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AP Psychology Study Guide1
AP Psychology Study Guide 2011-2012The Science of Psychology
1. Define Psychology
2. Describe the approaches to psychology:
A. Biological
B. Behaviorism
C. Cognitive
D. Humanistic
E. Psychodynamic
F. Gestalt
3. Differentiate between these types of psychologists:
A. Personality
B. Developmental
C. Experimental
D. Social
E. Counseling
F. Clinical
G. Psychiatrists
4. Discuss the birth of psychology and history of psychology through the 3 stages.
5. Describe types of research studies
A. Naturalistic Observations
B. Case Studies, Surveys
C. Correlational Research
D. Experimental Research
6. Discuss the components of an experiment.
A. Participants
B. Independent Variable
C. Dependent Variable
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D. Experimental Group
E. Control Group
F. Experimenter Bias
G. Sample
i. Random
ii. Representative
The Biological Basis of Behavior
1. Neurons
a. Soma
b. Dendrite
c. Axon
a. Terminal buttons
b. Myelin sheath
1. Glial cell
2. Information Exchange through nerve impulses
a. Synapse
b. Synaptic vesicles
c. Neurotransmitters
1. Excitatory
2. Inhibitory
d. Excitation Threshold
e. Action potential vs Resting potential (Ions negative vs positive charge)
f. Depolarization vs Polarization
g. All or none Law
3. Describe the major neurotransmitters and their effects (link to diseases)
a. Acetylcholine (ACH)
b. Dopamine
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c. Serotonin
d. Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine
e. Endorphins
f. GABA
4. Be familiar with the different systems and parts of the brain:
Nervous system
a. Central nervous system: Composed of what 2 parts?
a. Central Core
1. medulla
2. pons
3. reticular formation
4. cerebellum
5. Thalamus:
6. Hypothalamus
b. Limbic System
1. Hippocampus
2. Amygdala
c. Central Cortex
1. Occipital Lobe
2. Temporal Lobe
3. Parietal Lobe
4. Frontal Lobe
d. Right vs Left Hemisphere
1. Corpus Collosum
b. The Peripheral nervous system
a. Somatic Division
1. Afferent Neurons
2. Efferent Neurons
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3. Interneurons
b. Autonomic Division
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system
5. Neuroimaging Techniques
a. Structural Imaging
a. CAT scan
b. MRI
b. Functional Imaging
a. EEG
b. PET
c. fMRI
5. Endocrine System
a Hormones
b. Glands
a. Thyroid
b. Adrenal
c. Pituitary
d. Pineal
c. Hormones vs Neurotransmitters
Sensation and Perception
Senses
Doctrine of specific nerve energies:
Parts of the Eye
A. Cornea
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B. Pupil
C. Iris
D. Lens
E. Retina
a. Rods
b. Cones
c. Fovea
F. Optic Nerve
a. Bipolar Cells
b. Ganglian Cells
c. Blind Spot
Vision
A. Light waves
a. Intensity
b. Wavelength
c. Adaptation (light and dark)
B. 2 Theories of color vision
1. Trichromatic Theory
2. Opponent-process theory
1. negative afterimage
Parts of the Ear
H. Outer ear (pinno)
I. Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
J. Middle Ear
i. Hammer
ii. Anvil
iii. Stirrup
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d. Inner Ear
i. Oval Window
ii. Cochlea
iii. Basilar Membrane
iv. Organ of Corti
Audition (The sense of hearing)
A. Sound Waves
a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
i. Place theory
ii. Frequency theory
B. Echolocation
Chemical Senses
A. Smell (olfactory): primitive nature; processed where?
a. Olfactory epithelium
b. Olfactory bulb
c. Olfactory receptor cells
B. Taste
Mechanical Senses
A. Skin senses
B. Vestibular senses
C. Kinesthetic senses
Perception
Measuring Perception
A. Absolute Threshold
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B. Difference Threshold
C. Weber’s Law
Perceptual Cues
A. Perceptual constancy
B. Visual depth perception
a. Monocular cues
i. Interposition
ii. Size
iii. Linear Perspective
iv. Texture Gradients
b. Binocular cues
i. Binocular or retina disparity
c. .Motion Cues
i. Motion Parallax
d. Gestalt rules
i. Figure/Ground
ii. Proximity
iii. Similarity
iv. Continuity
v. Closure
Types of processing
1. Bottom-up
2. Top-down
Attention
A. Cocktail Party Effect
B. Stroop Effect
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States of Consciousness
1. Define Consciousness
a. Waking
b. Altered
2. Sleep Cycle (Four Stages, REM, and link to sleep waves) and Sleep Disorders
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
REM
3. Describe Circadian rhythms and hormones linked to it
4. Types of Drugs
a. Stimulants
b. Depressants
c. Hallucinogens
5. Relationship between drug abuse and mental illness?
5. What is meditation and hypnosis?
a. Benefits?
b. Application?
Learning
2 types of learning:
1. Classical Conditioning
A) Pavlov: Dogs salivating
B) Watson: Little Albert Experiment
C) Desensitization Therapy
Components:
a) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
b) Unconditioned response (UCR)
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c) Conditioned stimulus (CS)
d) Conditioned response (CR)
Principles of classical conditioning
a. Extinction
b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Generalization
d. Discrimination
2. Operant Conditioning/ Instrumental Conditioning (Skinner)
A) Reinforcer
i. Positive reinforcement
ii. Negative reinforcement
B) Punisher
i. Learned Helplessness
Principles of operant conditioning
a. Shaping
b. Extinction
Schedules of Reinforcement
A) Continuous
B) Partial
a. Fixed Interval
b. Variable Interval
c. Fixed Ratio
d. Variable Ratio
Social Learning Theory
1. Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment
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Memory
Ebbinghaus Studies on Memory (historical significance)
1. Encoding
a. Levels of Processing
i. Shallow
ii. Deep
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
a. Serial Position Effect
b. Recall
c. Recognition
3 Memory Systems:
1. Sensory Register: capacity?
2. Short-Term Memory: capacity?
A) Chunking
B) Mnemonics
3. Long-term memory: capacity?
A) Schemas
Types of Long-term memories: Implicit vs Explicit
1. Semantic
2. Episodica
3. Procedural
4. Emotional
Forgetting:
1. Retrograde Amnesia
2. Antegrade Amnesia
3. Retroactive Interference
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4. Proactive Interference
Special Topics in Memory
5. Childhood Amnesia
6. Eidetic Memory
7. Flashbulb
8. Eyewitness Testimony: Accuracy of Memory?
Cognition and Language
Cognition: 3 Building blocks of thought:
1.____________________ 2. .____________________ 3. .____________________
2. Define Language:
Discuss 3 criteria for language:
Chomsky vs Skinner:
3. Elements of Language:
i. Phoneme
ii. Morpheme
iii. Grammar
i. Syntax
1. Deep structure
2. Surface structure
ii. Semantics
4. Language Acquisition
1. Linguistic Determinism
2. LAD
3. LASS
4. Nature vs Nurture debate
5. Telegraphic Speech
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4. Language Disorders (aphasia’s)
1. Broca’s Aphasia
2. Wernicke’s Aphasia
Thinking
b. Mental Representations (Images)
c. Concepts
i. Prototypes
Problem Solving:
1. Algorithms
2. Heuristics
i. Hill Climbing
ii. Subgoals
iii. Means-end Analysis
iv. Working Backwards
v. Availability Heuristic
vi. Representativeness Heuristic
3. Obstacles:
i. Mental Set
ii. Functional Fixedness
Decision Making
1. Logical Decision Making
b. Compensatory Model:
2. Framing
3. Bias
1. Confirmation Bias
2. Hindsight Bias
4. Counterfactual Thinking
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Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
1. Spearman:
2. Cattell:
3. Sternberg:
4. Goleman:
5. Gardner:
Ways of measuring intelligence:
1. Intelligence Quotient (IQ Test)
2. Standford-Binet Scale
3. Weshler Adult Scale
4. Performance Tests
5. Culture-fair Tests
Test making guidelines
1. Standardized
2. Norms
3. Reliability
a) Split-half reliability
1. Practice effect
b) Correlation Coefficients
4. Validity
a) Content Validity
b) Criterion-related Validity
Motivation and Emotion
1. Define motivation:
A) Biological reasons for motivation
1. Homeostasis
2. Physiological Drives
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3. Hypothalamus
a) Lateral Hypothalamus
b) Ventromedial Hypothalamus c) Paraventricular Nucleus
B) Social reasons for motivation
1. Intrinsic:
2. Extrinsic:
C) Theories of Motivation
1. Instinct Theory
2. Drive-reduction
2. Arousal Theory
A)Yerkes-Dodson law
D) Eating Disorders
1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa
Other Motives
1. Stimulus Motives
2. Aggression
3. Affiliation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Theories of Emotion
1. James-Lange Theory
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2. Cannon-Bard Theory
3. Cognitive Theory
A) Schachter and Singer’s Two –Factor
Development
Methods for studying developmental psychology:
Describe “Critical Periods” of development:
Define teratogens:
PRENATAL:
1. Define Neonates:
2. Reflexes:
i. Rooting:
ii. Sucking:
iii. Swallowing:
iv. Grasping:
v. Stepping:
Contrast Developmental Norms Vs. Maturation:
Be familiar with the order of Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development
Theories of Attachment:
Ainsworth: Strange Situation Experiment
Types of Attachment
Bowlby
Parenting Styles:
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
Describe each of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development1. Sensorimotor:a. Object Permanenceb. Mental Representations
2.Preoperational:a. egocentric
3. Concrete-Operational:a. Principles of Conservation
4. Formal-Operational:
Schema Theory:
Assimilation
Accommodation
Describe three stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Development:
Personality
APPROACHES1.Psychodynamic
A) Sigmund Freuda) Unconscious
Pleasure Principle:Reality Principle:Superego:Ego Ideal:
Defense Mechanisms:
Fixation:
Psychosexual Stages of Development:1. Oral:
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2. Anal:3. Phallic:4. Latency:5. Genital
vi. Oedipus/ Electra Complex:
Neo-Freudians:
Carl Jung:Collective Unconscious:Archetypes:Persona:Anima vs AnimusExtraverts vs IntrovertsRational vs Irrational Inviduals
Alfred AdlerCompensationInferiority Complex
Karen HorneyAnxiety Neurotic Trends
Erik Erikson8 Stages of Psychosocial Development:
2.Humanistic
Carl RogersUnconditional Positive RegardActualizing Tendency
3.TraitFactor AnalysisThe Big Five
4.Cognitive-SocialSocial Learning Theory (Bandura)ExpectanciesPerformance StandardsSelf-EfficacyLocus of Control
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PERSONALITY ASSESSMENTS:
1.Personal Interview2. Observation3. Objective Tests
Sixteen Personality Factor QuestionnaireNEO-PI-RMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
4. Projective TestsRorschach TestThematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Stress
Define stress and stressor:
General Adaptation Syndrome (Seyle): 3 Stages
Describe the 3 Types of Conflict: A) Approach/ Approach ConflictB) Avoidance/ Avoidance ConflictC) Approach/ Avoidance Conflict
Discuss PTSD:
Psychological Disorders
Define abnormal:
Define insanity:
What is the DSM?
TYPES OF DISORDERS2. Anxiety Disorders
a. Specific Phobiab. Social Phobiac. Agoraphobiad. Panic Disordere. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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f. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder3. Mood Disorders
a. Depressionb. Maniac. Bipolar
4. Dissociative Disordersa. Dissociative Amnesiab. Dissociative Fuguec. Dissociative Identity Disorderd. Depersonalization Disorder
5. Pyschosomatic and Somatoform Disordersa. Somatization Disordersb. Conversion Disordersc. Hypochondriasisd. Body Dysmorphic Disorders
6. Schizophreniaa. Disorganizedb. Catatonicc. Paranoid d. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
7. Personality Disordersa. Antisocialb. Narcissisticc. Borderlined. Obsessive-Compulsive Personalitye. Paranoidf. Schizoid g. Avoidanth. Dependent Personality Disorder
Therapies
1. Psychoanalysisa. Free associationb. Transferencec. Resistanced. Dream Analysis
2. Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls) 3. Humanistic
a. Client-centered/ Person-centered Therapy (Carl Rogers):
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i. Unconditional Positive Regardii. Empathy
4. Behavioral Therapiesa. Systematic Desensitizationb. Extinctionc. Aversion Therapyd. Operant Conditioning
i. Token Economyii. Contingency Schedule
5. Cognitive Therapiesa. Stress-inoculation therapyb. Rational Emotive Therapy (aka REBT by Ellis)c. Cognitive therapy (Beck) link to depression
6. Family Therapy/Couple Therapy
7. Biological a. Drug Therapy
i. Antidepressants1. SSRI’s2. MAO Inhibitors
ii. Antianxiety 1. Benzodiazepines: Tranquilizers (ie: Valium)
iii. Antipsychotic1. Used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia (such as delusions/
hallucinations (ie: clozapine)
b. Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)c. Surgery
i. Lobotomy
Deinstitutionalization:
Preventions1. Primary2. Secondary3. Tertiary
Social Psychology
Define Social Psychology:
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Social Cognition:1. Impression Formation
a. Primacy Effect
Social Comparison:
Attitudes:1. Cognitive Dissonance:2. Self-Monitoring
Interpersonal Attraction1. Proximity2. Exchanges3. Intimacy
Stereotypes:1. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
a. Bloomer’s Study
Prejudice:
Discrimination:1. Frustration-aggression theory2. Authoritarian Personality3. Racism
Attribution:1. Fundamental Attribution Error:2. Defensive Attribution:
a. Self-serving Bias3. Just-World Hypothesis
Social Influence1. Norms2. Cultural Truisms
Social Action:1. Deindivudation2. Altruistic behavior3. Bystander Effect
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