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Problems and Applications of Problems and Applications of Power Converters for Smart Grid
and Energy Efficiencyand Energy Efficiency
Prof. Frede Blaabjerg
Fellow IEEE DL IASFellow IEEE, DL-IASInstitute of Energy TechnologyAalborg University, Denmarkg y,
www.et.aau.dkfbl@iet.aau.dk
Energy and Power ChallengeEnergy and Power Challenge
Main challenges in energy :
• Sustainable energy production (backbone, weather based)gy p ( , )• Energy efficiency• Mobility• Infrastructure
Different initiatives :
- EU Set-plan (20-20-20) and beyond- Danish Climate Commision- Many other countries- Globally many initiatives (Smat grid etc)
Content
∙ Electric Power System ArchitectureElectric Power System Architecture• Renewable Grid-Interactive Control• Smart Grid• System Topologies of Distributed Energy Resources• A Real World Example in Denmark• Energy Saving• Future Research Areas
Electric Power System Architecture
Electric Power System ArchitectureElectric Power System Architecture
Traditional Power System Architecture
• Centralized energy production
• Unidirectional power flow
• Vertical operation and control
Electric Power System ArchitectureElectric Power System Architecture
Challenges in Traditional Power System
Lolland Fuel Cell Micro CHP
Horns Rev offshore wind farm
• Grid integration of large-scale renewable energy systems
• Proliferation of distributed energy resources
• Several blackouts over the last years
• Increased energy demandsIncreased energy demands
• Redesign the entire power system architecture?
Electric Power System ArchitectureElectric Power System Architecture
Electric Power System in Denmark
Key figures for Electricity Generation in 2008
Composition of renewable electricity generated in 2008
Western Denmark Eastern Denmark Source: Energinet.dk
Electric Power System ArchitectureElectric Power System Architecture
Development of Danish Electric Power System
Electric Power System ArchitectureElectric Power System Architecture
Development of Danish Electric Power System
Electric Power System ArchitectureElectric Power System Architecture
Development of the Power Balance in Western Denmark
Very high coverage of distributed generation.
Renewable Grid-Interactive Control
Renewable Grid-Interactive Control
Horns Rev - Vestas V80–2.0 MWHorns Rev 160 MW
Renewable Grid Interactive Controlog
ies
Horns Rev 160 MW
tech
nolo
-sho
re t
Off-
Rotor Diameter 80 mHub Height 70 mWeight 245 tonsS d /
• 80 x 2MW (Vestas V80, pitched, variable speed DFIG with Start Wind 4 m/s
Nominel Wind 13 m/sMax Wind 25 m/sPlatform for helicopter hoist
variable-speed, DFIG with gearbox)
• In operation for more than 3 years Platform for helicopter hoist
Improved Power ControlImproved Corrosion ProtectionImproved HSE Facilities
y
Renewable Grid-Interactive Control
Nysted wind farm 158.4 MW
Renewable Grid Interactive Controlog
ies
All turbines in operation
tech
nolo Sept 12, 2003
-sho
re t
Off-
O&MO&MService once a year• Automated greasing• extended SCADA• Access by boat
Renewable Grid-Interactive ControlRenewable Grid Interactive Control
DFIG control level: Control for DFIG:
Wind turbine control level: pitch control
Targets for control: maximum power point operation
Control for DFIG: active& reactive power
Control of grid side converter DC-link voltage it f t
power limitation control
maximum power point operation power limitations for high wind speeds reactive power control
unity power factor
Renewable Grid-Interactive ControlRenewable Grid Interactive Controlrb
ines
Win
d Tu
trol
of W
Con
t
PMSG control level: Maximum power point Control of grid side converter
Wind turbine control level: pitch control
Targets for control: maximum power point operation
Control of grid side converter DC-link voltage unity power factor
p power limitation control
maximum power point operation power limitations for high wind speeds reactive power control
Renewable Grid-Interactive ControlRenewable Grid Interactive Controlrb
ines
Win
d Tu
trol
of W
Con
t
SCIG control level: Maximum power point Control of grid side converter
Wind turbine control level: pitch control
Targets for control: maximum power point operation
Control of grid side converter DC-link voltage reactive power
power limitation control
power limitations for high wind speeds reactive power control
Renewable Grid-Interactive Controls
Grid Interfacing DemandsRenewable Grid Interactive Control
rem
ents
on R
equi
onne
ctio
Grid
Co
Renewable Grid-Interactive Controls
Grid Codes
Renewable Grid Interactive Controlre
men
tson
Req
uion
nect
io
Danish Grid Code for Distribution Networks
Danish Grid Code for Transmission Networks
Grid
Co Distribution Networks
German Grid Code for Transmission Networks
1
Renewable Grid-Interactive Control
Power production regulation at Wind Farm LevelGrid Code for Transmission Networks
Renewable Grid Interactive Control
Priority 1 Priority 5
Priority 3 Priority 6
P i it 4Priority 4Priority 7
Renewable Grid-Interactive ControlLVRT
Renewable Grid Interactive Control
x= 300-500 ms
Successive & non-symmetrical faults
E-On Grid Code
Grid support by 100% reactive current injection
Renewable Grid-Interactive Control
Uniform dynamic performance of WT
Renewable Grid Interactive Control
Integration of energy storage elements in each WT
The system structure of a variable speed wind turbine integrating with a battery storage system
Renewable Grid-Interactive ControlA 3.15MWp Large PV Plant in Spain
Renewable Grid Interactive Controlr
Pow
erS
ola
r
(photo: http://www.solarig.com)
• Large-scale, PV grid-connected systems (generally feed into the medium voltage grid)
• Power rating from 200 kWp to many MWp (e.g. 10MWp or more)o e a g o 00 p o a y p (e g 0 p o o e)• The amount of the generated electricity depends on both the
meteorological conditions and the instantaneous grid load: energy rejections 22
Renewable Grid-Interactive Control
Large scale PV
Renewable Grid Interactive Control
Large scale PV
r P
ower
So
lar
L PV Pl t ( 200 kW ) l it (%)Large PV Plants (> 200 kWp): annual power capacity (%)as market share of total PV power capacity annually installed (MWp) [2]
[2] http://www.pv-power-plants.com
1 23
Renewable Grid-Interactive Control
Large scale PV
Renewable Grid Interactive Controlr
Pow
erS
ola
r
C l ti iti
Large PV Plants (> 200 kWp):cumulative power capacity byregion in 2008 [2]
Cumulative power capacitiesin selected European countries in 2008 [2]
[2] http://www.pv-power-plants.com
24
Renewable Grid-Interactive Control
Large scale PV
Renewable Grid Interactive Controlr
Pow
erS
ola
r
One line diagram of a Large (1MW ) PV Plant [4]: 4704 polycrystalline PV One-line diagram of a Large (1MWp) PV Plant [4]: 4704 polycrystalline PV modules in 4 PV substructures, 4 PV inverters, the PV system extends over 20000 m2
25
Smart GRID
Smart GRID
How do we control this – Smart GRID ?
Smart GRID
Small scaleLarge scale
Smart GRID
Future Power System
Smart GRID
Three conceptual models for the architecture of future power system
Active Networks ‘Internet’ model ‘Internet’ model
Microgrids
Internet model
c og ds
Source: European Commission “New Era for Electricity in Europe. Distributed Generation: key issues, challenges and proposed solutions.”
Smart GRID
Active Networks
Smart GRID
Possible evolution of passive distribution pnetworks.
Enabling technologies: (1) Power electronics(1) Power electronics(2) New ICT
Smart GRID
Microgrid C di t d d t ll d l t i l b t ith
Smart GRID
Coordinated and controlled electrical subsystem with• Multiple distributed energy resource units
• Multiple consumersp
• Interconnections at distribution voltage level
• Capable of grid independent and grid dispatchable interactive operations
Source: RISØ SYSLAB
Smart GRID
Microgrid Classifications
Smart GRID
c og d C ass cat o s
Single Facility (<2MW) − Smaller individual facilities with multiple loads e g hospitals schoolsloads, e. g. hospitals, schools.
Multi-Facility (2-5MW) − Small to larger traditional CHP facilities plus a few neighboring loads exclusively C&I.
Feeder (5-20MW) − Small to larger traditional CHP facilities plus many or large neighboring loads, typically C&I.
Substation (>20MW) − Traditional CHP plus many neighboring loads Substation (>20MW) Traditional CHP plus many neighboring loads. Will include C&I plus residential.
Rural Electrification − Rural villages of many emerging markets of India, China Brazil etc as well as rural settlementsChina, Brazil etc., as well as rural settlements found in Europe and North America.
Smart GRID
Microgrid Challenges
Smart GRID
c og d C a e ges
Distribution system protection and control practice is largely incompatible with the Microgrid concept.
Bi directional power flows• Bi-directional power flows
• Unit level voltage and VAR support
Non-conventional generation will require new unit control and protection strategies for successful Microgrid operation.g g p
• Variability of renewable energy sources
• Low overload, short circuit ratings
• Power rate limits
• Potential for active load control (e.g., water and hydrogen production)
Supervisory controls will be needed to achieve the full operating potential.• Total energy optimization (electrical and thermal)
• Load management
• Unit commitment
• Aggregation and system performance
• Data acquisition• Data acquisition
Business, regulatory, and tariff structures are presently incompatible with multiparty Microgrids.
Smart GRID
Microgrid Demo Projects
Smart GRID
The Bornholm Island Multi Microgrid in Denmark
Source: EU More Microgrid
System Topologies of Distributed Energy RessourcesEnergy Ressources
System Topologies of Distributed Energy ResourcesSystem Topologies of Distributed Energy Resources
General System Structure for a DER Unit
Conventional rotary DER units • Energy inertia• Fixed speed, low efficiency
Electronically-coupled DER units• Inertialess• Adjustable speed, high efficiencyp , y
• Limited control of power flowdjustab e speed, g e c e cy
• Flexible control of power flow
System Topologies of Distributed Energy ResourcesSystem Topologies of Distributed Energy Resources
Conventional rotary DER units Conventional rotary DER units
Elect onicall co pled DER nits
The system structure of a fixed speed wind turbine
Electronically-coupled DER units
The system structure of a variable speed wind turbineThe system structure of a variable speed wind turbine
System Topologies of Distributed Energy ResourcesSystem Topologies of Distributed Energy Resources
New Requirements from Microgrid Operations
CERTS microgrid operations − Uniform dynamic performance of DG Units
Integration of energy storage elements in each DG unit in the CERTS microgridIntegration of energy storage elements in each DG unit in the CERTS microgrid
The system structure of a variable speed wind turbine integrating with a battery storage system
System Topologies of Distributed Energy ResourcesSystem Topologies of Distributed Energy Resources
System Topologies of Power Electronics Interfaces
Single-stage power conversion system• Simplest configuration• Bulky and expensive low frequency transformerBulky and expensive low frequency transformer• Z-source and NPC multilevel converter are more attractive
Commonly used two-stage power conversion system• One stage controls the primary energy source (MPPT), the other performs grid requirements • Decoupled control of power flow between the energy source side and the grid side converter
System Topologies of Distributed Energy Resources
Operating Conditions and Functions of DER Units
System Topologies of Distributed Energy Resources
• Voltage and frequency controlGrid • Voltage and frequency control• Load sharing
Grid Forming
•Power dispatchGrid •Voltage and frequency supportFeeding
•Maximum active power output• Reactive power support
Grid Supporting Reactive power supportSupporting
A Real World Project in Denmark
A Real World Project in DenmarkA Real World Project in Denmark
The power system in western Denmark production capacity per voltage level
The Cell ProjectThe power system in western Denmark production capacity per voltage level
A Real World Project in DenmarkA Real World Project in Denmark
The Cell Project
A Real World Project in DenmarkA Real World Project in Denmark
The Cell Project
A Real World Project in DenmarkA Real World Project in Denmark
The Cell Project
A Real World Project in DenmarkA Real World Project in Denmark
The Cell Project
Energy Saving
Energy SavingEnergy Saving
• Energy Consumption (dependent on global location) Energy Consumption (dependent on global location)
• 1/3 electricity1/3 electricity• 1/3 heat• 1/3 transport/ p
I f i t• Issues of importance
• Buildings (isolation, behaviour)• New demands (etc. Cooling)• Globalisation (production etc.)
Energy Saving
REFRIGERATORREFRIGERATOR
Energy Saving
SOLAR CELLS TELEVISION
LIGHTSOLAR
DCAC
SOLAR CELLS TELEVISION
LIGHTSOLAR
DCAC
POWER STATION
MOTOR
PUMP
LIGHT
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
FACTS
SOLARENERGY
3 3 3 1 -3
POWER STATION
MOTOR
PUMP
LIGHT
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
FACTS
SOLARENERGY
3 3 3 1 -3
ROBOTICS
TRANSFORMER
INDUSTRY
COMPEN -SATOR
FUELCELLS
TRANSFORMER
INDUSTRY
COMPEN -SATOR
FUELCELLS
DCDC
WIND TURBINE=
POWER SUPPLY
ac dc
CELLS
FUEL
COMMUNICATION
3
~WIND TURBINE=
POWER SUPPLY
ac dc
CELLS
FUEL
COMMUNICATION
3
~
ACAC
COMBUSTIONENGINE
TRANSPORT
COMBUSTIONENGINE
TRANSPORT
Energy SavingEnergy Saving
In the modern world 60% of all
electricity is consumed
by electrical motorsby electrical motors
Energy Saving
Total annual energy consumption by motors: 765 x 10^9 kWh
Energy Saving
gy p y(US 1995) ~ 765 TWh
Power plant in Denmark produces: ~ 300 MW ~2 6 TWh/year2.6 TWh/year
CasePower savings by reductions of1% 7 65 TWh 3 power plants1% ~ 7.65 TWh ~ 3 power plants5% ~ 38.25 TWh ~ 15 power plants10% ~ 76.5 TWh ~ 30 power plants
Energy Saving
Problems / Demands
Energy Saving
DEMANDS FOR ASD
3
FLi i t f Sh ft f
Problems / Demands
Single/Three phase Harmonic Standards Regeneration EMI/RFI Line transients U b l
Speed range Torque-speed characteristic Dynamic response Sensor/sensorless Braking (flux)
Grid 3ASM
Frequency
Converter
Field Bus
Line interface Shaft performance
Unbalance Ride-through
Control Methods Self-commisioning Application software Overload control
Bus-structure Auto-configuration Panel setup C
g ( ) Flying start
Control/Monitoring Interface
Overload control Efficiency optimized Fault-detection Fault-handling
Communication Status-information
Performance can vary a lot
Energy Saving
General trends
Energy Saving
• Price pr. kW decreasesp• Weight pr. kW decreases• More intelligence in drives (internet etc.)• Global interconnection (90 V – 380 V)( )• Converter and motor build together• Other motors are becoming an alternative• Power Electronics in general the key for successg y
R&D Needs in Energy Technology
R&D needs in Energy TechnologyR&D needs in Energy Technology
• Basic research (material, chemistry, etc)• Energy storage• CO2 reduction in power production incl. more efficient power plants• Behaviour change• More efficient cars/airplanes/ships• Create alternatives to fossil fuel (e.g. biofuel)From Vaste to Value• From Vaste to Value
• More reliable and predictable power/energy systems• The energy and power market place• Better interplay between energy sourcesBetter interplay between energy sources• Develope a 1-2 kW society
R&D needs in Energy TechnologyR&D needs in Energy Technology
More Electric Society
Energy Saving
Automation
Communication
Distributed power/ Renewable energy
Power Quality
Transportation
Aviation and Space
Appliance Applications
Power Transmission
Computers
2007
R&D needs in Energy Technology
More electric society
R&D needs in Energy Technology
y
- New (improved) devices- Power conversion technologies- Smart and CHEAP Integration (converter, system)- New applications (eg. LCD’s, wireless, RES..)- Virtual power prototyping (simulation etc)- Multi-disciplinary design (Electrical Thermal Mechanical EMI)Multi disciplinary design (Electrical, Thermal, Mechanical, EMI)- Reliability- Unity efficiency ASD’s (large energy consumers)- Intelligent Load management – combined with power production
High Compact Energy Storage devices (and cheap)- High Compact Energy Storage devices (and cheap)- New concepts for transportation- Smart light technologies- Rare-earth material substitution- Smart grid – micro grid- Etc.
A. Luna, P. Rodriguez, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, "Low voltage ride through strategies for SCIG ind t bines in dist ib ted po e gene ation s stems " Po e Elect onics Specialists
Some published papers in the fieldwind turbines in distributed power generation systems," Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2008. PESC 2008. IEEE , vol., no., pp.2333-2339, 15-19 June 2008
P. Rodriguez, A. Timbus, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg, "Flexible Active Power Control of Distributed Power Generation Systems During Grid Faults," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.54, no.5, pp.2583-2592, Oct. 2007
P R d i A Ti b R T d M Li F Bl bj "R ti P C t l f P. Rodriguez, A. Timbus , R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg , "Reactive Power Control for Improving Wind Turbine System Behavior Under Grid Faults," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.24, no.7, pp.1798-1801, July 2009
F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, A.V. Timbus,“Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2006 398 092006, pp. 1398 – 1409.
S. B. Kjaer, J.K. Pedersen, F. Blaabjerg, "A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.41, no.5, pp. 1292-1306, Sept.-Oct. 2005
T. Kerekes, R. Teodorescu, C. Klumpner, M. Sumner, D. Floricau, P. Rodriguez, "Evaluation of three-h t f l h t lt i i t t l i " P El t i d A li tiphase transformerless photovoltaic inverter topologies," Power Electronics and Applications,
2007 European Conference on , vol., no., pp.1-10, 2-5 Sept. 2007F. Blaabjerg , Z. Chen and S. B. Kjaer "Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power
generation systems", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, pp. 2004, pp. 1184-1194.M. P. Kazmierkowski , R. Krishnan and F. Blaabjerg Control in Power Electronics—Selected
Problems,Book,2002;AcademicPress, , ;Z. Chen, J.M. Guerrero, F. Blaabjerg, “A Review of the State of the Art of Power Electronics for Wind
Turbines” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 1859-1875A. Timbus, M. Liserre, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodriguez, F. Blaabjerg, “Evaluation of Current
Controllers for Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2009, pp. 654-664.654 664.
F. BLAABJERG, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, A.V. TIMBUS,”Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53 , No. 5, 2006, pp.1398 - 1409
Th k f tt ti !Thank you for your attention!
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