
charging vehicles too. (Nasso Christine, 2009)
A solar panel is man-made material that is
built to convert the sun light and heat from the sun
into electricity. They call it solar panel, because it
uses most of the sun to power the device to make
electricity. A panel is a collection of cells that are
used to create energy. Solar panels are used to help
people generate electricity from the sun for free.
Using solar panels are energy efficient and are eco-
friendly. (Parks Peggy, 2010)
A parabola is a two dimensional shape. A
parabola is also called a parabolic. A parabolic is a
curve shape. A parabolic shape has a focus point
that has a equal distance from one point to the
other. The parabola is also used in space for
example; satellite dishes, radars dishes and many
other that need to be at a focus point. (Kirk T 2010)In this engineering experiment, a parabolic water
heater was built using the concepts of solar energy,
solar panel and parabola. This water heater used a solar
panel to capture sunlight and is transmitted via a
photovoltaic system to the water heater shape as a
parabola in order to create a focus point from the
mirrors/aluminum foil to capture the greatest amount of
heat from the sun aside from the solar panel to heat up
the water running in the tubes. This parabolic water
heater could be used in the greenhouse of the school to
provided hot water for washing. It can also be attached
to tubing in a Hogan in the reservation to heat up water
as well. 7
MATERIALS Quantity
¾ in plywood (1)
Chicago-Electric 45 watt Solar-kit
Model 90599 (1)
3519 trutemp Pen style
Thermometer (2)
Irrigation Pump 12 volt to move the
water through the solar heater (1)
2” Grip-Rite wood Screws (T-20
Drive) (1 Box)
Lath Screws (1 box)
Acrylic sheet 24” by 48” (1)
Plexiglas sheet 24” by 48” (1)
Aluminum Roll (2 boxes)
Card board (4 sheets)
Cerro type M copper Pipe (1/2”x
10”) (2)
NIBCO 10 pack 1/2 –in 90-degree
copper slip elbow fitting (1)
Worthington Lead-free soldering kit
(1)
The Hillmen Group 25-count ¼-in x
2- ½ in stainless steel hanger bolts
The Hillman group 50-counted ¼-
in-20 zing plated standard (SAE)
Regular Wing nuts (1)
Rubber hose to connect irrigation
pump to copper tubing (1)
2x4 8’ long( to make easel leg with
a 24” section and a 44” section) (1)
Hinge ( to make easel leg) (1)
Wheels ( to have mobility) ( 2
wheels)
Black outdoor paint ( 1 quart)
Dewalt 2 18-Volt ½” cordless 18-
volt 1/2” (13Mm) Cordless compact
Drill/ Driver kit (1)
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Box - Assuming ¾” Plywood
22.5” dimension changes to 23” if ½” plywood used.
Z
Y
Side (two each)
10 5/8”(271mm)
Note: each side has 3/16” clearance holes for assembly to ends and ribs.
X
Y
22.5” (0.57m)
End
(two each)
Parabolic Rib
(three each)
48” (1.22 meters)
22.5” (0.57m)
10 5/8”(271mm)
10
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
-0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
Equation for Parabolic Mirror: Y = AX2 + C in meters
A = 3 and C = 0.025 m (25 mm) which puts the focus inside of the box, for safety reasons.
The Y-intercept “C” of the Parabola is set to 25mm to keep the left and right portions of each Parabolic-Rib connected. Focus = 83.3mm “1/4A” + 25mm “C”, or 108.3 mm
C = 25mm
Focus = 1/4A + C
Infrared light from the sun
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Box Team - Assembly Instructions
1) Using the variable-speed-drill, GENTLY(slowly pulse the drill) attach side to plywood base. Plywood base is “on top” for this and both ends are used to support the plywood base as the side is attached.
2) Attach both ends to plywood base and to side.
2” Grip-Rite Wood Screws
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Box - Assembly Instructions
2” Grip-Rite Wood Screws
3) Attach three Parabolic Ribs
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Box - Assembly Instructions
Water In
Water Out
6) Attach Acrylic Sheet
Acrylic sheet is hand-attached with lathing screws (broad head lowers stress on acrylic).
12 VPump
5) Attach Brass Tubing (Serpentine Path)
Cont. Procedure
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• Connect hose to SS connector
• Set a two minute timer when testing the temperature difference
• Measure and write down the input temperature of water with a thermometer
• Release water and start water pump simultaneously
• Wait until the timer goes off• Measure/Write down the
output temperature of water• Find the delta T difference in the
water. • NOTE: Did further research to
find the flow rate of the water. Able to find the efficiency of the parabolic solar water heater.
DATA AND GRAPHS
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Table 1
Temperature of Water Without a Parabolic Mirror
Temperature in 0C
Trials 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Average
A. NO COVER
Temperature T Input Trial 1 9.70 8.90 9.50 10.10 10.10 9.10 9.00 8.90 8.50 9.10 9.29
Temperature T Input Trial 2 8.9 9.1 9.2 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.5 9.9 9 9.2 9.23
Temperature T Input Trial 3 9.10 9.50 9.60 9.30 9.10 9.00 8.70 8.50 9.50 9.90 9.22
Temperature T
Output Trial 1 11.10 12.90 13.40 13.50 14.10 13.90 14.50 14.00 14.50 13.70 13.56
Temperature T
Output Trial 2 12.9 13.4 14.3 14.4 13.9 15.1 14.8 14.8 15.1 14.4 14.31
Temperature T
Output Trial 3 11.50 11.50 11.10 11.40 11.70 12.40 12.30 12.40 13.40 13.10 12.08
B. WITH ACRYLIC COVER
Temperature T Input Trial 1 10.10 11.10 9.10 9.80 9.50 9.60 9.40 9.90 10.20 9.50 9.82
Temperature T Input Trial 2 11 9.9 8.9 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.63
Temperature T Input Trial 3 10.10 11.40 11.30 11.00 9.80 10.40 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.40 10.59
Temperature T
Output Trial 1 14.50 14.90 13.90 14.50 15.10 14.50 15.50 15.70 16.10 14.70 14.94
Temperature T
Output Trial 2 14.5 13.1 15.1 14.5 13.1 13.4 13.5 13.4 14.5 15.1 14.02
Temperature T
Output Trial 3 14.10 14.70 14.50 14.30 14.50 14.80 15.10 15.10 15.70 15.50 14.83
C. WITH PLEXIGLASS COVER
Temperature T Input Trial 1 9.80 10.10 11.10 10.50 10.40 10.50 10.70 10.50 10.60 10.40 10.46
Temperature T Input Trial 2 10.1 9.8 8.7 8.8 10.4 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.66
Temperature T Input Trial 3 9.80 9.70 9.80 8.90 10.10 9.70 9.50 9.70 9.80 10.10 9.71
Temperature T
Output Trial 1 11.70 14.80 13.40 15.70 15.50 16.70 15.50 14.90 15.70 15.90 14.98
Table 2: Temperature of Water on the Solar Water Heater Using a Parabolic Mirror
Trial
Number
Temperature in 0C
A. NO COVER
Time in Minutes 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Average
Temperature T Input Trial 1 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
Temperature T Input Trial 2 9.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 13.00 9.00 8.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 9.60
Temperature T Input Trial 3 9.10 9.50 9.60 9.30 9.10 9.00 9.00 8.70 9.50 9.90 9.27
Temperature T Output Trial 1 16.10 15.20 13.10 12.90 13.90 13.90 14.90 14.90 14.90 13.10 14.29
Temperature T Output Trial 2 16.50 17.80 17.40 15.80 19.50 18.60 17.80 17.50 16.50 17.90 17.53
Temperature T Output Trial 3 11.50 11.50 11.10 11.40 11.70 12.40 12.30 12.40 13.40 13.10 12.08
B. WITH ACRYLIC COVER
Temperature T Input Trial 1 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.70 9.00 9.00 8.80 9.00 9.80 9.03
Temperature T Input Trial 2 10.10 11.50 9.10 11.50 7.80 9.10 8.70 8.80 9.00 9.70 9.53
Temperature T Input Trial 3 10.10 11.40 11.30 11.00 9.80 10.40 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.40 10.59
Temperature T Output Trial 1 17.80 16.90 18.00 17.70 16.90 18.20 17.40 18.60 17.80 16.80 17.61
Temperature T Output Trial 2 17.90 18.70 19.10 19.10 18.10 18.50 16.80 18.70 19.40 17.80 18.41
Temperature T Output Trial 3 14.10 14.70 14.50 14.30 14.50 14.80 15.10 15.10 15.70 15.50 14.83
C. WITH PLEXIGLASS COVER
Temperature T Input Trial 1 9.80 9.30 7.40 9.80 9.10 9.60 8.90 9.40 9.40 8.90 9.16
Temperature T Input Trial 2 9.90 8.70 6.10 8.40 9.10 7.50 9.40 9.10 10.50 17.80 9.65
Temperature T Input Trial 3 9.80 9.70 9.80 8.90 10.10 9.70 9.50 9.70 9.80 10.10 9.71
Temperature T Output Trial 1 19.90 16.70 15.40 23.00 15.00 15.80 10.20 14.10 16.40 23.00 16.95
Temperature T Output Trial 2 19.60 16.70 14.80 14.80 14.50 11.50 15.30 16.10 19.80 20.40 16.35
Temperature T Output Trial 3 13.10 12.90 13.40 13.50 13.10 14.10 13.70 14.20 13.90 14.40 13.63
16
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Note: This data table was added, because further research was made by the researcher on the efficiency of the solar water heater using flow rate
Table 4
Calculations of Efficiency of the Parabolic Solar Water Heater
Covered with Acrylic Glass
Efficiency Calculation Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average of
Trials 1-3
Time to fill 1 gallon with
heated water
6 minutes 2 minutes 2.2 minutes 2 3.05
Amount of Water 1 gal 1 gal 1 gal 1 gal 1 gal
1 gal = 3785.4 cubic centimeters 3785.4 cc
1 cc = 1 gram of water 3785.4 grams
Time in seconds
(60 seconds * 3.05 min)
183 sec
Average Mass Flow Rate (dm/dt)
= 3785.4 grams / 183 seconds
20.69 grams/sec
Specific Heat of Water, c 4.1813 Joules/gram x oC
Average Delta_T 7.3125 oC
Heating of water =
dm/dt*c*Delta_T
633 Joules/sec = 633 Watts
Solar Irradiance 1000 Watts/sq-meter
Capture Area of Parabolic Water Heater 0.6m * 1.2 m = 0.72 sq-m
Input Heat from the Sun = Solar Irradiance * capture area 1000 Watts/sq-m * 0.72 sq-m = 720 Watts
Efficiency = Heat output divided by Heat Input 633 Watts/720 Watts = 88%
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Results & Discussion Table 1, 3 and Figure 1, 2 and 3 shows the parabolic solar water heater without auxiliary
parabolic mirrors. The parabolic water heater without cover produced a temperature
output of 13.31 0C against a temperature input of 9.24 0C showing an increase difference
in temperature of 4.07°C change. The parabolic solar water heater covered with acrylic
produced a temperature output of 14.59°C against the temperature input of 10.01 0C, an
increase temperature difference of 4.58 0C. The parabolic mirror one without Plexiglas
cover produced an output temperature of 13.92°C against an input temperature of 9.94 0C,
a change in temperature of 3.98 0C. In general the solar water heater without parabolic
mirror still increased the temperature of the water but not really high.
Table 2, 3 and Figure 4, 5, 6 show the solar water heater with auxiliary parabolic mirror.
Solar water heater with auxiliary parabolic mirror, without cover produced a temperature
output of 14.63°C against an input temperature of 9.29 0C, producing an increased
temperature difference of 5.34 0C. The solar water heater with auxiliary parabolic mirror
covered with acrylic produced a temperature output of 16.95 0C against a temperature
input of 9.72 0C, an increased temperature difference of 7.23 0C. The solar heater with
auxiliary parabolic mirror covered with Plexiglas produced a temperature output of 15.64 0
C against an input temperature of 9.51 0C, an increased temperature difference of 6.13 0C.
Overall, all solar water heaters without auxiliary parabolic mirrors and solar water
heaters with auxiliary parabolic mirrors heated the water at very significant increase;
however, the solar water heater with auxiliary parabolic mirror covered with acrylic
produced the biggest change and increase in temperature. 19
Impact
The Parabolic Solar Water will have an excellent impact. This will be helpful to the Dine (Navajo) people
on the Navajo reservation, because the solar water heater will generate free heated water for people who do
not have electricity nor running water generate in their houses. The water heater will help maintain the
environment by being eco-friendly and will help prevent global warming. The project is money efficient. The
solar water heater will not cause people to have health problems. The water heater is lighter and has mobility
for people to move the water heater with the sun to generate more heat. The solar water heater can generate
heated water in most climates and also can help with the energy shortages on the Navajo reservation. This
will also help reserve more fossil fuel for the Navajo Nation.
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CONCLUSION
The results of the scientific
research did not support the
hypothesis. The hypothesis was
that, the solar water heater that
produced the biggest change in
temperature would be the solar
water heater with parabolic
auxiliary mirror covered with
Plexiglas.
However in the experiment, the
solar water heater with auxiliary
parabolic mirror covered with
acrylic produced the biggest
change in temperature of 7.23 0C.
21
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
1.To replace the aluminum parabolic mirror
to use a real mirror instead of
aluminum
2.A higher gauge water pump above 125+
psi should be used for better
performance
3.In the original plan there was no SS
connector and this is used to contain
heat
4.A water valve should be installed to test
the experiment
5.Instead of using a 90 degree elbow
connector, I highly recommended a 45
degree elbow connector to reduce
pressure.
References Dunham W. (1994) The Mathematical Universe: An Alphabetical Journey Through The Great
Proofs,Problems, and Personalities.Canada. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gibilisco S. (2002). Physics Demystified. New York, NY. Mc. Graw Hill Books
Hantula R. (2010). Solar Power. New York, NY. InfoBase Publishing.
Hosch W. (2011) The Britannica Guide to Geometry. New York, NY. Britannica Educational
Publishing.
Kirk T. (2010). Physics: Course Companion. Neil Hodgeon. Oxford University Press.
Kirk T. (2003) Physics: For The IB Diploma: Standard Higher Level-2nd Edition. Oxford
University Press.
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45 Watt Solar Kit Model 90599
Chicago Electric Power Systems solar array produces DC (Direct Current) electricity
Powers the 12 VDC water pump without need of an AC-DC inverter
Voltage Regulator provides a consistent voltage level to the 12 VDC water pump.
SolarPanel
12 VPump
ElectricalConnector
SolarPanel
SolarPanel
DigitalVoltageDisplay
12VDC
LowVoltage
USB
5V 3V 6V 9V 12V 12V
DC Output
I
O
Power SwitchLEDDisplaySwitch
Voltage Regulator
Solar panels connected “in parallel.”
For an actual implementation, the electrical connector is eliminated and the 12 VDC pump is wired directly into the jack serviced by the 12 VDC outlet.
Emergency Power Off (EPO): Just turn the power switch off. Alternately, pull the jack out of the 12 VDC outlet.
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IMAGES OF THE PARABOLIC SOLAR WATER HEATER
Photos By: Deshna Joe
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IMAGES OF THE PARABOLIC SOLAR WATER HEATER
Solar Water Heater without auxiliary parabolic mirror
Solar Water Heater with auxiliary mirror
Photos By: Deshna Joe
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