recorded sound. a note on production sound for tv & film because of our culture’s visual bias,...
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A note on production sound for TV & film
Because of our culture’s visual bias, many young filmmakers neglect
sound recording
Production sound recording is a media “language”
Please learn its vocabulary
Production sound “literacy”Production sound “literacy”
• pre-production planning; pre-production planning; • sufficient crew; sufficient crew; • microphone selection and placement; microphone selection and placement; • overhead booms are usually best; overhead booms are usually best; • know each microphone’s sensitivity and know each microphone’s sensitivity and
patter; patter; • maintain continuity and consistency; maintain continuity and consistency; • no buzz or room noise; no buzz or room noise; • minimize equalization; minimize equalization; • control input levels during recording; control input levels during recording; • attentive headphone monitoring; attentive headphone monitoring; • wind protection; wind protection; • no clothing noise; etc. etcno clothing noise; etc. etc
History
• Edison's phonograph, 1877
• was quickly followed by other technological innovations: the gramophone,
• Nickelodeons (1890s, cylinders) and the Victrola, 1906.
• Today, audio technologies are being introduced at an even more rapid rate.
History
• The Record Industry initially resisted Radio live music dominated until recording technology improved, and the natural synergy of the two industries was understood.
• 1920’s -1940’s The golden age of American music?– Jazz, big bands, swing. Composers like Irving Berlin,
Cole Porter, and George Gershwin. Vocalists including Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Louis Armstrong
Record industry formats
Columbia
CBS founder William Paley championed 33 1/3 rpm vinyl LPs
RCA NBC founder Gen. David. Sarnoffchampioned 45-rpm records
1947: Ampex developed magnetic recording tape1950’s: format war ends: 33 rpm for albums; 45 rpm for singles popular on Top 40 radio
1950’s, 60s – music & technology
Youth Culture spurred by car & portable radioRock superstars - cultural explosions: Elvis, Beatles
Younger consumers gained market clout
DJ Alan Freed; Col. Tom Parker with ElvisMotown’s Berry Gordy, Jr.
Post 1970’s
• late 70’s, early 80's: cassette piracy woes
• 1980: “I Want My MTV” campaign
• 1983: Michael Jackson's Thriller
• later 80's-mid 90's: Walkman, CDs dominate
• late ‘90s, 2000’s: downloads dominate; iPod; file sharing piracy threatens industry
Record Company Ownership
NYC - not part of Time Warner
Sony Music Entertainment
Warner Music Group
Universal Music Group
Sony Corporation of America
French owned by Vivendi,
Santa Monica based;not part of NBC/Universal
The recording industry is in steady decline.
Piracy and Apple’s iTunes dissolved the old music industry.
This is known as “creative destruction.”
Questions for discussion
Who programs your musical taste?Who programs your musical taste?
Are you exposed to enough of the classics: Are you exposed to enough of the classics: Mozart, Bach, Gershwin, etc. ?Mozart, Bach, Gershwin, etc. ?
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As piracy makes music less profitable,As piracy makes music less profitable,
Whose loss will it be?Whose loss will it be?
Evolution of Radio as a Mass Medium
• Pioneers: Marconi; Armstrong; Sarnoff• 1925-30: Improved receivers: 17 million AM sold
• Networks: CBS (Bill Paley); NBC (David Sarnoff)
• Communications Act of 1934; “traffic cop” of the airwaves: Federal Communications Commission
• WWII -- Hitler, Roosevelt, Churchill use radio;radio news comes of age: Edward R. Murrow (CBS)
• 1950’s transistor and car radios
• 1960’s FM usage grows, usurps AM for music content
• 2000’s: introduction of satellite and internet radio
Radio Program Formats
Pre-television: live music, recorded music, talk, news, sports, drama and comedy series, musical variety
Since TV: recorded music,talk, all-news, religious, sports
A radio station’s dominant program style is called its format
L.A. is the #1 radio market in the U.S., including many narrow niche formats
• KUSC-FM (91.5) non-commercial (classical)• KKJZ-FM (88.1) non-commercial (jazz)
• KPCC-FM (89.3) non-commercial (talk)• KRLA-AM (870) commercial (talk)• KCRW-FM (89.9) non-commercial (eclectic)• KXLU-FM (88.9) non-commercial (music)
How Radio is Supported
Commercial Stations:
Ad Revenue Ranks by Type
1.Local
2.National spot
3.Network
Non-Commercial
Stations
Listener Contributions
Educational Institutions
Your Tax $$
Private Foundations
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