pres09 - electrical hazards 3-02
Post on 13-Nov-2014
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Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards
Safety BASICsTM
Basic electrical theory
I = V / Z•What happens with shock?
•What happens when have fault?
•What happens with larger transformers
or low impedance transformers?
•What is difference between short-circuit
and arcing fault?
Who’s Responsible for Safety?
The “Employer” is responsible forOSHA requirements Electrical Safety ProgramSafety Policies and ProceduresSafety Training
The “Employee” is responsible forImplementing procedures
The “Owner” is inherently responsible forContractors on site
Safety BASICsTM
Safety BASICsTM
What are the hazards as you approach
electrical equipment to perform work?
Safety BASICsTM
Are you thinking that the National Electrical
Code and UL Standards are sufficient to protect a
person working on or near “live” equipment?
NEMAUnderwriters Lab.IEC (Electrotechnical
committee)
Product StandardsNational Electrical
ManufacturersAssociation
Safety BASICsTM
Example of UL 508 – Testing only w/ door closed
National Electrical Code®
National Electrical Safety
Code®
National Electrical
Contractors Association
IEC (International -60364)
Installation Standards
Safety BASICsTM
National Electrical
Code
1997ANSI/NFPA 70
• Requirements for safe work practices
• Addresses hazards:– Shock– Arc Flash
• Requirements forshock and arc flashboundaries
• Requirementspersonal protectiveequipment
NFPA 70E
Qualified electrical workers shall not be asked to work on equipment that is “hot” or “live” except for two demonstrable reasons :
1. Deenergizing introduces additional or increased hazards
such as cutting ventilation to a hazardous location
or2. Infeasible due to equipment design or operational limitations
such as doing voltage testing for diagnostics
NFPA 70E: Safety in Workplace
OSHA 1910.333 (a) (1) & NFPA 70E 2-1.1.1
• Shock
• Arc-Flash
– Heat
– Fire
• Arc-Blast
– Pressure
– Shrapnel
– Sound
Example of an arcing fault
Electrical Hazards
Safety BASICsTM
Safety-Related Work Practices1910.333 Selection & use of work practices
(a) General. Safety-related work practices shall be employed to prevent electric shock or other injuries resulting from either direct or indirect electrical contact, when work is performed near or on equipment or circuits which are or may be energized. The specific safety-related work practices shall be consistent with the nature and extent of the associated electrical hazards
Safety-Related Work Practices1910.335 Safe guards for personnel protection
(a) (2) (B) (ii) Protective shields, protective barriers, or insulating materials shall be used to protect each employee from shock, burns, or other electrically related injuries while that employee is working near exposed energized parts which might be accidentally contacted or where dangerous electric heating or arcing might occur.
Over 30,000 non-fatal electrical shock accidents occur each year
Over 600 people die from electrocution each year
Electrocution remains the fourth (4th) highest cause of industrial fatalities
Most injuries and deaths could be avoided
Shock
Safety BASICsTM
Safety BASICsShock (Resistance Table)
TM
Safety BASICs TM
Shock
(A) Touch Potential (B) Step Potential (C and D) Touch / Step Potential
Current passing through the heart and lungs is the most serious
Safety BASICs
Shock
Human body resistance (hand to hand) across the body is about 1000
Ohms Law: I = V / R (Amps.)I = 480 volts / 1000 = 0.48 amps (480 mA)
The National Electrical Code® considers 5 mA to be the safe upper limit for children and adults.
TM
mA Affect on Person
0.5 - 3 - Tingling sensations
3 - 10 - Muscle contractions and pain
10 - 40 - “Let-go” threshold
30 - 75 - Respiratory paralysis
100 - 200 - Ventricular fibrillation
200 - 500 - Heart clamps tight
1500 + - Tissue and Organs start to burn
Safety BASICs ShockCurrent, Not Voltage causes Electric Shock
TM
Note: Reaction will vary with frequency and time of exposure
As much as 80% of all electrical injuries are burns resulting from an arc-flash and ignition of flammable clothing
Arc temperature can reach 35,000°F - this is four times hotter than the surface of the sun
Fatal burns can occur at distances over 10 ft.Over 2000 people are admitted into burn
centers each year with severe electrical burns
Arc-Flash
Safety BASICsTM
Electrical Arc
Copper Vapor:Solid to VaporExpands by67,000 times
Intense Light
Hot Air-Rapid Expansion
35,000 °F
Pressure Waves
Sound Waves
Molten Metal
Shrapnel
Personnel Hazards Associated with Arc Flash
Heat – Burns & Ignition of Materials Arc temperature of 35,000 ºF Molten metal, copper vapor, heated air
Second Degree Burn Threshold :
80 ºC / 175 ºF (0.1 sec), 2nd degree burn
Third Degree Burn Threshold:
96 ºC / 205 ºF (0.1 sec), 3rd degree burn
Intense Light
Damage eyes – cataracts
Personnel Hazards Associated with Arc Flash
Pressures From Expansion of Metals & Air
Eardrum Rupture Threshold
720 lbs/ft2
Lung Damage - Threshold
1728 - 2160 lbs/ft2
Shrapnel
Flung Across Room or From Ladder/Bucket
IEEE/PCIC & NFPA 70EArc Flash Hazard
• UsersUsers
• ConsultantsConsultants
• ManufacturersManufacturers
• Medical ExpertsMedical Experts
IEEE/PCICIEEE/PCIC
Arc Flash Hazard
• Following are some of the tests run by IEEE Ad Hoc Safety Committee
•All of the devices used for this testing were applied according to their listed ratings
Setup Area For TestsSetup Area For Tests #1 Through #4#1 Through #4
Close-up of Test AreaClose-up of Test AreaA
rc-F
lash
22.6 KA SymmetricalAvailable Fault Current
@ 480V, 3 Phase
Fault Initiated on Line Side of 30AFuse
30A RK-1Current Limiting Fuse
Size 1 Starter
Test No. 46 cycle STD
640A OCPDNon Current Limitingwith Short Time Delay
Set @ 6 cycle opening
TEST 4
TEST 4
TEST 4
TEST 4
TEST 4
TEST 4
TEST 4
22.6 KA SymmetricalAvailable Fault Current
@ 480V, 3 Phase
Fault Initiated on Line Side of 30AFuse
30A RK-1Current Limiting Fuse
Size 1 Starter
640A OCPDNon Current Limitingwith Short Time Delay
Results:Test No. 4
Opened in six cyclesNo CurrentLimitation
> 225 C /437 F> 225 C /
437 F
Results: Test No.4
T1
T2
P1
T3
Sound
141.5 db @ 2 ft.
50 C / 122 F
>2160 lbs/sq.ft
> Indicates Meter Pegged
22.6 KA SymmetricalAvailable Fault Current
@ 480V, 3 Phase
Fault Initiated on Line Side of 30AFuse
30A RK-1Current Limiting Fuse
Size 1 Starter
Test No. 3
601A.Class LCurrent Limiting Fuse
TEST 3
TEST 3
TEST 3
TEST 3
22.6 KA SymmetricalAvailable Fault Current
@ 480V, 3 Phase
Fault Initiated on Line Side of 30AFuse
30A RK-1Current Limiting Fuse
Size 1 Starter
601A.Class LCurrent Limiting Fuse
Results:Test No. 3
Cleared in 1/4 Cycle
Current-Limitation Reduced Energy
> 175 C/347 F
Results: Test No.3
T1
T2
P1
Sound
133 db @ 2 ft.
62 C / 143.6 F
504 lbs/sq.ft.
T3(No Change
From Ambient)
> Indicates Meter Pegged
X
22.6 KA SymmetricalAvailable Fault Current
@ 480V, 3 Phase
30A RK-1Current Limiting Fuse
Size 1 Starter
Test No. 1
601A.Class LCurrent LimitingFuse
Fault Initiated on Load Side of 30AFuse
TEST 1
TEST 1 Close-up
TEST 1 Close-up
TEST 1 Close-up
TEST 1 Close-up
TEST 1 Close-up
22.6 KA SymmetricalAvailable Fault Current
@ 480V, 3 Phase
30A RK-1Current Limiting Fuse
Size 1 Starter
Results:Test No. 1
601A.Class LCurrent Limiting Fuse
Class L FuseDid Not Open,System wasSelectivelyCoordinated
30 A RK-1 FuseCleared Fault inLess Than 1/4 Cycle
Fault Initiated on Load Side of 30AFuse
Results: Test No.1
T1
T2
P1
T3
Sound(No Change From Ambient)
(No Change From Ambient)
(No Change From Ambient)
(No Change From Ambient)
(No Change From Ambient)
Safety BASICsTM
Current-Limitation - Arc-Energy Reduction
Consider that:• Magnetic Force -- varies with the square of the Peak Current• Thermal Energy -- varies with the square of the RMS Current
Non-Current Limiting Current Limiting
Available Fault Current Reduced Fault Current
Safety BASICsTM
Current-Limitation: Arc-Energy Reduction
Non-Current Limiting
Reduced Fault Current
via Current-Limitation
Test 1
Test 4
Test 3
Safety BASICsTM
What are the hazards as you What are the hazards as you approachapproach
electrical equipment to electrical equipment to perform work?perform work?
• Shock
• Arc Flash
• Arc Blast
Safety Basics Video (VHS)Safety Basics Video (VHS)
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