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A Timeline of Art

By Seth Cole

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(1). Overview

(2). Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Art

(3). Classical Art

(4). Medieval Art

(5). Renaissance

i. Artist Spotlight: Leonardo daVinci

(6). Baroque & Rococo

(7). Neoclassicism

8. Romanticism

9. Realism

10. Impressionism

11. Post-Impressionism

12. Expressionism

13. Cubism

i. Artist Spotlight: Pablo Picasso14. Surrealism

15. Pop Art

i. Artist Spotlight: Andy Warhol

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Since the beginning of mankind, human beings have attemptedto demonstrate their feelings on life, love, religion, and other topics by creating art. Whether it is architecture and paintings,

or sculpture and cave drawings, their art has acted as a timecapsule, and allowed us to see how artists viewed the world intheir time.

As time and technology progressed, so did art, and art historyhas been divided into periods based on techniques and commontrends. In this presentation I will further delve into some of these periods, and explore the techniques, trends, works, andartists that have defined humanity through art.

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Even in ancient times, HomoSapiens have created art. These

pieces of art often involvedstone; whether it was stackingthem, painting them, or carving into them. Later in theera, pottery, as well as

weaving, developed.These works shared a common

theme of food, fertility, basichuman figures, and animals.

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Stonehenge

Wiltshire, England

Circa. 2500 BC

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G obustan PetroglyphsG obustan, Azerbaijan

Circa. 10,000 BC

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Lascaux Cave Paintings

Southwestern France

Circa. 17,300 BC

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D eveloped by the G reeks, Classical Artdates back to as early as 500 BC. Tohonor their vast pantheon of gods, theG reeks created beautiful sculptures and

elegant architecture with marble. Their artists were highly focused on portraying the beauty of humans, andcreated sculptures that were highlynaturalistic. D espite popular belief,these sculptures were not white whencompleted, but were painted a vastarray of colors.

Following their conquering of the G reeks,the Romans adapted the G reeks' artisticstyle for they believed it wasunparalleled. In fact, most of theClassical Art that has survived today isRoman, not G reek.

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Bronze Sculpture

National Archeological Museum, Athens, G reece

Circa. 460 B.C.

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Augu st u s of Prima Porta

Vatican Museums, Vatican City

1st Century A. D .

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Laocoon and His Sons

Vatican Museums, Vatican City

Circa. 25 B.C.

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Following the collapse of the RomanEmpire in 476 A D , Western Europe

became largely decentralized, exceptfor the centralizing power of the

Catholic Church. Also after thecollapse of the Roman empire,Europe saw a period of artistic

backwardness, as the highly refinedmethods of art from the Classical

period were forgotten.

Characteristics of Medieval art include:- Focus on religious (Christian) themes

- D isproportionate and little perspective

- Two- D imensional and flat

- A Hieratic Scale

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M aestaD uccio di Buoninsegna

1311 A D

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Th e Callin g of t h e A postles Peter and AndrewD uccio di Buoninsegna

1308 A D

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C h rist on t h e M ount of Olives

Master of the Trebon Altarpiece

1380 A D

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D ue to contact with the Arab world andthe rediscovery of ancient G reek andRoman texts, the Renaissance

brought a change in Europeculturally. Following the G reek's andRoman's methods before them,Renaissance artist's paintings werefocused more on celebrating thehuman individual, rather thanentirely on religion as it had during

the Medieval era. Characteristics of Renaissance art include:

- Realism and focus on humans

- Accurate Perspective

- Natural Background

- Light and Shadowing

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Th e Creation of Adam

Michelangelo

1511 A D

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D avid

Michelangelo

1504 A D

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Born in 1452 in Italy, Leonardoda Vinci was the archetypal³Renaissance Man´. Alongwith being an outstanding

artist, Leonardo was also anaccomplished scientist,musician, architect, sculptor,mathematician and engineer.Because he was a gargantuan

procrastinator and histechniques were sometimesdestructive, only around fifteenof his paintings have survived. Self Portrait

1512 A D

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M ona L isa

1519 A D

Th e Last S u pper

1498 A D

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To appeal and compete with Protestantchurches for worshipers following theProtestant Reformation, the Catholicchurch sponsored the creation of impressive religious art and architecture,known as the Baroque movement.Baroque art is characterized by richcolor, Christian themes, intenseshadowing, and highly dramatic scenesthat are heavily foreshortened

In France during the late 1750's, the ³LateBaroque´ period, or Rococo emerged.

Rococo art was much different thanBaroque art, as many Baroque artistsgave up their symmetry for the ornateand playful style of Rococo. Rococo artwas often used by nobles for displayingtheir wealth.

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E levation of t h e Cross

Peter Paul Rubens

1611 AD

(Baroque)

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D avid G ian Lorenzo Bernini

1624 A D (Baroque)

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Th e Swin g J ean-Honore Fragonard

1767 A D (Rococo)

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Inspired by the Enlightenment, Neoclassicism grew as a responseto the declining Rococomovement. Neoclassical art washad a much darker subject matter than Rococo art, and was oftenused in French politics under suchleaders as MaximilianRobespierre as well as NapoleonBonaparte. Additionally,

Neoclassicism adopted manycharacteristics of G reek andRoman Classicism, which isevident in the poses of figures,the types of paint, and the drapery

of fabrics.

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Oat h of t h e HoratiiJ acques-Louis D avid

1784 A D

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Th e D eat h of M arat J acques-Louis D avid

1793 A D

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Th e Intervention of t h e Sabine WomenJ acques-Louis D avid

1795 A D

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The Romanticism movementoriginated as a revolt against theAge of Enlightenment and the

Scientific Revolution of earlymodern Europe. Unlike

Neoclassicism, Romanticistartists created paintings far moredreamy and imaginary than

Neoclassical artists, and wereoften narratives. Additionally,Romanticism paintings appealedto the emotions of trepidation andawe, through nightmarishnarratives and awe inspiringnatural shots.

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L iberty Leadin g t h e People

Eugene D elacroix

1830 A D

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Th e Ni g h tmare

Henry Fuseli

1781 A D

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Wanderer Above t h e Sea of Fo g

Caspar D avid Friedrich

1818 A D

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Realism began as a rejection of theimagination and subjectivism of Romanticism, and focused more

on accurate observation of theordinary world. Realist artistswere characterized by paintingeveryday people in ordinarysituations, as well as beingaudacious by painting explicit

subject matter like prostitutes.Additionally, Realism paintingswere often en plein air, whichmeans they were painted whileoutdoors.

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Th e GleanersJ ean-Francois Millet

1857 A D

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B onjo ur, M onsie ur Co urbet G ustave Courbet

1854 A D

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A B urial at OrnansG ustave Courbet

1850 A D

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D uring the Industrial Revolutionin France, the Impressionistmovement began. LikeRealists, Impressionistssought to capture a specificmoment in time, but laid muchmore emphasis on the effectsof light than the Realists.Additionally, Impressionism is

characterized by small, butvisible, brush strokes, opencomposition, and real lifesubject matter.

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Woman wit h a Parasol

Claude Monet

1875 A D

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Paris Street, Rainy D ayG ustave Caillebotte

1877 A D

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C h ildren on a Farm

Camille Pissarro

1887 A D

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Unhappy with the trivial subjectmatter of Impressionism, thePost-Impressionism movement

began in France in the late 19 th

century. Like Impressionism,Post-Impressionism had astrong emphasis on light, aswell as distinguishable

brushstrokes. Additionally,

Post-Impressionism became aneven greater medium for expression, as it was not afraidto have unorthodox subjectmatter.

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Th e Starry Ni g h t

Vincent van G ogh

1889 A D

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A S unday A fternoon on t h e Island La Grande JatteG eorges Seurat

1886 A D

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W h ere D o We Come From? W h at Are We? W h ere Are We Goin g ?

Paul G auguin

1897 A D

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Originating in G ermany at theend of the 19 th century,Expressionism was focused

more on the emotion of color rather than the realityof it, and often timesappeared abstract.Expressionist artists sought

to express the meaning andemotion of an experience,often times distorting their works greatly for addedemotional effect.

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Amedeo M odi g lianiD iego Rivera

1914 A D

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Sokea Soittoniekka ( B lind M u sician)

Alvar Cawen

1922 A D

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Beginning at the start of the 20 th

century, Cubism emerged. Rejectingnaturalistic depiction of prior movements, Cubists preferredcompositions of shapes and formsused in an abstract way. Cubism can

be further divided into two branches: Analytical and SyntheticCubism. Analytical Cubism hadgreater depth and focused on

breaking down forms into simplegeometric shapes, while SyntheticCubism was much more flat andoften used mixed media and collage.

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Woman wit h a G uitar G eorges Braque

1913 A D

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Self Portrait

1907 A D

Born in Spain in 1881, Pablo Picasso,along with G eorges Braque, are oftenconsidered the creators of the Cubismmovement. His style of art changeddramatically through his life, and hiswork can be divided into many periodsincluding the Blue, Rose, African-Influenced, Cubist, and Surrealist

periods. Additionally, Picasso's Cubismoften featured a distorted reality todemonstrate that things could be seenfrom many different perspectives.Picasso's work was often times based on

world events, such as Guernica , a portrayal of the G erman bombing of theSpanish city of G uernica, as well as adistorted portrait of J osef Stalin that gothim into trouble with his fellowcommunists .

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Th ree M u sicians

1921 A D

Guernica

1937 A D

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Girl wit h a M andolin (Fanny T ellier)

1910 A D

Les D emoiselles d' Avi g non

1907 A D

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After World War I, art in theWestern World tended to bedominated by dark themes such asuncertainty and anxiety. Surrealismwas one of the darkest of thesemovements, and Surrealists placedrealistic objects in unrealisticsituations in order to confuse theviewer's sense of reality.

Additionally, other characteristicsof Surrealism include a dreamlikesetting, and disturbing visuals.

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Th e Persistence of M emory

Salvador D ali

1931 A D

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Th e E lep h ant Celebes

Max Ernst

1921 A D

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Wit h out Hope

Frida Kahlo

1945 A D

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Toward the late 1950's, a

movement known as Pop Art

emerged. Pop Art focused on

subjects that wouldn't normally be

considered art, such as

advertisements, pop culture, and

consumerism. Additionally, because Pop Art incorporated pop

culture, it was easily accessible to

the average person.

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J u st W h at Is It Th at M akes T oday's Homes So D ifferent, So A ppealin g ?

Richard Hamilton

1956 A D

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D rownin g Girl

Roy Lichtenstein

1963 A D

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Born in Pennsylvania in 1928,Andy Warhol was a leadingfigure in the Pop Art movement.Andy Warhol had many talents,and throughout his career he wasan accomplished painter, anunconventional filmmaker, acommercial illustrator, and arecord producer. In addition to

painting pictures of Campbell'ssoup cans or Coca-Cola bottles,Warhol also did much printing.Some of his subjects for printingincluded Elvis Presley, MarilynMonroe, and Mickey Mouse.

Camo u fla g e Self Portrait

1986 A D

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Campbell's So u p I

1968 AD

M ickey M ou se

1981 A D

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Green Coca-Cola B ottles

1962 AD

E i g h t E lvises

1063 A D

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Bibliography

B arron's: A P World History by J ohn McCannon

A P World History 2009 by Kaplan

Wikipedia.com

Edhelper.com

Huntfor.com

Time.comYoutube.com

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Unc redited Artwork

Poulnabrone D olmen in Ireland

Rock Painting at Bhimbetka, India

Female figure at Catal Huyuk, Turkey

Fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries:Pompeii, Itally

G reek Pottery at Athens, G reece

Th e Seated Scribe at the Louvre

Scenes from t h e L ife of C h rist ±

BondoneTh e Rocky M ountains: Lander's Peak

by Albert Bierstadt

Th e Raft of t h e M ed u sa by TheodoreG ericault

Th e B etrot h al of t h e Vir g in by Raphael

Small Cowper M adonna by Raphael

La Primiveria by Bottecelli

Adoration by Peter Paul Rubens

Th e D eat h of Socrates by J acques-LouisD avid

Th e L ictors B rin g to B r ut u s t h e B odies of h is Sons by J acques-Louis D avid

The Stone

Breakers by

Gustave Courbet

B at h er Sleepin g by t h e B rook by G ustaveCourbet

Th e E nd of t h e Workin g D ay by J ulesBreton

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Unc redited Artwork

y D ancer wit h a B ouqu et of Flowers(Star of t h e B allet) by Edgar D egas

y Th e Cliff at E tretat after t h e Storm byClaude Monet

y Water L ilies by Claude Monet

y Portrait of D r. Gac h et by Vincent vanG ogh

y Th e Cyclops by Odilon Redon

y

On W h

ite II by Wassily Kandinskyy Reh e im Walde by Franz Marc

y Pair of Women (Women embracin g eac h ot h er) by Egon Schiel

y L ' An g e d u Foyer o u le T riomp h e d u

Still L ife wit h Fr uit D ish and M andolin byJ uan G ris

Portrait of Picasso by J uan G ris

L ion, C h eval, D orme u se Invisibles by

Salvador D

ali Portrait by J oan Miro

I was a Ric h M an's Playt h in g by EduardoPaolozzi

Still L ife #20 by Tom Wesselmann