pharmacology of ginger

Ginger

Zingiber OfficinaleFAMILY: ZINGIBERACEAE

GINGER PLANT• Erect perennial herb with tuberous rhizomes

which are commonly called the ‘root’.

• Extensively cultivated throughout the tropics

• Originated SE Asia

• Three main types found in Jamaican ginger are :

• China blue, Frog blue, Jamaican native

GINGER PLANT

GINGER (Zingiber Officinale) RHIZOME

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GINGER

Essential oil:

•Zingiberone

•Beta-phellandrene

•Alpha-curcumene

•Zingiberol

•Linalool

Pungent constituents (phenylalkylketones or vanillyl ketones) : gingerols** and shogaols***

• Gingerinone

GINGEROL AND SHOGAOL ISOFORMS

•6-gingerol

•8-gingerol

•10-gingerol

• 6-shogaol

• 8-shogaol

•10-shogaol

GINGER OIL: RHIZOME CONTAINS 1-4% VOLATILE OILS EXTRACTED VIA STEAM DISTILLATION

FOLKLORIC USES

1. Relieves joint pain

2. Aids digestion

3. Settles upset stomach

4. Relieves motion sickness

5. Protects against ulcers

6. Expectorant

PHARMACOLOGY OF GINGER

1. Hypolipidemic

Ethanol extract of ginger lowered serum LDL and TG levels in rabbit model of hypercholestoremia

PHARMACOLOGY OF GINGER

2. Nausea and vomiting

In pregnancy: Altern Health Med 2002 8(5): 89-91

Post operative: Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2013 December; 15(12): E12268

Possible antagonism of 5HT receptors

PHARMACOLOGY OF GINGER

3. Anti-oxidant effects

Ginger extracts protect against oxidative stress

Main y phenolic compounds and Pinostrobin from Thai ginger

PHARMACOLOGY OF GINGER

4. Anti-viral effects

Ginger extracts show inhibitory activity against Rhino viruses

Mainly Beta-Sesquiphillandrene

PHARMACOLOGY OF GINGER

5. Anti-Ulcerogenic

Protetive effect of ginger powder against aspirin induced ulcers in rats

Mainly shogaol and gingerol also beta sesquiphellandrene, beta bisasolene

Yonago Acta medica 2011;54:11–19

PHARMACOLOGY OF GINGER

5. Anti-Migraine

Efficacy of ginger powder comparitive to that of sumatriptan in migraine patients

PHARMACOLOGY OF GINGER

6. Anti-inflammatory

Powdered ginger-RA

Ginger extract- OA

Shogaol – CFA arthritis (A. levy, 2006)

6-SHOGAOL levy et al

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE :

C17H24O3

n=4

CHEMICAL FAMILY: PHENOLIC ACIDS

CONCENTRATION IN FRACTION2=0.089 mg/ml

Fig.1 The effect of ginger oil on knee swelling in rat adjuvant arthritis model

post injection time (days)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

ch

an

ge

in

kn

ee c

irc

um

fre

nc

e (

mm

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

ginger oil treated animals

controls

*P=0.002

*

CARTILAGE STRUCTURE – NORMAL ANIMAL

CARTILAGE STRUCTURE- SHOGAOL

CARTILAGE STRUCTURE-CONTROL ANIMAL

Bliddal. H, et al (2000)- significant alleviation of pain inosteoarthritis by ginger extract.

Sharma. JN et al(1994)*- ginger oil caused significant suppression of both paw and joint swelling in chronic adjuvant arthritis

Srivastava, et al(1992)-powdered ginger inhibited pain and swelling in patients with RA.

These investigations reported inhibition of Cox enzymes and lipoxygenases as a possible route of gingers anti- inflammatory action.From these reports there seems to be a high probability that ginger may be a useful source of compounds with antagonistic propertiesagainst pro-inflammatory agents .

EXISTING LITERATURE

GINGER IS USED WORLDWIDE AS A SPICE

dried ginger is usually sold in form of an off-white to very light brown powder.

Ginger leaves are occasionally used for flavouring in ginger producing countries

Description: 5% gingerols

Size: 60ct 250mg

Serving Size: 1  Capsule