policing today chapter 2 charles r. swanson, leonard territo, and robert w. taylor police...
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Policing TodayPolicing Today
Chapter 2
Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor
Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior
(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• The COP movement focused on programs that fostered five elements:1. A commitment to crime prevention
2. Public scrutiny of the police
3. Accountability of police actions to the public
4. Customized police service
5. Community organization
Focus of Community Policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Response model
• Research findings:– Randomized motor patrol– Increasing the number of police
Problems with Traditional Policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• COP is a proactive approach to crime control with three complementary elements:1. Community partnerships
2. Problem solving using the SARA model
3. Organizational transformation
Complementary Elements of Community Policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Herman Goldstein
• Problem: a cluster of similar, related, or recurring incidents rather than a single incident
• SARA– Scanning– Analysis– Response– Assessment
Problem Oriented Policing and the SARA Model
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Key Components of Community Policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Make the police be more efficient and effective
• Four core principles:1. Accurate and timely intelligence and statistical
crime information based on geographical settings and/or areas
2. Rapid deployment of resources
3. Effective tactics and strategies of enforcement that focus on visible street crimes or “quality-of-life” crimes
4. Relentless follow-up and assessment
Elements of CompStat
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy
• Crime control and prevention
• Neighborhood orientation
• Increased geographic responsibility
• Structures response to calls for police service
• Proactive, problem-solving approach
• Combined community and city resources for crime prevention and control
• Emphasis on crime and problem analysis through the CompStat process
• Training
• Communication and marketing
• Evaluation, strategic planning, and organizational change
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
CAPS
• “Identify and solve problems of crime and disorder and to improve the quality of life in all of Chicago’s neighborhoods.”
• Five prototype districts
• Changes to structure, roe, and culture of policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Evidence-Based Policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Crime is concentrated in isolated areas
• Forces the police to identify specific areas with undue concentrations of crime and then direct their resources at those places.
Hot-Spots Policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Directed Patrol: “directing” patrol officers to specific locations during their patrol shift
• Saturated Patrol: Concentrates additional officers on specific locations at specific times
Directed and Saturated Patrols
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Utilizes criminal intelligence analysis as a means to accomplish crime prevention and reduction through best practices and partnerships with other entities
Intelligence-Led Policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Uses information and analytical tools to achieve the goal of crime prevention while requiring fewer resources
• Improves upon ILP and reflects on the principles of POP, COP, and EBP
Predictive Policing
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Purpose: Organize massive quantities of raw information and forecast specific, future events from the statistical manipulation of these data
• Identifying patterns and relationships between crime data and other relevant data sources to prioritize and target police activity
Crime Analysis
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Common Crime Analysis Techniques
• Tactical crime analysis
• Strategic crime analysis
• Link analysis
• Telephone toll analysis
• Visual investigative analysis
• Case analysis and management system
• Intelligence analysis
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Geographic Information Systems
• Integration of automated database operations and high-level mapping– Analyze, manipulate,
and manage spatial data
• Statistical spatial analysis
• Spatial modeling
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
The Use of Artificial Intelligencein Policing
• Integration of many technologies and disciplines to create systems that can:– Think– See– Hear– Touch– Feel
• Shift from mere data processing to an intelligent processing of knowledge
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Police administrators must ensure that technology development and design support the emerging strategies in policing
• Police executives must manage technologies rather than allow themselves to be managed by it
• Individual police officers must understand their role in the community as aided by, but not controlled by, information technologies
The Impact of Information Technologieson Policing
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