planning. requires decisions on ….. what should be done how it should be done who will be...
Post on 16-Dec-2015
218 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Planning
Requires decisions on …..
• What should be done • How it should be done • Who will be responsible • Where the action is to be taken • Why is it done
Planning is the first step of management process concerned with the establishment of objectives and analysis of present limitations
for attaining such goals
Advantages
• Increases the organization’s ability to adopt future eventualities • Helps crystallize objectives • Ensures a relatedness among decision• Helps the company remain more competitive in its industry
• Reduces unnecessary pressures of immediacy • Reduces mistakes and oversights • Ensures a more productive use of resources • Makes control easier • Increases effectiveness of a manager • Helps the organization progress in a manner considered most
suitable
Limitations
• Effectiveness depends upon correctness of assumptions
• Planning is expensive
• Planning delays actions
• Encourages a false sense of security
Guidelines for effective planning:
• Involve top management only at key points in the planning process
• Involve line execs in developing the plans
• Do not look for the perfect answer
• Planning should provide realistic targets & alternatives ways to achieve them
• Plans should start on a small scale and e expanded only when the execs have learned the technique & have become convinced of their usefulness
Steps ….• Crystallizing the opportunity • Securing and analyzing necessary information• Establishing planning promises and constraints • Ascertaining alternative courses of action or plans • Selecting the optimum plan • Determining derivative plans • Fixing timing of introduction • Arranging future evaluation of effectiveness of the
plan
Types of plans
According to time dimension:
• Short term: Upto one year
• Medium Term: >1 yr but <5yrs
• Long term : >5yrs
Types of plans • Objectives/goals • Strategies & tactics • Standards• Budgets • Policies • Procedures • Programmes • Rules • Methods
Goals /objectives
• End results to be achieved • They give direction to activities• Require creative thinking and foresight
Strategies and tactics
• Strategies are aimed at counteracting the actions of the opponents
• Tactics are immediate decisions based on the executive’s judgement and experience whilst facing an actual situation
Standards
• Measure of level of achievement
• Very helpful in evaluating deviations from the plan
Budgets
• Used as both- planning and control device
• May be expressed in units of product, finance etc
Policies
• General statements aimed at guiding thinking whilst making decisions
Eg: “promotions should be from within the company or the existing staff”
Procedures
Involves a selection and establishment of a logical series of tasks within the framework of predetermined policies and objectives
Programmes
• Programme integrates policies, procedures etc required for effecting a certain course of action
Rules
• Rules are related to procedures as they guide action but there Is no time sequence involved
Eg: Procedure for handling mail may require a rule “all letters received should be replied to on the same day”
Methods:
• Prescribes specifically and in detail how a task is to be done
• Constitutes the best method of performing a task
top related