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“STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL, BODY
COMPOSITION AND PSYCHOMOTOR VARIABLES
OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF COMPETITION”
Abstract
Submitted to
The faculty of Education & Information Sciences
for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Education
Supervised By: Submitted By:
Dr.N.S.Deol, Amarpreet Singh
Head & Prof.
Dept. of Physical Education,
Punjabi University, Patiala.
PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA
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INTRODUCTION
Physical activity is an inherent trait of a human living. It
develops its own in a natural way. It becomes all the way imperative
to identify the nature and the degree of this natural talent and to
nurture, modifies and refines it to get the cherished outcomes. The
children perform a lot of activities such as running, jumping,
throwing, catching, kicking and striking etc. The activities are known
as natural or universal skills.
The twenty first century is the most rapidly of changing
century of all time. Rapidity of changes created unusual demands on
individuals and on system of education. Today education must not
only include the body and knowledge, but also to develop inquiring
minds that will enable them to comprehend and accept what is to
come tomorrow.
As Jacks, the british philosopher, put it, living becomes an art
only, “When work and play, labour and leisure, mind and body,
education and recreation are governed by single vision of excellence
and a continuous passion for achieving it.
The developing tendencies in international sports, especially
in team games are identified as the increase in game tempo, tougher
body game and greater variability in technique and tactics. An
increased performance level can only be achieved by working and
training of all major components i.e. technique, coordination, tactics,
physical fitness, physiological qualities and psychological qualities.
The theory of motor coordination is the basis for
understanding the motor of coordination abilities. Motor coordination
is part and parcel of actions regulation. Coordination abilities have
also important and strong links with the motor skills as the motor
coordination focus the basis of both. These abilities enable the
sportsperson to do a group or set of movement with better quality
and effect. Psychomotor abilities enable the sports man to do a group
of movements with better quality and effect. The speed of learning of
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skill and its stability is directly dependent on the level of various
coordinative abilities. They are needed for maximal utilization of
conditional abilities, technical skills and tactical skills (Hardayal
Singh, 1991).
The accurate appearance of body composition is an
important component in a comprehensive program of total physical
fitness. The evaluation of body composition permits quantification of
the major structural components of the body - muscle, bone and fat.
With respect to health fitness, it refers to the percentage of body
weight that is composed of fat as compared of fat as compared with
fat-free or lean tissue. Having a high percentage of body fat is a
serious detriment to fitness and health. Height and weight tables
have been used traditionally used to determine desirable body
weight. Individuals whose body weight exceeds set standards for
their sex, age, and physical strature by 10%to 20% are considered
over weight 89. persons over weight by 20% of their optimum weight
are obese, and those who are overweight by more than 50% of their
optimum weight are considered morbidly obese or super obese.”
It should be noted that being over weight can be attributed to
having an excess of either fatty tissue or lean tissue. For example,
certain athletes such as football players could be classified as over
weight however, when their body composition is examined, the
excess weight is attributable to muscular development and their
overall percentage of body fat is quite low (e.g., a professional football
player can weight 250 pounds or more, yet have only 12 percent
body fat or less).The important consideration with respect to health
fitness is not the weight of the individual but how much fat the
individual has.
It is highly important that professional and the public
realize that a certain amount of adipose tissue or fat is essential for
the body to function. Body fat also serves to protect internal organs.
The goal of fitness programs is not the elimination of body fat but
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helping individuals attain desirable levels of body fat. The average
percentage of body fat is 18% for men and 23% for women. With
respect to health fitness, the desirable level of the body fat for men is
12% or less and for women 18% or less. The percentage of body fat
should not be less than 3% in men and 12% in women (the height
percentage for women is necessary for the protection of the
reproductive organs).89 extremely low percentages of body fat are
hazardous to one‟s health.
A high percentage of body fat is associated with
numerous health problems. Obesity contributes to an increased with
other cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension. An increase
incidence of diabetes, elevated serum blood cholesterol levels,
respiratory problems, low back pain, and certain psychological
problems are found among individuals with a high percentage of
body fat. Mortality is higher at younger age, and life expectancy is
decreased for chronically obese individuals.
The problem of obesity is widespread. It is estimated that more
than 50% of the adult population and about 40% of the school-age
population in the united states is overweight. Moreover, overweight
children typically grow up to be overweight adult. Determination of
the cause of obesity is important. In most cases obese can be
attributed to overeating and a lack of physical activity. In a few cases
however obesity can be the result of disease When dealing with
obesity particularly individuals who are super obese it is important
that a physician be consulted A physical examination and careful
monitoring of eating and exercise habit are helpful in determining
the cause of he problem . A qualified physician can offer guidance in
designing and implementing a sound fitness program of obesity.
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Body composition is primarily influenced by nutrition and
physical activity. Although body composition is genetically related to
body type the nature and amount of food consumed and the extent of
participation in physical activity exert a profound influence on body
composition Overeating and low levels of physical contribute of poor
body composition Individuals who are fat tend to eat more and are
more sedentary.
Body fat exists in two storage sites, or depots. The first depot,
termed essential fat, is the fat stored in the marrow of bones and in
heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles, and lipid-
rich tissues of the nervous system. This fat is required for normal
physiological functioning. In the heart, for example, the quantity of
dissectable fat determined from cadaver studies represents about
18.4g, or 5.3%, for an average heart weight of 349g in males, and
22.7g, or 8.6%, for an average heart weight of 256g in females
(Womack, H.C, 1983). Standard body weight scales provide a
measure of total weight, but don't determine the lean-to-fat ratio of
that weight. Standing on most scales can tell you only if you weigh
more than the average person, but not if that weight is fat or muscle.
Based only on scale weight, a 250-pound athlete with 8% body fat
may be considered "overweight" by a typical weight chart. Such
charts are not a good indication of ideal body weight for general
health or for athletic performance. The ideal weight and fat-lean ratio
varies considerably for men and women and by age, but the
minimum percent of body fat considered safe for good health is 5
percent for males and 12% for females. The average adult body fat is
closer to 15 to 18% for men and 22 to 25% for women. Athletes tend
to be at low end of this scale due to their increased lean weight
(muscle mass). While low levels of body fat seem to be related to
improved performance, body composition alone is not a great
predictor of sports success. A linebacker needs to have enough body
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mass (lean and fat weight) to generate high forces and avoid injury.
Body fat among elite athletes varies largely by sport. There is little
evidence of any benefit when men drop under 8% and women drop
under 14 percent body fat.
Different types of physique have specific advantages in
specific sports. For instance, throwers at different levels of
competitions are heavier and taller with long muscular arm and
wider shoulders. In shot-put, discus and hammer throwing, greater
body weight is beneficial because during throwing the object forward
and upward, an equal and opposite reactive force is exerted on the
throws, pushing him/her backward and downward. In different
events of athletics and different games, specific physique is
determined, for eg. In basketball and volleyball the average height of
players are more as compared to hockey and soccer players.
Interest in body composition has developed in players with the
increased application in parallel with the increased application of
scientific methods and in sports medicine and exercise studies. The
relationship between work capacity and body fat is of most concern
to those involved in sports and physical education. Body composition
helps to determine the biological age of the athletes, predicting the
possibility of the success of them in specific sports. The evaluation of
body composition permits quantification of the major structural
components of the body-muscle, bone and fat. To study this section
hydrometry, densitometry, somatometry or anthropometry is the
main methods.
Bale (1991) studies the anthropometric measurements and
performance of 18 junior female national basketball players of
England. They were studies according to their playing positions and
found that the central position players had taller physique and body
compositions, followed by the forwards and guards. It was concluded
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that the central positioned players were taller, had longer limbs,
wider hips and had more lean body mass.
The Olympic basketball players are the tallest followed by the
national team, the state level and district level players (Sodhi and
Sidhu 1984). The controls were shortest among all. In general, there
was a gradient of decreasing body size from the national team
players to state level players through the district level players and
the controls. The first mentioned were found to have proportionality
longer upper and lower extremities, shorter trunk, broader hips and
more slender chest. The somatotype indicated that the rating of
ectomorphic components was greater in the case of the state level
players than in the case of the other groups. However, it is
interesting to note that the rating of mesomorphic component was
not greater in these players. The Indian basketballers were,
therefore, less muscular than their Olympic competitors. The lack of
ectomesomorphic physique among Indians may be a limiting factor
for their better performance in the International competitions.
In body composition, the basketballers had less of body fat
than the controls. The state level players seemed to be less fatter,
with more strongly developed knees and a better developed
musculature in the limbs.
The basketballers are tall with longer upper and lower
extremities which make them suitable to catch the ball with jumps,
provide them with a wider reach during the passes and make it
easier for them while throwing the ball into the basket. This also
helps them to rebound and also to guard the ball to impede the
action of an opponent.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
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The purpose of this research work is:
“Study of Physiological, Body Composition and Psychomotor
variables of Basketball Players at different levels of Competitions”.
OBJECTIVES
I. To find out the difference in psychomotor variables of school,
college and university male basketball players.
II. To compare the physiological variables of school, college and
university male basketball players.
III. To find out the difference of body composition variables of
school, college and university male basketball players.
DELIMITATIONS
1. The research will be delimited to male basketball players.
2. The study will be delimited to male basketball players who
have represented their schools, colleges and universities.
3. The study will be delimited to male basketball players ranging
between 14 to 25 years of age.
4. The study will be delimited to one hundred fifty male
basketball players (50 under-19 school players, 50 inter college
players and 50 All India interuniversity
players).
5. The study will be delimited to psychomotor, physiological and
body compositions variables. These variables are:
I. PSYCHOMOTOR VARIABLES
a) Speed
b) Agility
c) Orientation Ability
d) Differentiation Ability
e) Balance ability
f) Rhythm Ability
g) Reaction Ability
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II. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
a) Vital Capacity
i. FVC (Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity)
ii. PEF (Peak Expiratory Force)
iii. PIF (Peak Inspiratory Force)
b) VO2 max (Maximum Oxygen Consumption)
III. BODY COMPOSITION VARIABLES
a) Body Fat
b) BMI
c) Visceral Fat
d) Basal Metabolic Rate
HYPOTHESES
I. It is hypothesized that there will be significant difference
between psychomotor variables of male basketball players at
their different levels of participations.
II. It is hypothesized that there will be significant difference
between physiological variables of school, college and
university male basketball players.
III. It is hypothesized that there will be significant difference
between the body composition variables of school, college and
university male basketball players.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
Results of the study may be helpful in the following ways:
1. The results of the study will add new dimensions of knowledge in
the field of physical education and sports with special reference to
basketball players.
2. The study will help to quantify the psychomotor, physiological and
body composition status of basketball players.
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3. The study also reveal the role played by crucial psychomotor,
physiological and body composition variables contributing to
basketball performance.
4. The result of study may be helpful for scanning of future potential
basketball players on the basis of psychomotor, physiological and
body composition variables.
DEFINITION/EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS
SPEED
Theiss and Schnabel (1987) give the following definition of speed
“It is the performance prerequisite to do motor actions under given
conditions in minimum of time”.
AGILITY
According to Singh “Agility is defined as the ability of the body
parts to change direction rapidly and accurately”.
ORIENTATION ABILITY
According to Hertz “It is the ability to determine the body
position and its parts in time and space in relation to gravity, playing
field, other players, ball, equipment etc”.
DIFFERENTIATION ABILITY
According to Singh “It is the ability to achieve a high degree of
accuracy and economy (time adjustment) of separate body
movements and mechanical phases of total movements. It is based
upon conscious, precise distinction between force, space and space
parameters of the motor process and those existing in the athletes
mind”.
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According to Singh,” it is the ability to achieve a high degree of
accuracy and economy of separate body movements and movement
phases in a motor action. It depends upon a person‟s capacity to
precisely differentiate between the minute differences in temporal,
spatial and dynamic parameters of a movement compared to the
movement concept.
BALANCE ABILITY
According to Singer, “The balance ability is the ability to
maintain body positions which is necessary for the successful
performance of the sports skills”.
RHYTHM ABILITY
Singh defines rhythm as, “The ability to perceive the externally
and to reproduce it in motor action. It also denotes the ability to
reproduce a rhythm existing in motor memory in motor action”.
REACTION ABILITY
Reaction ability is the ability to initiate quickly and perform
rapid and well-directed actions following a signal.
According to Singh, “Reaction ability is the ability to react
quickly and effectively to a signal”.
VITAL CAPACITY
Dill has defined “Vital capacity is the maximal volume of air
that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs following a maximal
inspiration. Maximal volume of air forcefully expired after maximal
inspiration.”
VO2 MAX
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Bye, had written the volume of oxygen we can consume while
exercising at our maximum capacity can measure fitness. VO2 max is
the maximum amount of oxygen in millimeters, one can use one
minute per kilogram of body weight.
VO2 max is defined as, “The height rate of oxygen
consumption attainable during maximal or exhaustive exercise.
HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT
Hemoglobin is a red colored protein located in erythrocytes,
which transports most of the oxygen in the blood. Anologeneric
protein composed of four polypeptide chains each of which contains
a hemo group having a single atom of iron with which oxygen
reversible combines.
BODY MASS INDEX
According to Katch and Katch ,“Body mass index (BMI) is a
simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify
underweight, overweight and obesity. It is defined as the weight in
kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (km/m2). For
eg. An adult weight 70 kg and height 1.75 m will have
BMI=70(kg)/1.752(m2) = 22.9.”
VISCERAL FAT
According to Goran, Visceral fat usually accumulates
around the abdomen or lower part of the body. People with high
visceral fat content are to be at high risk of developing lifestyle
related illnesses such as diabetes, high blood cholesterol, etc. It is
different from other body fat, also called intra-abdominal fat, and
refers to the fat that surrounds the internal organs.
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BODY FAT PERCENTAGE
According to Goran, Body fat percentage is the amount of
fat tissue in your body as a percentage of total body weight. So if you
weigh 180 pounds and have 36 pounds of fat, your fat percentage is
20 percent.
BASAL METABOLIC RATE
According to Goran, Basal metabolic rate is the amount of
energy which our body needs to maintain normal function while at
rest.
METHODOLOGY
PROCEDURE
In this chapter the selection of subjects, selection of variables,
reliability of data, tester‟s competency, subject‟s reliability,
administration of test and statistical analysis of data are described.
SELECTION OF SUBJECTS
For the purpose of the study 150 Basketball players were
selected as subjects (50 All India interuniversity players, 50 inter
college players and 50 under-19 school players). The subjects were
thoroughly acquainted with the testing procedure as well as the
purpose and significance of the study. A thorough orientation of
requirements during the testing procedures and performance test
were made for successful completion of study. The selected sample
consists of 150 basketball male players under-19 school players, 50
inter college players and 50 all India interuniversity players. They
were requested by the scholar to cooperate and to participate with
utmost sincerity. Everything regarding the tests were made clear and
finally requested to participate whole heartedly in the present study.
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SELECTION OF VARIABLES:
On the basis of available literature in Physiology, Body
Composition and Psychomotor Variables tests, the following variables
were selected for this study.
I. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES:
i. Vital capacity: This variable will be assessed by Spirometer
with computer (spiroexcel) and measured the following:
a. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
b. Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
c. Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF)
ii. VO2max: Maximum Oxygen Consumption will be assessed
with the help of Rockport calculation.
II. BODYCOMPOSITION VARIABLES:
i. Body Fat%: It will be analyzed with the help of Body
Composition Monitor with scale HBF-361.
ii. Visceral fat: It will be calculated with the help of Body
Composition Monitor with scale HBF-361.
iii. Body Mass Index (BMI): It will be calculated with the help
of Body Composition Monitor with scale HBF-361.
iv. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): It was calculated with the
help of Body Composition Monitor with scale HBF-361.
III. PSYCHOMOTOR VARIABLES:
i. Speed Ability: Speed will be measured by applying a
standard test of 50 yards dash (Johnson, Borrey and
Nelson, Jack K.1988).
ii. Agility: Shuttle Run will be to measure Agility of the
Basketball Players (Johnson, Borrey and Nelson, Jack
K.1988).
iii. Differentiation Ability: It will be determined by using
backward medicine ball throw test and will be recorded in
15
points.
iv. Orientation Ability: It will be assessed by using medicine
ball run test and will be recorded in 1/ 100th of second.
v. Balance Ability: This variable will be assessed by using
„Stork Stand Test‟ and will record in 1/100th seconds.
vi. Rhythm Ability: It will be measured through „Straight and
Rhythm Run Test‟ and will record in 1/100th second.
vii. Reaction Ability: This variable will be evaluated by using
„Visual Reaction Timer‟ and will record in 1/100th seconds.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
With regard to purpose of the study Mean, Standard Deviation and „t‟
test were calculated. Technique of One-Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) was also used to study the significance of difference in
selected Physiological, Body Composition and Psychomotor Variables
between three different competition levels. Scheffe Post-hoc test will
be applied to find out Mean Differences among different levels. In
order to check the significance, level of significance was set at 0.05.
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