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Pediatric Nephrology
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Ellis D. Avner, William E. Harmon, Patrick Niaudet, Norishige Yoshikawa (Eds.)
Pediatric NephrologySixth Completely Revised, Updated andEnlarged Edition
With 632 Figures and 260 Tables
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Editors:
Senior Editor
Ellis Avner
Director, Childrens Research Institute, CHHS,
Associate Dean for Research,
Professor of Pediatrics and Physiology
Medical College of Wisconsin
Wisconsin
USA
eavner@mcw.edu
Co-Editors
William Harmon
Professor of Pediatrics,
Harvard Medical School,
Director, Pediatric Nephrology
Childrens Hospital Boston
300 Longwood Avenue
Boston, Massachusetts 02115
USA
william.harmon@childrens.harvard.edu
Patrick Niaudet
Service de Nephrologie Pediatrique
Centre de reference des Maladies Renales Hereditaires
de lEnfant et de lAdulte (MARHEA)
Hopital NeckerEnfants Malades
149, rue de Sevres
75743 Paris Cedex 15
France
patrick.niaudet@nck.aphp.fr
Norishige Yoshikawa
Professor and Chair
Department of Pediatrics
Wakayama Medical University
PediatricianinChiefWakayama Medical University Hospital
64185108111 Kimiidera, Wakayama City
Japan
nori@wakayama-med.ac.jp
A C.I.P. Catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 9783540763277
This publication is available also as:
Electronic publication under ISBN 9783540763413 and
Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 9783540763444
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SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
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Publishing Editor: Tobias Kemme, Marion Kramer
MRW Editor: Sandra Fabiani
Printed on acidfree paper SPIN: 12066353 2109 5 4 3 2 1 0
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Preface
Through its past five editions, Pediatric Nephrology has become the standard medical reference for health care
professionals treating children with kidney disease. This new edition, published only five years since the previous
version, reflects the tremendous increase of critical information required to clinically translate molecular and cellular
pathophysiology into the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of childhood renal disorders. This text is particularly
targeted to pediatricians, pediatric nephrologists, pediatric urologists, and physicians in training. It is also targeted to
the increased number of health care professionals involved in the multidisciplinary team caring for children with kidney
disease and their families: geneticists, genetic counselors, nurses, dialysis personnel, nutritionists, social workers, and
mental health professionals. Finally, this reference is designed to serve the needs of primary care physicians (internists
and family practitioners), as well as internist nephrologists who are increasingly involved in the initial evaluation and/or
longitudinal care of children with renal disease under managed health care delivery systems evolving throughout
the world.
The new, sixth edition of Pediatric Nephrology is organized into twelve main sections. The text begins with an
overview of the basic developmental anatomy, biology and physiology of the kidney which provides the critical
information necessary to understand the developmental nature of pediatric renal diseases. This is followed by a
comprehensive presentation of the evaluation, diagnosis and therapy of specific childhood kidney diseases, including
the extensive use of clinical algorithms. Of particular note is a special section on how rapidly-evolving research advances
in molecular genetics, cell biology, and evidence-based medicine are being translated into new clinical approaches and
therapies for many childhood renal diseases. The final sections focus on comprehensive, state-of-the art reviews of acute
and chronic renal failure in childhood. To keep pace with the dramatic changes in pediatric renal medicine since the
previous edition, the content of the sixth edition has been extensively revised. More than 40% of the sixth edition has
been completely re-written by new authors, all recognized as global authorities in their respective areas. The remainder
of the text has been completely revised and updated, often with new junior authors joining senior authors from the
previous edition. In addition to the Around the World Section, which focuses on unique aspects of pediatric
nephrology practice and the epidemiology of pediatric renal disease in different regions of the world, all of the chapters
have been rewritten to reflect a global, worldwide perspective. This has led to the official endorsement of the sixth
edition of Pediatric Nephrology by the International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA) as the standard
global reference text in the field of childhood kidney disease. We are proud that the IPNA logo adorns the cover of
Pediatric Nephrology in recognition of this endorsement. The Editors look forward to a dynamic interaction with
IPNA to take advantage of future opportunities that such a collaboration may provide in the areas of education and
outreach activities.
Other significant changes are also present in this new, sixth edition of Pediatric Nephrology. The textbook has a new
publisher, Springer, which has led to a new look of the cover and printing, as well as the welcome expansion to two
volumes. In addition, in accord with all previous editions of the text, a new Editor, Professor Norishige Yoshikawa of
Wakayama University, Japan, has joined the Editorial Team. This regular change in editors continues to provide a
dynamic mixture of continuity, new ideas, new perspectives and globalism. The current editors are internationally
recognized leaders in complementary areas of pediatric nephrology, and reflect the global nature of the text and the
subspecialty it serves. The Senior Editor, Professor Ellis D. Avner, serves as Associate Dean for Research and Professor of
Pediatrics and Physiology of the Medical College of Wisconsin and Director of the Childrens Research Institute, and has
a focused interest in developmental renal biology, congenital/genetic diseases of the kidney, and research methods in
nephrology. Professor William E. Harmon, serves as Director of Pediatric Nephrology and Professor of Pediatrics at the
Childrens Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, and is a leading expert in the field of childhood chronic renal
disease and its treatment. Professor Patrick Niaudet, Director of the Pediatric Nephrology Unit at the University of Paris
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
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vi Preface
and the Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, is an internationally-recognized educator and clinician-scientist in childhood
nephropathy with a particular focus on childhood nephrosis. Professor Norishige Yoshikawa serves as Chairman and
Professor of Pediatrics at Wakayama University, and has a focused interest in all aspects of childhood glomerulopathies,
particularly IgA nephropathy.
In closing, the Editors wish to thank a number of individuals whose efforts were critical in the success of this project.
The book would never have reached this sixth edition without the dedication of our professional colleagues at Springer,
Ms. Marion Kramer, Ms. Gabriele Schroder, and particularly Mr. Andrew Spencer, our Managing Development Editor,
who served as our guide for the perplexed in all aspects of project management. We thank our families, and
particularly our wives Jane, Diane, Claire, and Hiro for their support and understanding. In particular, the Senior
Editor wishes to recognize his lifetime partner in all endeavors, Jane A. Avner, PhD for her extraordinary editorial
assistance. And finally, we thank our mentors, our students, and most importantly, our patients and their families.
Without them, our work would lack purpose.
Ellis D. Avner, MD
William E. Harmon, MD
Patrick Niaudet, MD
Norishige Yoshikawa, MD
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Table of Contents
Volume 1
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Section 1 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1 Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
# Spri
Adrian S. Woolf . Jolanta E. Pitera
2 Glomerular Circulation and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Tracy E. Hunley . Valentina Kon . Iekuni Ichikawa
3 Renal Tubular Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Michel Baum
4 Perinatal Urology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Richard S. Lee, MD . David A. Diamond, MD
5 Renal Dysplasia/Hypoplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Paul Goodyer
6 Syndromes and Malformations of the Urinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Chanin Limwongse
Section 2 Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7 Sodium and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Howard Trachtman
8 Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Lisa M. Satlin
9 Acid-Base Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Elizabeth Ingulli . Kirtida Mistry . Robert H. K. Mak
10 Calcium and Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Anthony A. Portale . Farzana Perwad
11 Genetic Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Amita Sharma . Rajesh V. Thakker . Harald Juppner
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viii Table of Contents
12 Nutrition and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Lauren Graf . Corina Nailescu . Phyllis J. Kaskel . Frederick J. Kaskel
13 Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Michael J. G. Somers
Section 3 Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
14 Molecular Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Francesco Emma . Luisa Murer . Gian Marco Ghiggeri
15 In Vitro Methods in Renal Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Patricia D. Wilson
16 Animal Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Jordan Kreidberg
17 Clinical Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Susan L. Furth . Jeffrey J. Fadrowski
18 Genomic Methods in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Karen Maresso . Ulrich Broeckel
19 Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Anthony Atala
Section 4 Clinical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
20 Clinical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Mohan Shenoy . Nicholas J. A. Webb
21 Laboratory Assessment and Investigation of Renal Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Aaron Friedman
22 Evaluation of Growth and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Sandra Amaral . Alicia Neu
23 Diagnostic Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Stephen F. Simoneaux . Larry A. Greenbaum
24 Renal Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Agnes B. Fogo
Section 5 Glomerular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
25 Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Hannu Jalanko . Christer Holmberg
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Table of Contents ix
26 Inherited Glomerular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Clifford E. Kashtan . Marie-Claire Gubler
27 Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: Genetic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Eduardo Machuca . Ernie L. Esquivel . Corinne Antignac
28 Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Children: Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Patrick Niaudet . Olivia Boyer
29 Immune-mediated Glomerular Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Michio Nagata
30 Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Bernardo Rodrguez-Iturbe . Sergio Mezzano
31 Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Koichi Nakanishi . Norishige Yoshikawa
32 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Michael C. Braun . Christoph Licht . C. Frederic Strife
33 Membranous Nephropathy in the Pediatric Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
J. Ashley Jefferson . William G. Couser
34 Crescentic Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Arvind Bagga
Section 6 Tubular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
35 Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Friedhelm Hildebrandt
36 Polycystic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Katherine MacRae Dell . William E. Sweeney . Ellis D. Avner
37 Aminoaciduria and Glycosuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Israel Zelikovic
38 Tubular Disorders of Electrolyte Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Olivier Devuyst . Martin Konrad . Xavier Jeunemaitre . Maria-Christina Zennaro
39 Renal Tubular Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Raymond Quigley
40 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Nine V. A. M. Knoers . Elena N. Levtchenko
41 Cystinosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
William A. Gahl
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x Table of Contents
42 Fanconi Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
Takashi Igarashi
43 Primary Hyperoxaluria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Pierre Cochat . Sonia Fargue . Jerome Harambat
44 Tubulointerstitial Nephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081
Uri S. Alon
Volume 2
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Section 7 Systemic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099
45 Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
Seza Ozen
46 Henoch-Schoenlein Purpura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Rosanna Coppo . Alessandro Amore
47 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
Patrick Niaudet . Remi Salomon
48 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
S. Johnson . C. Mark Taylor
49 Sickle Cell Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181
Jon I. Scheinman
50 Diabetic Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
M. Loredana Marcovecchio . Francesco Chiarelli
51 Renal Manifestations of Metabolic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219
William G. vant Hoff
52 Infectious Diseases and the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235
Jethro Herberg . Amitava Pahari . Sam Walters . Michael Levin
53 Nephrotoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275
Deborah P. Jones . Russell W. Chesney
Section 8 Urinary Tract Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297
54 Urinary Tract Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299
Albert Bensman . Olivier Dunand . Tim Ulinski
55 Vesicoureteral Reflux and Renal Scarring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311
Tej K. Mattoo . Ranjiv Mathews
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Table of Contents xi
56 Obstructive Uropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337
Robert L. Chevalier . Craig A. Peters
57 Bladder Dysfunction in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1379
Michael E. Mitchell, MD . Anthony H. Balcom, MD
58 Urolithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405
Dawn S. Milliner
59 Pediatric Renal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431
Elizabeth A. Mullen . Christopher Weldon . Jordan A. Kreidberg
Section 9 Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457
60 Epidemiology of Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1459
Midori Awazu
61 Pathophysiology of Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1485
Ikuyo Yamaguchi . Joseph T. Flynn
62 Evaluation of Hypertension in Childhood Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519
Eileen D. Brewer
63 Management of the Hypertensive Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1541
Demetrius Ellis
Section 10 Acute Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577
64 Pathogenesis of Acute Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1579
Rajasree Sreedharan . Prasad Devarajan . Scott K. Van Why
65 Clinical Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603
Sharon P. Andreoli
66 Management of Acute Kidney Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1619
Michael Zappitelli . Stuart L. Goldstein
Section 11 Chronic Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
67 Pathophysiology of Progressive Renal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1631
Allison Eddy
68 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1661
Rene G. VanDeVoorde . Bradley A. Warady
69 Handling of Drugs in Children with Abnormal Renal Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1693
Ihab M. Wahba . Ali J. Olyaei . David Rozansky . William M. Bennett
70 Endocrine and Growth Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713
Franz Schaefer
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xii Table of Contents
71 Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755
Katherine Wesseling-Perry . Isidro B. Salusky
72 Peritoneal Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1785
Enrico Verrina
73 Hemodialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817
Lesley Rees
74 Transplantation Immunobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835
Elizabeth Ingulli . Stephen I. Alexander . David M. Briscoe
75 Pediatric Kidney Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1867
William E. Harmon
76 Immunosuppression in Pediatric Renal Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903
Jodi M. Smith . Thomas L. Nemeth . Ruth A. McDonald
77 Complications of Renal Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919
Vikas R. Dharnidharka . Carlos E. Araya
Section 12 Pediatric Nephrology Around The World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941
78 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943
Isidro B. Salusky . Matthias Brandis . Ira Greifer
79 Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1947
Christer Holmberg
80 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951
Takashi Igarashi
81 Pediatric Nephrology Around the World North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955
Lisa M. Satlin . Sharon P. Andreoli . H. William Schnaper
82 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961
Felicia U. Eke
83 Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969
Nelson Orta-Sibu . Ramon A Exeni . Clotilde Garcia
84 Pediatric Nephrology in Australia and New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975
William Wong . Stephen Alexander
85 Pediatric Nephrology in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981
Hui-Kim Yap . Arvind Bagga . Man-Chun Chiu
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991
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List of Contributors
Stephen I Alexander
Paediatrics and Child Health
The University of Sydney
Division of Nephrology
Childrens Hospital at Westmead
Sydney
Australia
Uri S Alon
The Childrens Mercy Hospital
Section of Nephrology
2401 Gillham Road
Kansas City, MO 64108
USA
ualon@cmh.edu
Sandra Amaral
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Emory Healthcare &
Childrens Healthcare of Atlanta
2015 Uppergate Drive NE
Atlanta, GA 30322
USA
Sandra_Amaral@oz.ped.emory.edu
Alessandro Amore
University of Turin
Dialysis and Transplantation Unit
Regina Margherita Childrens
University Hospital
Turin
Italy
alessandro.amore@unito.it
Rene G anDeVoorde
Department of Pediatrics
Childrens Mercy Hospital
Kansas, MO
USA
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
Sharon P Andreoli
Indians University Medical Center
Division of Nephrology
Riley Research Room 234
699 West Street
Indianapolis, IN 46077
USA
sandreol@iupui.edu
Corinne Antignac
Inserm, U574
6eme etage, Tour Lavoisier
Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades
149 rue de Sevres
75015 Paris
France
corinne.antignac@inserm.fr
Carlos E Araya
Department of Pediatrics
University of Florida
College of Medicine
Gainesville, FL
USA
Anthony Atala
Department of Urology
Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Medical Center Boulevard
Winston-Salem, NC 27157
USA
aatala@wfubmc.edu
Ellis D Avner
Childrens Research Institute, CHHS
Medical College of Wisconsin
Wisconsin
USA
eavner@mcw.edu
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xiv List of Contributors
Midori Awazu
Department of Pediatrics
Keio University School of Medicine
35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku
Tokyo 1608582Japan
awazu@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp
Arvind Bagga
Division of Nephrology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi
India
arvindbagga@hotmail.com
Anthony H Balcom
Division of Pediatric Urology
Childrens Hospital of Wisconsin
Milwaukee
USA
Michel Baum
Department of Pediatrics
U.T. Southwestern Medical Center
5323 Harry Hines Blvd.
Dallas, Texas 752359063USA
Michel.Baum@UTSouthwestern.edu
William M Bennett
Northwest Renal Clinic
Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital
Portland, OR
USA
bennettw@lhs.org
Albert Bensman
Department of Pediatric Nephrology
Armand Trousseau Hospital (APHP)
Paris, Cedex 12
France
a.bensman@trs.aphp.fr
Olivia Boyer
Service de Nephrologie Pediatrique
Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades
Paris
France
Matthias Brandis
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Freiburg University Hospital
Freiburg
Germany
matthias.brandis@uniklinik-freiburg.de
Michael C Braun
University of Texas Health Science Center
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Institute of Molecular Medicine
1825 Pressler St
Houston, TX 77030
USA
michael.c.braun@uth.tmc.edu
Eileen D Brewer
American Society of Pediatric Nephrology
Texas Childrens Hospital
Houston, TX
USA
ebrewer@bcm.edu
David M Briscoe
Department of Pediatrics
Harvard Medical School
Childrens Hospital Boston
Division of Nephrology
Boston, MA
USA
david.briscoe@childrens.harvard.edu
Ulrich Broeckel
Childrens Research Institute
Medical College of Wisconsin
8701 Watertown Plank Rd.
Milwaukee, WI 53226
USA
Broeckel@mcw.edu
Russell W Chesney
The University of Tennessee
College of Medicine - Dept. of Pediatrics
Le Bonheur Childrens Medical Center
50 North Dunlap
Memphis, TN
USA
rchesney@utmem.edu
Robert L. Chevalier
Department of Pediatrics Box 800386
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville, VA 22908
USA
rlc2m@Virginia.Edu
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List of Contributors xv
Francesco Chiarelli
Department of Pediatrics
University of Chieti
Chieti
Italy
Man-Chun Chiu
Department of Pediatrics
National University of Singapore
Singapore
Pierre Cochat
Service de pediatrie
Hopital Femme Mere Enfant
59 boulevard Pinel
69677 Bron
France
pierre.cochat@chu-lyon.fr
Rosanna Coppo
Post-Graduated School of Nephrology
Post-Graduated School of Paediatrics
University of Turin
Turin
Italy
rosanna.coppo@unito.it
William G Couser
Affiliate Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
University of Washington
16050 169th Ave NE
Woodinville, WA 98072
USA
wgc@u.washington.edu
Katherine MacRae Dell
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital and
Case Western Reserve University
11100 Euclid Avenue, RBC 787
Cleveland, OH 44106
USA
katherine.dell@case.edu
Prasad Devarajan
Department of Pediatrics
Medical College of Wisconsin
8701 Watertown Plank Road
MACC Fund Research Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 532260509
USA
Olivier Devuyst
Division of Nephrology
Universite catholique de Louvain Medical School
B1200 BrusselsBelgium
Olivier.Devuyst@uclouvain.be
Vikas R Dharnidharka
Department of Pediatrics
University of Florida
College of Medicine
Gainesville, FL
USA
vikasmd@peds.ufl.edu
David A Diamond
Harvard Medical School
Department of Urology
Childrens Hospital Boston
Boston, MA
USA
David.Diamond@childrens.harvard.edu
Olivier Dunand
Department of Pediatric Nephrology
Armand Trousseau Hospital (APHP)
Paris, Cedex 12
France
Allison Eddy
University of Washington
Division of Nephrology
Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences
Childrens Hospital & Regional Medical Center
4800 Sand Point Way NE, A7931Seattle, WA 98105
USA
allison.eddy@seattlechildrens.org
Felicia U Eke
Department of Paediatrics
University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital
Port Harcourt
Nigeria
fellyeke@yahoo.com
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xvi List of Contributors
Demetrius Ellis
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh
3705 Fifth Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA
USA
demetrius.ellis@chp.edu
Francesco Emma
Division of Nephrology and Dialysis
Bambino Gesu Childrens Hospital and Research Institute
Rome
Italy
emma@opbg.net
Ernie L Esquivel
Universite Paris Descartes
Faculte de Medecine Paris Descartes
Paris
France
Ramon A Exeni
Service of Pediatric Nephrology
Childrens Hospital and University of Carabobo
Apartado 3273
Valencia
Estado Carabobo
Venezuela
Jeffrey J Fadrowski
Dept. of Pediatrics, Epidemiology
Johns Hopkins University
Welch Center f. Prevention Epidemiology
2024 E. Monument Street
Baltimore, MD
USA
Sonia Fargue
Centre de reference des maladies renales rares
Hospices Civils de Lyon
Lyon
France
Joseph T Flynn
University of Washington
Pediatric Hypertension Program
Division of Nephrology
Childrens Hospital and Regional Medical Center
Seattle, WA
USA
joseph.flynn@seattlechildrens.org
Agnes B Fogo
MCN C3310
Department of Pathology
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, TN 37232
USA
agnes.fogo@vanderbilt.edu
Aaron Friedman
Department of Pediatrics
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis
Minnesota
USA
alfried@umn.edu
Susan L Furth
Department of Pediatrics, Epidemiology
Johns Hopkins University
Welch Center for Prevention Epidemiology
2024 E. Monument Street
Baltimore, MD
USA
sfurth@jhmi.edu
William A Gahl
Section on Human Biochemical Genetics
Medical Genetics Branch
National Human Genome Research Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 208921851USA
bgahl@helix.nih.gov
Clotilde Garcia
Service of Pediatric Nephrology
Childrens Hospital and University of Carabobo
Apartado 3273
Valencia
Estado Carabobo
Venezuela
Gian Marco Ghiggeri
Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation
Giannina Gaslini Childrens Hospital and Research Institute
Genoa
Italy
Stuart Goldstein
Pediatrics, Renal Section
Texas Childrens Hospital
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List of Contributors xvii
Baylor College of Medicine
6621 Fannin, MC32482Houston, TX 77030
USA
slgoldst@texaschildrenshospital.org
Paul Goodyer
Montreal Childrens Hospital
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
2300 Tupper Street
Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3
Canada
Paul.Goodyer@muhc.mcgill.ca
Larry A Greenbaum
Department of Pediatrics
Emory University School of Medicine
2015 Uppergate Drive, NE
Atlanta, GA 30322
USA
Larry_Greenbaum@oz.ped.emory.edu
Ira Greifer
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Monte Fiore Medical Center
Bronx
New York
USA
Marie-Claire Gubler
Department of Pediatrics
University of Minnesota Medical School
420 Delaware Street SE
Minneapolis, MN
USA
Jerome Harambat
Service de pediatrie
Bordeaux
France
William E Harmon
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric Nephrology
Childrens Hospital Boston
300 Longwood Avenue
Boston, MA 02115
USA
william.harmon@childrens.harvard.edu
Friedhelm Hildebrandt
Departments of Pediatrics and of Human Genetics
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
University of Michigan
1150 W Medical Ctr Dr
Ann Arbor, Michigan 481095646USA
fhilde@umich.edu
William G ant Hoff
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
Great Ormond Street Hospital
London WC1N 3JH
UK
vanthw@gosh.nhs.uk
Christer Holmberg
Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation
Helsinki University Central Hospital
PO 281 Hospital District of Helsinki and UUsimaa
Helsinki
Finland
christer.holmberg@hus.fi
Tracy E Hunley
Department of Pediatrics
Tokai University Hospital
Boseidai, Isehara
Kanagawa
Japan
Iekuni Ichikawa
Department of Pediatrics
Tokai University Hospital
Boseidai, Isehara
Kanagawa
Japan
JapanJapanIekunii@aol.com
Takashi Igarashi
Graduate School of Medicine
The University of Tokyo
Tokyo
Japan
iga7400@mxq.mesh.ne.jp
Elizabeth Ingulli
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
University of California
San Diego
USA
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xviii List of Contributors
Hannu Jalanko
Hospital for Children and Adolescents
University of Helsinki
PO 281 Hospital District of Helsinki and UUsimaa
Helsinki
Finland
hannu.jalanko@hus.fi
J Ashley Jefferson
Division of Nephrology
University of Washington
Box 356521
1959 NE Pacific Street
Seattle, WA 98195
USA
Xavier Jeunemaitre
Department of Molecular Genetics
Hopital Europeen George Pompidou
Paris
France
xavier.jeunemaitre@egp.aphp.fr
S Johnson
Birmingham Childrens Hospital
University of Birmingham
Birmingham
UK
Deborah P Jones
The University of Tennessee
College of Medicine - Department of Pediatrics
Le Bonheur Childrens Medical Center
50 North Dunlap
Memphis, TN
USA
dpjones@utmem.edu
Harald Juppner
Endocrine Unit and Pediatric Nephrology Unit
Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA
USA
jueppner@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
Clifford E Kashtan
Department of Pediatrics
University of Minnesota Medical School
420 Delaware Street SE
Minneapolis, MN
USA
kasht001@umn.edu
Frederick J Kaskel
Section on Nephrology
111 East 210th Street
Childrens Hospital at Montefiore
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Bronx
New York 104672490USA
fkaskel@aecom.yu.edu
Nine V A M Knoers
Departments of Human Genetics
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
PO Box 9101
6500 HB Nijmegen
The Netherlands
n.knoers@antrg.umcn.nl
Valentina Kon
Department of Pediatrics
Tokai University Hospital
Boseidai, Isehara
Kanagawa
Japan
Martin Konrad
Department of Pediatric Nephrology
Munster University Childrens Hospital
Munster
Germany
konradma@uni-muenster.de
Jordan Kreidberg
Department of Nephrology
Childrens Hospital Boston
Boston, MA 2115
USA
jordan.kreidberg@childrens.harvard.edu
Richard S Lee
Harvard Medical School
Department of Urology
Childrens Hospital Boston
Boston, MA
USA
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List of Contributors xix
Michael Levin
Department of Paediatrics
Imperial College (St Marys Campus)
London
UK
m.levin@imperial.ac.uk
Elena N Levtchenko
Department of Pediatric Nephrology
University Hospital Leuven
Herestraat 49
B3000 LeuvenBelgium
elena.levtchenko@uzleuven.be
Christoph Licht
Division of Nephrology
The Hospital for Sick Children
University of Toronto
555 University Ave
Toronto, ON M5G 1X8
Canada
christoph.licht@sickkids.ca
Chanin Limwongse
2 Prannok Rd
Division of Medical Genetics
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital
Mahidol University
Bangkoknoi
Bangkok 10700
Thailand
siclw@mahidol.ac.th
Eduardo Machuca
Inserm
U574
Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades
Paris
France
Robert H K Mak
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
University of California
San Diego
USA
romak@ucsd.edu
Loredana Marcovecchio
Department of Pediatrics
University of Chieti
Chieti
Italy
chiarelli@unich.it
Karen Maresso
Rm C2388
Medical College of Wisconsin
8701 Watertown Plank Rd.
Milwaukee, WI 53226
USA
kmaresso@mcw.edu
Ranjiv Mathews
Division of Pediatric Urology
The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Brady Urological Institute
Baltimore, MD
USA
Tej K Mattoo
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension
Childrens Hospital of Michigan
Detroit, MI 48201
USA
tmattoo@med.wayne.edu
Ruth A McDonald
Division of Nephrology
Seattle Childrens University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
ruth.mcdonald@seattlechildrens.org
Sergio Mezzano
Unversidad Austral
Valdivia
Chile
Dawn S Milliner
Mayo Clinic
200 First Street, SW
Rochester, MN 55905
USA
milliner.dawn@mayo.edu
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xx List of Contributors
Kirtida Mistry
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
University of California
San Diego
USA
Michael E Mitchell
Division of Pediatric Urology
Childrens Hospital of Wisconsin
Milwaukee
USA
memitchell2@chw.org
Elizabeth A Mullen
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA
USA
Elizabeth_Mullen@dfci.harvard.edu
Luisa Murer
Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation
Department of Pediatrics
University of Padua
Padua
Italy
Michio Nagata
Renal and Vascular Pathology
Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences
University of Tsukuba
Japan
nagatam@md.tsukuba.ac.jp
Koichi Nakanishi
Nephrology Division
Department of Pediatrics
Wakayama Medical University
8111 Kimiidera, Wakayama CityJapan 6418509knakanis@wakayama-med.ac.jp
Thomas L Nemeth
Department of Pharmacy
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Alicia M Neu
Department of Pediatrics
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
200 North Wolfe Street
David M. Rubenstein Child Health Bldg
Baltimore, MD 212872535USA
aneu1@jhmi.edu
Patrick Niaudet
Service de Nephrologie Pediatrique
Centre de reference des Maladies Renales Hereditaires de
lEnfant et de lAdulte (MARHEA)
Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades
149, rue de Sevres
75743 Paris Cedex 15
France
patrick.niaudet@nck.aphp.fr
Ali J Olyaei
Division of Nephrology & Hypertension
Oregon Health Sciences University
3314 SW US Veterans Hospital Road
Portland, Oregon 97201
USA
olyaeia@ohsu.edu
Nelson Orta-Sibu
Service of Pediatric Nephrology
Childrens Hospital and University of Carabobo
Apartado 3273
Valencia
Estado Carabobo
Venezuela
nelsonorta1@yahoo.com
Seza Ozen
Department of Pediatrics
Hacettepe University
Ankara
Turkey
sezaozen@hacettepe.edu.tr
Amitava Pahari
Department of Paediatrics
Imperial College (St Marys Campus)
London
UK
Farzana Perwad
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
University of California
San Francisco
San Francisco, CA 941430748USA
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List of Contributors xxi
Craig A Peters
Department of Urology Box 800422
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville, VA 22908
USA
cap9b@Virginia.Edu
Jolanta E Pitera
Nephro-Urology Unit
University College London Institute of Child Health
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 1EH
UK
Anthony A Portale
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
University of California
San Francisco
San Francisco, CA 941430748USA
aportale@peds.ucsf.edu
Raymond Quigley
Department of Pediatrics
UT Southwestern Medical Center
5323 Harry Hines Blvd.
Dallas
TX 753909063USA
Raymond.quigley@utsouthwestern.edu
Lesley Rees
Nephrourology Unit
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust
London WC1N 3JH
UK
L.Rees@ich.ucl.ac.uk
Bernardo Rodrguez-Iturbe
Apartado postal 1430
Maracaibo, Estado Zulia 4001-A
Venezuela
bernardori@telcel.net.ve
David Rozansky
Division of Nephrology
Department of Pediatrics
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, Oregon 97201
USA
Remi Salomon
Department of Pediatric Nephrology
Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades
149, rue de Sevres
75743 Paris, Cedex 15
France
Isidro B Salusky
10833 Le Conte Avenue, Box 951752
General Clinical Research Center
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles, CA 900951752USA
isalusky@mednet.ucla.edu
Lisa M Satlin
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
One Gustave L. Levy Place
New York
NY 100296574USA
lisa.satlin@mssm.edu
Franz Schaefer
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
University Childrens Hospital
Im Neuenheimer Feld 430
69120 Heidelberg
Germany
franz_schaefer@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Jon I Scheinman
Department of Pediatrics
The University of Kansas Medical Center
3901 Rainbow Blvd
Kansas City KS
USA
jscheinman@kumc.edu
H William Schnaper
Pediatrics
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Chicago, IL
USA
schnaper@northwestern.edu
Amita Sharma
Pediatric Nephrology Unit
Departments of Pediatrics
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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xxii List of Contributors
Boston, MA
USA
asharma5@partners.org
Mohan Shenoy
Department of Paediatric Nephrology
Royal Manchester Childrens Hospital
Pendlebury
Manchester M27 4HA
UK
Stephen Simoneaux
Department of Pediatrics
Emory University School of Medicine
2015 Uppergate Drive, NE
Atlanta, GA 30322
USA
Jodi M Smith
Division of Nephrology
Seattle Childrens University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Michael J G Somers
Division of Nephrology
Childrens Hospital Boston
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
USA
Michael.Somers@childrens.harvard.edu
Rajasree Sreedharan
Department of Pediatrics
Medical College of Wisconsin
8701 Watertown Plank Road
MACC Fund Research Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 532260509USA
C Frederic Strife
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
MLC 7022
Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center
3333 Burnet Ave
Cincinnati, OH 45229
USA
frederic.strife@chmcc.org
William E Sweeney, Jr
Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology
Medical College of Wisconsin
Childrens Research Institute
Childrens Hospital Health System of Wisconsin
Childrens Corporate Center
999 N.92nd Street
Wauwatosa, WI 53226
USA
bsweeney@mcw.edu
C Mark Taylor
Department of Nephrology
The Birmingham Childrens Hospital
Birmingham B4 6NH
UK
cm.taylor@bch.nhs.uk
Howard Trachtman
Department of Pediatrics
Long Island Campus for the Albert Einstein College of
Medicine
New Hyde Park
New York
USA
trachtma@lij.edu
Tim Ulinski
Department of Pediatric Nephrology
Armand Trousseau Hospital (APHP)
Paris, Cedex 12
France
Enrico Verrina
Nephrology and Dialysis Unit
G. Gaslini Institute
Genova 16148
Italy
enricoverrina@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it
Ihab M Wahba
Samaritan Medical Group
Corvallis
Oregon
USA
Sam Walters
Department of Paediatrics
Imperial College (St Marys Campus)
London
UK
Bradley A Warady
Department of Pediatrics
Childrens Mercy Hospital
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List of Contributors xxiii
Kansas, MO
USA
bwarady@cmh.edu
Nicholas Webb
Department of Paediatric Nephrology
Royal Manchester Childrens Hospital
Pendlebury
Manchester M27 4HA
UK
nicholas.webb@cmmc.nhs.uk
Christopher Weldon
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA
USA
Katherine Wesseling-Perry
Department of Pediatrics
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
USA
Scott K Van Why
Department of Pediatrics
Medical College of Wisconsin
8701 Watertown Plank Road
MACC Fund Research Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 532260509USA
svanwhy@mcw.edu
Patricia Wilson
Childrens Research Institute
Medical College of Wisconsin
8701 Watertown Plank Road
Milwaukee, WI 53226
USA
pwilson@mcw.edu
William Wong
Renal Unit
Starship Childrens Hospital
Private Bag 92024
Auckland
New Zealand
wwong@adhb.govt.nz
Adrian S Woolf
Nephro-Urology Unit
University College London Institute of Child Health
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 1EH
UK
a.woolf@ich.ucl.ac.uk
Ikuyo Yamaguchi
University of Washington
Division of Nephrology
Childrens Hospital and Regional Medical Center
Seattle, WA
USA
Hui-Kim Yap
Department of Pediatrics
National University of Singapore
Singapore
paeyaphk@nus.edu.sg
Norishige Yoshikawa
Department of Pediatrics
Wakayama Medical University
8111 KimiideraWakayama City
Japan 6418509nori@wakayama-med.ac.jp
Michael Zappitelli
Division of Nephrology
Montreal Childrens Hospital
McGill University Health Center
Montreal
Quebec, H3H1P3
Canada
mzaprdr@yahoo.ca
Israel Zelikovic
Faculty of Medicine
Israel Institute of Technology
Pediatric Nephrology
8 HaAliyah St.
Rambam Medical Center
Haifa 31096
Israel
i_zelikovic@rambam.health.gov.il
Maria-Christina Zennaro
Inserm U772
College de France
Paris
France
maria-christina.zennaro@college-de-france.fr
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1Halftitle.pdfPediatric Nephrology
2Title.pdfPediatric Nephrology
4Preface.pdfPreface
5TOC.pdfTable of Contents
6LOC.pdfList of Contributors
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