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Mobile Robotics and Olfaction Lab,
AASS, rebro University
# 1
Achim J. Lilienthal
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# 2MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Contents
1. "Classical" Electronic Nose
2. Further Gas Sensing Technologies for Mobile Robots
3. (Signal Processing in Electronic Noses)
4. (Electronic Nose Applications)
5. Literature
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# 3MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose
1
[The electronic nose is ] an attempt to mimic the principles of smelling that gives another
view on the whole scene of volatiles compared to its biological inspiration. [Rck et al. 2008]
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# 4MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o definition [Gardner/Bartlett 1999]
[An electronic nose is ]An instrument that comprises an array of heterogeneous electrochemical gas
sensors with partial specificity and a pattern recognition system capable of
recognizing simple or complex odors.
Electronic Nose Definition
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# 5MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o definition [Gardner/Bartlett 1999]
[An electronic nose is ]An instrument that comprises an array of heterogeneous electrochemical gas
sensors with partial specificity and a pattern recognition system capable of
recognizing simple or complex odors.
Electronic Nose Definition
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# 6MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o definition [Gardner/Bartlett 1999]
[An electronic nose is ]An instrument that comprises an array of heterogeneous electrochemical gas
sensors with partial specificity and a pattern recognition system.
Electronic Nose Definition
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# 7MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o electrochemical gas sensors (chemosensors)
devices capable of converting a chemical quantity into an electrical signal large variety of different gas sensors exist (first publications date back to the 1950s)
respond to certain gaseous substances
gaseous substances = true gases or liquids in their vapor phase ("volatiles")
very different from physical sensors
several orders of magnitude more measurands can be detected with chemosensors
Electronic Nose Chemosensors
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/0870210202009.png
http://www.e2v.com/e2v/assets/Image/Gas Sensors/WEB SIZE ELECTROCHEM GROUP.JPG
http://www.wellgainelectronics.com/ProductImages/17e/FIGARO GAS SENSOR TGS2440.jpg
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# 8MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o definition [Gardner/Bartlett 1999]
[An electronic nose is ]An instrument that comprises an array of heterogeneous electrochemical gas
sensors with partial specificity and a pattern recognition system.
Electronic Nose Definition
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# 9MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o definition [Gardner/Bartlett 1999]
[An electronic nose is ]An instrument that comprises an arrayof heterogeneouselectrochemical gas
sensorswith partial specificityand a pattern recognition system.
Electronic Nose Definition
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# 10MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o an array of heterogeneous electrochemical gas sensors
Electronic Nose
from [Rck et al 2008]
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# 11MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o an array of heterogeneous electrochemical gas sensors
with partial specificity
Electronic Nose
from [Rck et al 2008]
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# 12MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o an array of heterogeneous electrochemical gas sensors
with partial specificityo and a pattern recognition system
Electronic Nose
from [Rck et al 2008]
1
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# 13MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o introduced to mimic the mammalian olfactory system for smells
[Persaud and Dodd 1982] resembles the biological model
receptorsgas sensors (not fully selective)
information about the smell is in the response signature
Electronic Nose
1
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# 14MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o introduced to mimic the mammalian olfactory system for smells
[Persaud and Dodd 1982]o offers different sensitivity characteristics than the human nose
Electronic Nose
1
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# 15MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
o introduced to mimic the mammalian olfactory system for smells
[Persaud and Dodd 1982]o offers different sensitivity characteristics than the human nose
compare human and bee eyes [Rck et al 2008]
Electronic Nose
from Gas Discrimination for Mobile Robots[Trincavelli 2010]
1
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# 16MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose
oterm electronic nose is somewhat unfortunate
sensor response patterns cannot be directly correlated with human olfactoryperception
electronic nose systems applications rarely exhibit the enormously broad
applicability spectrum of a human or animal nose (sensitivity, discrimination)
Electronic Nose
1 l i h
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# 18MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Chemosensors
o What do we expect from gas sensors?
high sensitivity large dynamic range
high selectivity / specificity to a target analyte
low cross-sensitivity to interferents
perfect reversibility of the physicochemical sensing process
short sensor response and recovery time long-term stability
"a sensor exhibiting all these properties is a largely unrealizable ideal"
[Hierlemann/Gutierrez-Osuna 2008]
Electronic Nose Chemosensors II
1 El i N Ch II
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# 19MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Chemosensors
o What do we expect from gas sensors?
high sensitivity large dynamic range
high selectivity / specificity to a target analyte
low cross-sensitivity to interferents
perfect reversibility of the physicochemical sensing process
short sensor response and recovery time long-term stability
high selectivity demands a strong, irreversible interaction between sensor
and target gas
the human receptor cells have a lifetime of only a few weeks!
Electronic Nose Chemosensors II
1 El i N Ch II
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# 21MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors
Metal Oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX)
Electronic Nose Chemosensors II
1 El t i N MOX S
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# 23MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, metal oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX)
heating element coated with with semiconductor sensing material
often tin dioxide
sensing material doped with catalytic metal additives
e.g. palladium or platinum
doping changes operating conditionssensor characteristics
Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
Semiconductor Coating (typically SnO2)
Heating Element
1 El t i N MOX S
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# 24MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, metal oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX)
absorption of gaseous compounds causes a change of resistance sensitivity depends on the catalytic material, operating conditions, ...
sensing material is heated to 250oC 500oC
increase rate of reactions
prevent absorption of water molecules
Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
Semiconductor Coating (typically SnO2)
Heating Element
1 Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
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# 25MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, metal oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX)
absorption of gaseous compounds causes a change of resistance sensitivity depends on the catalytic material, operating conditions, ...
sensing material is heated to 250oC 500oC
increase rate of reactions
prevent absorption of water molecules
Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
Semiconductor Coating (typically SnO2)
Heating Element
1. Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
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# 26MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, metal oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX)
semiconductor has sintered polycrystalline surface voltage across heated surface electrical current through grain boundaries
Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
1. Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
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# 27MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
1.
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, metal oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX)
semiconductor has sintered polycrystalline surface voltage across heated surface electrical current through grain boundaries
absorption of oxygen at the sensor surface increases potential barrier
between grain boundaries
large resistance change!
conductivityrate of redox reactions
with the ambient gas
Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
2. Electronic Nose
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# 28MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
2.
Classical Electronic Nose, Tuning
o variety of sensor specificity tuning possibilities (MOX)
different sensitive materials different doping elements are available
different production processesdifferent morphologies of the sensing layer
different electrodes
different filter layers
different operating temperatures
Electronic Nose
1. Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
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# 29MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, metal oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX)
pros high sensitivity (down to the sub-ppm level for some gases)
usable life-span of three to five years
low susceptibility to changing environmental conditions
changes caused by environmental conditions are smaller than "natural" fluctuations
inexpensive to fabricate
currently most widely used gas sensor in mobile robotic applications
Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
1. Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
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# 30MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, metal oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX)
pros high sensitivity (down to the sub-ppm level for some gases)
usable life-span of three to five years
low susceptibility to changing environmental conditions
inexpensive to fabricate
cons poor selectivity
combustion process not strongly selective to precise structural details of the gas molecules
comparatively high power consumption
due to the high operation temperature
sensors have to be heated before operation (30 - 60 min)
even more in classical e-nose applications (up to days on first use)
variance of the response between individual sensors
slow response
slow recovery after the target gas is removed (15s to 70s)
Electronic Nose MOX Sensors
1. Electronic Nose Chemosensors II
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# 32MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors
Metal Oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX) Conducting Polymer Gas Sensors
Electronic Nose Chemosensors II
1. Electronic Nose Conducting Polymer Sensors
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# 33MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, Conducting Polymer Gas Sensors
measurand = resistance of the surface layer semiconductor thin polymer film
volatile analyte induces expansion of the polymer composite
increase in electrical resistance
response depends largely on the rate of diffusion of the vapour into the polymer
response time between several seconds to several minutes
Electronic Nose Conducting Polymer Sensors
1. Electronic Nose Conducting Polymer Sensors
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# 34MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, Conducting Polymer Gas Sensors
pros comparatively easy to prepare
but conditions have to be carefully controlled and chemicals have to be suitably purified in
order to achieve reproducibleresults
wide range of materials with varying sensitivity can be synthesised
can operate at room temperature low power consumption
linear responses for a wide range of gases
cons
sensitivity is approx. one order of magnitude lower than that of MOX sensors
effects of aging sensor drift
a poor understanding of the mechanism behind the conducting polymers
Electronic Nose Conducting Polymer Sensors
1. Electronic Nose Chemosensors II
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# 35MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors
Metal Oxide gas sensors (MOS/MOX) Conducting Polymer Gas Sensors
o gravimetric
Quartz Microbalance sensors (QMB)
Electronic Nose Chemosensors II
1. Electronic Nose Acoustic Wave Sensors
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# 36MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, Quartz Microbalance sensors (QMB/QCM)
piezoelectronic substrate (usually quartz) application of alternating electric field generates elastic wave in the quartz crystal
coating with a specific affinity
absorbed molecules perturb the propagation of the acoustic waves
due to the effect of the added mass
by changing the viscoelastic properties of the coating layer shift of the fundamental frequency of the quartz crystal
measured as the output of the sensor
Electronic Nose Acoustic Wave Sensors
http://www.tectra.de/_icons/QMB head.JPG
1. Electronic Nose Acoustic Wave Sensors
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# 37MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, Quartz Microbalance sensors (QMB/QCM)
pros rapid response
time required for recovery usually shorter than for MOX sensors
low power consumption
long term stability, long lifetime
cons comparatively low sensitivity
limited robustness to variations in humidity
complex fabrication processes
poor signal to noise ratio
Electronic Nose Acoustic Wave Sensors
1. Electronic Nose Acoustic Wave Sensors
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# 38MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
"Classical" Electronic Nose, Sensors used in Robotics
o chemoresistors, Quartz Microbalance sensors (QMB/QCM)
pros rapid response
time required for recovery usually shorter than for MOX sensors
low power consumption
long term stability, long lifetime
cons comparatively low sensitivity
limited robustness to variations in humidity
complex fabrication processes
poor signal to noise ratio
High Frequency Fundamental (HFF) Quartz crystals [Kreutz et al. 2006]
Electronic Nose Acoustic Wave Sensors
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# 39MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Further
Gas Sensing Technologies
for Mobile Robots
2
2. Further Gas Sensing Technologies (for Robots?)
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# 40MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Beyond the Classical Electronic Nose
o optical sensor systems
g g ( )
2. Optical Sensor Systems
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# 41MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Optical Sensor Systems
o measures modulation of light properties
e.g. absorption in a specific frequency range
p y
2. Optical Sensor Systems RMLD
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# 42MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Optical Sensor Systems
o Remote Methane Leak Dector (RMLD, Sewerin)
exclusively developed for detecting methane gas, shows no cross-sensitivityto other hydrocarbons
detection principle
measurement specifications
laser specifications
p y
Transceiver
Controller
2. Optical Sensor Systems RMLD
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# 43MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Optical Sensor Systems
o Remote Methane Leak Dector (RMLD, Sewerin)
exclusively developed for detecting methane gas, shows no cross-sensitivityto other hydrocarbons
detection principle
TDLAS (Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy)
measurement specifications
laser specifications
p y
2. Optical Sensor Systems RMLD
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# 44MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Optical Sensor Systems
o Remote Methane Leak Dector (RMLD, Sewerin)
exclusively developed for detecting methane gas, shows no cross-sensitivityto other hydrocarbons
detection principle
measurement specifications
laser specifications
2. Optical Sensor Systems RMLD
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# 45MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Optical Sensor Systems
o Remote Methane Leak Dector (RMLD, Sewerin)
exclusively developed for detecting methane gas, shows no cross-sensitivityto other hydrocarbons
detection principle
measurement specifications
laser specifications
class 1 laser (no eye protection required) conical beam, width 0.56 m at 30 m
2. Further Gas Sensing Technologies (for Robots?)
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# 46MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Beyond the Classical Electronic Nose
o optical sensor systems
o mass spectrometry (MS)
2. Mass Spectrometry (MS)
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# 47MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Mass Spectrometry
o ionization of compounds
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/images/ms3.jpg
2. Mass Spectrometry (MS)
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# 48MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Mass Spectrometry
o ionization of compounds
o separation according to m/z with electric or magnetic field
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/images/ms3.jpg
2. Mass Spectrometry (MS)
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# 50MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Mass Spectrometry
o ionization of compounds
o separation according to m/z with electric or magnetic field
o detection of the ions with an electron multiplier
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/images/ms3.jpg
2. Mass Spectrometry (MS)
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# 51MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Mass Spectrometry
o ionization of compounds
o separation according to m/z with electric or magnetic field
o detection of the ions with an electron multiplier
o disadvantages for robotics
ionization unit required
vacuum is required
not very convenient
costly
2. Further Gas Sensing Technologies (for Robots?)
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# 52MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Beyond the Classical Electronic Nose
o optical sensor systems
o mass spectrometryo ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)
2. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS)
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# 53MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
o separation of ions by m/z and mobility
Strukturuntersuchungen an (C60)n+-Clustern mit der Methode der Gasphasen-Ionenchromatographie [Lilienthal 1998]
2.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS)
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# 54MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
o separation of ions by m/z and mobility
ionization of compounds
Strukturuntersuchungen an (C60)n+-Clustern mit der Methode der Gasphasen-Ionenchromatographie [Lilienthal 1998]
2.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS)
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# 55MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
o separation of ions by m/z and mobility
ionization of compounds
separation of m/z
Strukturuntersuchungen an (C60)n+-Clustern mit der Methode der Gasphasen-Ionenchromatographie [Lilienthal 1998]
2.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS)
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# 56MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
o separation of ions by m/z and mobility
ionization of compounds
separation of m/z
pulsed introduction
to a drift region
larger ions with greater
collision cross section
are slower due to
more collisions
Strukturuntersuchungen an (C60)n+-Clustern mit der Methode der Gasphasen-Ionenchromatographie [Lilienthal 1998]
2.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS)
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# 57MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
o separation of ions by m/z and mobility
ionization of compounds
separation of m/z
pulsed introduction
to a drift region
detection of ion current
Strukturuntersuchungen an (C60)n+-Clustern mit der Methode der Gasphasen-Ionenchromatographie [Lilienthal 1998]
2. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS)
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# 58MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
o separation of ions by m/z and mobility
ionization of compounds
separation of m/z
pulsed introduction
to a drift region
detection of ion current
o disadvantages for robotics ionization unit required
ion-ion interaction causes problems in complex mixtures
drift cell with inert gas required (isolated from atmospheric air)
not very convenient
costly
2. Photoionization Detector (PID)
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# 59MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Photoionization Detector (VOC monitor)
o MS/IMS without m/z and mobility separation
2.
Photoionization Detector (PID)
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# 60MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Photoionization Detector (VOC monitor)
o MS/IMS without m/z and mobility separation
o
ionization with UV lamp max. 11.7 eV in RAE PIDs (ethanol, acetone, methanol)
cannot detect methane (IP between 12.6 and 13.6 eV [URL])
o detection of current
o pros
quick response to a wide range of gases
calibrated readings if there is only one, known compound
o cons
not suitable for classification
too bulky (?) expensive
3
http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74828&Mask=20http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74828&Mask=20 -
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# 63MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Signal Processing in
Electronic Noses
3
3. E-Nose Signal Processing
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# 65MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Components of an E-Nose Approach
o sampling system
o
sensor array (physical or virtual)o data evaluation algorithms
reference data set
Tasks
o detectiono discrimination
o identification
o quantification
3. E-Nose Signal Processing
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# 66MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Components of an E-Nose Approach
o sampling system
o
sensor array (physical or virtual) sensors with partial selectivity
output of sensors is usually one feature per sensor (at a time)
resistance, fundamental frequency shift, etc.
preferably during an equilibrium-type or steady-state-type situation
sensor array corresponds to feature space
3. E-Nose Signal Processing
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# 67MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Components of an E-Nose Approach
o sampling system
o
sensor array (physical or virtual) output of sensors is usually one feature per sensor (at a time)
sensor array corresponds to feature space
o data evaluation algorithms
data analysis using e.g. pattern recognition tools
4
http://../Books/Bishop_2006-Pattern_Recognition_and_Machine_Learning-Springer-ISBN_0387310738.pdf -
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# 72MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Electronic Nose Applications
4. Electronic Nose Applications
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# 73MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Application Areas
o food and beverage control (human sense of smell)
o
fire warning (
human sense of smell)o pollution monitoring (human sense of smell)
environmental monitoring
o detection of hazardous substances and explosives
(securitymacrosmatic mammals such as dogs)
o disease diagnosis
lung cancer
bacteria in blood
o etc.
4. Electronic Nose Applications
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# 75MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Application Areas
o food and beverage control (human sense of smell)
o
fire warning (
human sense of smell)o pollution monitoring (human sense of smell)
environmental monitoring
o detection of hazardous substances and explosives
(securitymacrosmatic mammals such as dogs)
o disease diagnosis
lung cancer
bacteria in blood
o etc.
4. Electronic Nose Applications
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# 76MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Environmental Monitoring
o detection of toxic compounds in the ambient atmosphere
at concentrations which will not have an immediate effect but are a long-
term danger for human health
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds,
ammonia, ozone, and particulate matter
compounds that are simply unpleasant
4. Electronic Nose Applications
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# 77MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Environmental Monitoring
o detection of toxic compounds in the ambient atmosphere
o
analytical instruments do not allow dense, continuous samplingo however, using e-noses is very challenging
complex mixtures
low detection thresholds
sampling (where? when?)
samples must be representative and independent of variable ambient conditions
knowledge of spatial and time patterns of concentrations is important
changes in temperature and humidity
sample pre-treatment and parametric compensation
4. Electronic Nose Applications
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# 78MRO'12 A. J. Lilienthal (Jun 6, 2012)
Environmental Monitoring
o detection of toxic compounds in the ambient atmosphere
o
analytical instruments do not allow dense, continuous samplingo however, using e-noses is very challenging
complex mixtures
low detection thresholds
sampling (where? when?)
samples must be representative and independent of variable ambient conditions
knowledge of spatial and time patterns of concentrations is important
changes in temperature and humidity
sample pre-treatment and parametric compensation
4. Electronic Nose Applications
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Environmental Monitoring
o for application the sensitivity of the electronic nose to the target
substances and to potential interferents has to be known
4. Electronic Nose Applications
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Environmental Monitoring
o for application the sensitivity of the electronic nose to the target
substances and to potential interferents has to be known
[Rck et al. 2008]
5
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Literature
4. Literature
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Literature
o [Pearce et al. 2003]
Handbook of Machine Olfaction
Chapter 4
4. Literature
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o [Pearce et al. 2003]
o
[Rck et al. 2008] Electronic Nose: Current Status andFuture Trends,
Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 705-725
4. Literature
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o [Pearce et al. 2003]
o
[Rck et al. 2008]o [Hierlemann/Gutierrez-Osuna 2008]
Higher-Order Chemical Sensing,
A. Hierlemann and
R. Gutierrez-Osuna.
Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 563-613.
4. Literature
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o [Pearce et al. 2003]
o
[Rck et al. 2008]o [Hierlemann/Gutierrez-Osuna 2008]
o [Gardner/Bartlett 1999]
Electronic Noses
Principles and Applications,
J. W. Gardner and P. N. Bartlett.
Oxford Science Publications, 1999.
4. Literature
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o [Pearce et al. 2003]
o [Rck et al. 2008]
o [Hierlemann/Gutierrez-Osuna 2008]
o [Persaud and Dodd 1982]
Analysis of Discrimination Mechanisms in the Mammalian Olfactory System
using a Model Nose.Nature, 1982, 299, 352355.
o [Kreutz et al. 2006] High Frequency QuartzMicro Balances: A Promising Path to Enhanced
Sensitivity of Gravimetric Sensors. Sensors 2006, 6, 335340.
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Mobile Robotics and Olfaction Lab,
AASS, rebro UniversityAchim J. Lilienthal
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